List of shibboleths

Below are listed various examples of words and phrases that have been identified as shibboleths, a word or custom whose variations in pronunciation or style can be used to differentiate members of ingroups from those of outgroups.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

Shibboleths used in war and persecution

Dutch–French

Every Frenchman who failed the test was stabbed on the spot, still in his nightgown. Because the signal for the uprising was the matins bells of the city's churches and monasteries, this became known as the Bruges Matins or Brugse Metten. Like the name of the massacre, the story may have been influenced by the Sicilian uprising mentioned below.

Italian/Sicilian–French

Frisian-Dutch

Bûter, brea, en griene tsiis; wa't dat net sizze kin, is gjin oprjochte Fries

Castilian Spanish – Latin-American Spanish

English–Dutch

Finnish–Russian

Spanish – French and Haitian Creole

Azeri–Armenian

Culture, religion and language-specific shibboleths

English shibboleths for native speakers or local natives

Place-name pronunciations

In Australia

In Canada

In Malaysia

In the United States

Place-name terms

Non-English

Estonia

Sweden

See also

References

  1. Phil Lee, The rough guide to Bruges & Ghent, pp. 22–3
  2. McNamara, Timothy; Carsten Roever (2006). Language testing: the social dimension. John Wiley and Sons. p. 153. ISBN 978-1-4051-5543-4.
  3. "Greate Pier fan Wûnseradiel" (in Western Frisian). Gemeente Wûnseradiel. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
  4. Centro Virtual Cervantes. "III Congreso Internacional de la Lengua Española. Paneles y ponencias. Raúl Ávila". congresosdelalengua.es.
  5. Chronicles of London; Oxford University Press, 1905; ed. C. L. Kingsford; p. 15
  6. Heikki Ylikangas, Tie Tampereelle, ref. at http://www.uta.fi/koskivoimaa/valta/1918-40/venalai1.htm
  7. "Untitled Document". upenn.edu.
  8. Shahmuratian. Sumgait Tragedy, Interview with Vanya Bazyan, p. 159; also: Vahagn Martirosyan, interview (Alexandre Billette, Hervé Dez (2014) - Transkraïna, online, retrieved 2014.02.13, http://transkraina.webdoc.4th-line.com).
  9. Ambrose, Stephen E. (1994). D-Day. New York: Touchstone. p. 191. ISBN 0-684-80137-X.
  10. Ross, Stuart. Teach Yourself - The Middle East Since 1945. Hodder Education. p. 98.
  11. "Nairobi siege: What we know". BBC News. Retrieved 22 September 2013. An Indian man who was standing next to him was asked for the name of the Prophet's mother and when he was unable to answer, he was shot dead, the witness told him.
  12. "Explosions inside mall as stand-off nears end". The New Zealand Herald. Agence France-Presse. 25 September 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  13. Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism (27 September 2013). "Peace groups warn of empty victory in Zambo siege". The PCIJ Blog. The Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  14. Ilka Ludwig (2007), Identification of New Zealand English and Australian English based on stereotypical accent markers, p. 22
  15. Laurie Bauer, Paul Warren (2008), New Zealand English: phonology, ISBN 978-3-11-019637-5
  16. Philippe Laplace. "Cities on the Margin, on the Margin of Cities: Representations of Urban Space in Contemporary Irish and British Fiction". Presses Univ. Franche-Comté. p. 186.
  17. Cynthia Cockburn. "The Space Between Us: Negotiating Gender and National Identities in Conflict". Zed Books. p. 51.
  18. Frederick Ludowyk. "AB(H)OMINABLE (H)AITCH" (PDF). Ozwords. Australian National Dictionary Centre.
  19. "Think". International Business Machines Corporation. p. 9.
  20. "Science Digest". 1958. p. 44.
  21. Blame Canada and Molson for brilliant 'Rant' at States, Advertising Age, May 08, 2000
  22. "", Collins English Dictionary.
  23. Macquarie Dictionary, Fourth Edition. Melbourne: The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd. 2005. ISBN 1-876429-14-3.
  24. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Springfield: Merriam-Webster. 2004. ISBN 087779930X.
  25. Story, George Morley, et. al, Dictionary of Newfoundland English (Toronto, University of Toronto Press:1982), "Newfoundland", p. 344.
  26. Merriam-Webster Audio File, Regina
  27. "You heard what? Because Jon Ryan went to University of Regina". CJME. February 2, 2015.
  28. "Casino shuffles the pack with revamp". blackpoolgazette.co.uk.
  29. "New York Bookshelf; An Oddly Named Street, A Dark Night, a Gamy Club". The New York Times. Feb 8, 2004. p. CY12.
  30. "Nevada County - Encyclopedia of Arkansas". encyclopediaofarkansas.net.
  31. "Don't Call It Frisco". SFGate.
  32. "Don’t Call It Frisco: The History of San Francisco’s Nicknames". The Bold Italic.
  33. Connelly, Dolly (Mar 1, 1970). "Mush!...And Then Some: A Tour Of The Great Northwest". Los Angeles Times West Magazine (Los Angeles: Los Angeles Times): 20–30.
  34. Moscow, Henry. The Street Book: An Encyclopedia of Manhattan's Street Names and Their Origins. New York: Hagstrom, 1978. ISBN 0823212750, p.24
  35. Finnegan, Jack (2007). Newcomer's Handbook For Moving to and Living in New York City. First Books. p. 43. Avenue of the Americas, a name rarely used by New Yorkers
  36. Greiner, Tony; Bridgewater, Rachel (2014). "Portland: An eclectic introduction". College & Research Libraries News 75 (8): 422–426.
  37. web|url=http://www.boiseweekly.com/boise/idaho-pronunciation-guide/Content?oid=1749831
  38. Robert Beard. "Estonian Tongue Twisters". alphadictionary.com.
  39. Robert Beard. "Swedish Tongue Twisters". alphadictionary.com.
  40. "Mother of all Tongue Twisters". lexiophiles.com.
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