Christabel

	Christabel Recording of the poem.
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Christabel is a long narrative poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, in two parts. The first part was reputedly written in 1797, and the second in 1800. Coleridge planned three additional parts, but these were never completed. Coleridge prepared for the first two parts to be published in the 1800 edition of Lyrical Ballads, but on the advice of William Wordsworth it was left out; the exclusion of the poem, coupled with his inability to finish it, left Coleridge in doubt about his poetical power. It was published in a pamphlet in 1816, alongside Kubla Khan and The Pains of Sleep.

Coleridge aimed to write Christabel using an accentual metrical system, based on the count of only accents: even though the number of syllables in each line can vary from four to twelve, the number of accents per line never deviates from four.

Synopsis

"So halfway from her bed she rose,
And on her elbow did recline
to look at the Lady Geraldine."

The story of Christabel concerns a central female character of the same name and her encounter with a stranger called Geraldine, who claims to have been abducted from her home by a band of rough men.

Christabel goes into the woods to pray by the large oak tree, where she hears a strange noise. Upon looking behind the tree, she finds Geraldine who says that she had been abducted from her home by men on horseback. Christabel pities her and takes her home with her; supernatural signs (a dog barking, a mysterious flame on a dead fire) seem to indicate that all is not well. They spend the night together, but while Geraldine undresses, she shows a terrible but undefined mark: "Behold! her bosom and half her side— / A sight to dream of, not to tell! / And she is to sleep by Christabel" (246–48). Her father, Sir Leoline, becomes enchanted with Geraldine, ordering a grand procession to announce her rescue. The unfinished poem ends here.

Composition and publication history

It is unclear when Coleridge began writing the poem which would become Christabel. Presumably, he prepared it beginning in 1797.^[1] During this time, he had been working on several poems for Lyrical Ballads, a book on which he collaborated with William Wordsworth. Christabel was not complete in time for the book's 1798 publication, though it did include The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.^[2] The first part of the poem was likely completed that year, however.^[1] He continued to work on Part II of the poem for the next three years and finished it at Greta Hall in Keswick, where he had moved in 1800. It was also at Keswick that he became addicted to opium.^[3] A year later, he added a "Conclusion".^[4] The poem is, nevertheless, considered unfinished.^[5][6] He later noted that he was distracted by too many possible endings. He wrote, "I should have more nearly realized my ideal [had they been finished], than I would have done in my first attempt."^[7][8]

The poem remained unpublished for several years. On his birthday in 1803, he wrote in his notebook that he intended "to finish Christabel" before the end of the year, though he would not meet his goal.^[9] The poem was first published in the collection of three poems: Christabel; Kubla Khan: A Vision; The Pains of Sleep, by the John Murray Press on 25 May 1816.^[10]

Analysis

Thematically the poem is one of Coleridge's most cohesive constructs, with the narrative plot more explicit than previous works such as the fragmented Kubla Khan which tend to transcend traditional composure. Indeed in many respects the consistency of the poem – most apparent from the structural formality and rhymic rigidity (four beats to every line), when regarded alongside the unyielding mysticism of the account – creates the greatest juxtaposition in the poem. Parenthetically, Coleridge described such mysticism and vagueness in his notes to The Rime of The Ancient Mariner as "mesmeric" in an attempt to justify his unconventional ideas as being profound in their stark originality.

While some modern critics focus upon lesbian and feminist readings of the poem, another interesting interpretation is the one that explores the demonic presence that underscores much of the action. Geraldine, who initially appears to be an almost mirror image of Christabel, is later revealed as being far more complex, both sexually and morally:

Like one that shuddered, she unbound
The cincture from beneath her breast:
Her silken robe, and inner vest,
Dropt to her feet, and in full view,
Behold! her bosom and half her side——

Prof. Pinaki Roy has offered a revisionary reading of Coleridge's poem in his “Reinterpreting Geraldine: Wollstonecraft’s ‘New Woman’?”.^[11] He reasons that Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who was initially deeply influenced by the feminist philosophy and avant-garde lifestyle of Mary Wollstonecraft, might have re-examined the validity and scope of employing Wollstonecraft's proposals in the daily-life of late-18th-century European women.

Influence

Christabel was an influence on Edgar Allan Poe, particularly his poem "The Sleeper" (1831).^[12] It has been argued that Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu's 1872 novel Carmilla is a homage or adaptation of Christabel.^[13] Le Fanu's antagonist Carmilla has certain similarities with Christabel's Geraldine; for instance, she cannot cross the threshold of a house, and seems to be stronger at night. Likewise, the heroines of the two works are similar, both Christabel and Laura are the children of deceased mothers currently in the charge of their widowed fathers. Geraldine's presence gives Christabel similar symptoms as Carmilla's does to Laura; both heroines experience troubled sleep and weakness in the morning after spending the night with their guest.

In 2002, US experimental filmmaker James Fotopoulos released a feature-length avant-garde cinematic adaptation of Christabel.^[14]

The poem is the inspiration for the song Cristabel, by Texan singer and song writer Robert Earl Keen, which appeared on his 1984 album No Kinda Dancer.

See also

• 1816 in poetry

References

1. Radley, Virginia L. Samuel Taylor Coleridge. New York: Twayne, 1966: 66.
2. Holmes, Richard. Coleridge. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1982: 10. ISBN 0-19-287592-2
3. Coleridge, S. (2004), The Complete Poems of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, (Introduction by William Keach), Harmondsworth: Penguin Classics, ISBN 978-0-141-91642-2
4. Bate, Walter Jackson. Coleridge. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1968: 73.
5. Holmes, Richard. Coleridge. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1982: 16. ISBN 0-19-287592-2
6. Radley, Virginia L. Samuel Taylor Coleridge. New York: Twayne, 1966: 77.
7. Bate, Walter Jackson. merit. The exclusion "increased his sense of faltering poetic power."
8. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1997). William Keach, ed. The Complete Poems. Penguin. pp. 505–506. ISBN 978-0-14-042353-2.
9. Holmes, Richard. Coleridge. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1982: 20. ISBN 0-19-287592-2
10. Wu, Duncan, Romanticism: An Anthology, p 528, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 1994, ISBN 0-631-19196-8
11. Literary Insight, 4(1), January 2013, pp. 49–55, ISSN 0975-6248.
12. Campbell, Killis. "The Origins of Poe", The Mind of Poe and Other Studies. New York: Russell & Russell, 1962: 154.
13. Nethercot, Arthur H. “Coleridge's 'Christabel' and LeFanu's ‘Carmilla.’” Modern Philology 47.1 (Aug. 1949): 32–38. Washington College Lib., Chestertown, MD. JSTOR. 13 March 2006.
14. Travis Crawford (Spring 2001). "Interiors: Travis Crawford peers into the dark world of James Fotopoulos". Filmmaker Magazine. Retrieved 25 June 2009.

External links

• “A Logic of Its Own”: Repetition in Coleridge’s “Christabel” by Debra Channick, University of California, Irvine at erudit.org
• Christabel public domain audiobook at LibriVox