Cinematographer

A camera crew sets up for scenes to be filmed on the flight deck for the motion picture Stealth with the crew of the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN 72).

A cinematographer or director of photography (sometimes shortened to DP or DOP) is the chief over the camera crews working on a film, television production or other live action piece and is responsible for achieving artistic and technical decisions related to the image. The study and practice of this field is referred to as cinematography. Some filmmakers say that the cinematographer is just the chief over the camera and lighting, and the director of photography is the chief over all the photography components of film, including framing, costumes, makeup, and lighting, as well as the assistant of the post producer for color correction and grading.

The cinematographer selects the camera, film stock, lens, filters, etc., to realize the scene in accordance with the intentions of the director. Relations between the cinematographer and director vary; in some instances the director will allow the cinematographer complete independence; in others, the director allows little to none, even going so far as to specify exact camera placement and lens selection. Such a level of involvement is not common once the director and cinematographer have become comfortable with each other; the director will typically convey to the cinematographer what is wanted from a scene visually, and allow the cinematographer latitude in achieving that effect.

Several American cinematographers have become directors, including Barry Sonnenfeld, originally the Coen brothers' DP; Jan de Bont, cinematographer on films as Die Hard and Basic Instinct, directed Speed and Twister. In 2014, Wally Pfister, cinematographer on Christopher Nolan's three Batman films, made his directorial debut with Transcendence; whilst British cinematographers Jack Cardiff and Freddie Francis regularly moved between the two positions.

History

A cinematographer on set

In the infancy of motion pictures, the cinematographer was usually also the director and the person physically handling the camera. As the art form and technology evolved, a separation between director and camera operator began to emerge. With the advent of artificial lighting and faster (more light sensitive) film stocks, in addition to technological advancements in optics, the technical aspects of cinematography necessitated a specialist in that area.

Cinematography was key during the silent movie era; with no sound apart from background music and no dialogue, the films depended on lighting, acting, and set.

In 1919 Hollywood, the then-new motion picture capital of the world, one of the first (and still existing) trade societies was formed: the American Society of Cinematographers (ASC), which stood to recognize the cinematographer's contribution to the art and science of motion picture making. Similar trade associations have been established in other countries too.

Societies and trade organizations

There are a number of national associations of cinematographers which represent members (irrespective of their official titles) and which are dedicated to the advancement of cinematography. These include:

the American Society of Cinematographers (A.S.C.)
the Canadian Society of Cinematographers (C.S.C.)
the British Society of Cinematographers (B.S.C.)
the Australian Cinematographers Society (A.C.S.)
the Filipino Society of Cinematographers (F.S.C.)
the French Society of Cinematographers (A.F.C.)
the Italian Society of Cinematographers (A.I.C.)
the Indian Cinematographers Society (I.C.S.)
the German Society of Cinematographers (BVK)
the Spanish Society of Cinematography Works (A.E.C)
the European Federation of Cinematographers / IMAGO

The A.S.C. defines cinematography as:

A creative and interpretive process that culminates in the authorship of an original work of art rather than the simple recording of a physical event. Cinematography is not a subcategory of photography. Rather, photography is but one craft that the cinematographer uses in addition to other physical, organizational, managerial, interpretive and image-manipulating techniques to effect one coherent process.^[1]

Noted cinematographers

See Category:Cinematographers and Academy Award for Best Cinematography

References

↑ Hora, John. "Anamorphic Cinematography". In Burum, Stephen H. The American Cinematographer Manual (9 ed.). ISBN 978-0935578317.

External links

Film crew

Above the line

Actor Leading actor Movie star Superstar Cameo actors Screenwriter Film producer Executive producer Line producer Film director Unit production manager Cinematographer / Director of photography

Below the line

Pre-production	Production coordinator Production accountant Assistant director Script supervisor Script coordinator Casting director Production assistant Location manager

Production design	Production designer Art director Scenic design Illustrator Set decorator Costume designer Hairdresser Make-up artist Property master / mistress ("props") Matte painter

Photography	Camera operator Focus puller Clapper loader Gaffer Best boy (electrical) Lighting technician Grip Key grip Best boy (grip) Dolly grip

Sound	Sound designer / Sound editor / Director of audiography Production sound mixer Boom operator Utility sound technician Dialogue editor Re-recording mixer Foley artist Composer Music supervisor Music editor

Post-production	Film editor Colorist Visual effects editor Compositor Animator Technical director

Special effects	Special effects supervisor Visual effects supervisor Stunt double Stunt performer

Talent	Movement director Choreographer Extra Talent agent Actor (voice) Cast member Stand-in Acting instructor

Authority control	GND: 4029412-2

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