Clwyd

Clwyd shown within Wales with its original borders
Rhuddlan Castle

Clwyd (Welsh pronunciation: [ˈklʊɨd]) is a preserved county of Wales, situated in the north-east corner of the country; it is named after the River Clwyd, which runs through the county. To the north lies the Irish Sea, Cheshire is to the east and Shropshire to the south-east, both in England. The Welsh counties of Powys and Gwynedd lie to the south and west respectively. Clwyd additionally shares a maritime border with the metropolitan county of Merseyside along the River Dee. Between 1974 and 1996, it was a county with a county council, one of the eight counties into which Wales was divided, and was subdivided into six districts. In 1996, the county of Clwyd was abolished, and the new unitary authorities of Conwy County Borough, Denbighshire, and Flintshire were created; under this reorganisation, "Clwyd" became a preserved county, with the name being retained for certain ceremonial functions.

This area of northeastern Wales has been settled since prehistoric times, the Romans built a fort beside a ford on the River Conwy, and the Normans and Welsh disputed the territory. They built their castles at strategic locations as they advanced and retreated, but in the end, England prevailed, and Edward I conquered the country in 1282. In the following centuries, the Welsh people were repressed and there were numerous uprisings and rebellions against English rule. The Act of Union in 1535 incorporated Wales under the English Crown and made it subject to English law.

Traditionally, agriculture was the mainstay of the economy of this part of Wales, but with the Industrial Revolution, the North Wales Coalfield was developed and parts of eastern Clwyd around the Dee estuary and Wrexham became industrialised. The advent of the railway running from Chester along the North Wales coast in the mid-nineteenth century made it easy for urban dwellers from Lancashire and Cheshire to visit the seaside towns of North Wales, and nowadays, tourism is the main source of income in Clwyd.

History

North Wales has had human settlements since prehistoric times. By the time the Romans reached Britain, the area that is now Clwyd was occupied by the Celtic Deceangli tribe. They lived in a chain of hill forts running through the Clwydian Range and their tribal capital was Canovium at an important river crossing on the River Conwy.[1] This fell to the Romans, who built their own fort here, in about 75 AD and the whole of Wales was soon under their control. After the Roman departure from Britain in 410 AD, the successor states of Gwynedd and Powys controlled what is now Clwyd. From about 800 onwards, a series of dynastic marriages led to Rhodri Mawr inheriting the kingdoms of Gwynedd and Powys. After his death, this kingdom was divided among his three sons and further strife followed, with not only Welsh battles being fought, but also many raids by Danes and Saxons.[2]

Denbigh in about 1775, from A tour in Wales by Thomas Pennant

The Normans conquest of England at first had little effect on North Wales. This was to change as the city of Chester on the River Dee became the base for successive campaigns against the country in the thirteenth century. The coastal plain of Clwyd was the main invasion route used and a number of castles were built there to facilitate these advances. The castles at Flint and Rhuddlan date from this period, and were the first to be built by Edward I of England in North Wales during his successful conquest in 1282.[3] After this, the rule of the Welsh Princes was at an end and Wales became annexed to England. The country was known as the Principality of Wales during the period 1216 to 1536. From 1301, the crown's lands in north and west Wales, including Clwyd, formed part of the appanage of England's heir apparent, who was given the title "Prince of Wales". This was a time of repression for the Welsh people and there were numerous uprisings and rebellions against English rule. Under the Act of Union of 1535, Wales became permanently incorporated under the English Crown and subject to English law.[3]

Bersham Ironworks

Although the Industrial Revolution did not much affect the rural parts of Clwyd, there was considerable industrial activity in the North Wales Coalfield in the north-east of the county, particularly around Wrexham.[4] The Bersham Ironworks at Bersham, in the same area, was at the forefront of technological advances and was most famous for being the original working site of the industrialist John Wilkinson who invented new processes for boring cannons.[5] The Williams-Wynn family of Wynnstay had become rich after the dissolution of the monasteries and owned vast estates in Clwyd with resources including lead, tin and copper as well as corn and timber.[6]

Geography

The county of Clwyd is in the northeastern corner of Wales. It is bounded by the Irish Sea to the north, the Welsh counties of Gwynnedd to the west and Powys to the south, and the English counties of Shropshire and Cheshire to the southeast and east respectively; much of the eastern boundary follows the course of the River Dee and its estuary. Other large rivers in the county include the River Alyn, a tributary of the Dee, the River Clwyd and the River Conwy in the west. The northern coastal strip of the county is heavily developed for tourism and has many resorts, including Llandudno, Colwyn Bay, Colwyn, Abergele, Rhyl and Prestatyn. In the northeast lies Deeside, the coastal plain beside the Dee estuary, and this part of Clwyd is heavily developed for industry. The area around Wrexham and and the commuter settlements close to Chester are also heavily built up.[7]

Sheep grazing with the Clwydian Range behind

To the west of this is a ridge of mountains with a steep scarp slope to the west, the Clwydian Range. The highest point of these hills is Moel Famau at 1,820 ft (555 m). The north-central part of the county is the broad Vale of Clwyd, and the best agricultural land lies here. To the south of this, the land is much higher and more rugged, the Denbigh Moors and the Berwyn range are here. The central and western parts of the county are much more rural than the coastal area and the east, with part of the Snowdonia National Park lying in the western part of the county.[7] The population as of 2007 is estimated at 491,100, based on figures for the four component unitary authority areas.[8]

Clwyd is bordered by the preserved counties of Gwynedd to the west, Powys to the south, Shropshire to the south-east, Cheshire to the east and Merseyside over the River Dee. Since the 2003 boundary changes, its coastline has extended from the Dee Estuary in Flintshire through to Llanfairfechan in Conwy. Clwyd consists of the whole of the historic county of Flintshire, and most of Denbighshire. Since 2003 it has also included the former district of Aberconwy, which lies in the historic county of Caernarfonshire, and also Edeyrnion Rural District which was previously part of the historic county of Merionethshire.[9]

Economy

Limestone quarry at Minera Mountain

The economy of Clwyd depends on a mixture of industrial, agricultural and tourism activities, with tourism predominating. The land uses of any region depend on the underlying geology which influences the soil types. In the Clwydian Range, lead and spar minerals have been mined in the past, and limestone quarried from Llantysilio Mountain, Ruabon Mountain and Minera Mountain near Wrexham.[10] The Minera Limeworks were once the largest lime workings in North Wales. Later, road building stone was extracted but the quarries closed in 1992.[11] Coal mining in the North Wales Coalfield ceased in the second half of the twentieth century but used to be a large source of employment in the area.[12] The main products being manufactured in industrial east Clwyd include aircraft components (Airbus), engines (Toyota), paper (Shotton Paper) and steel processing, and the port of Mostyn builds and supports offshore windfarms.[13]

Agriculture, largely based on livestock, has traditionally been the main occupation in the central and western parts of the county. There are a mix of large and small farm businesses, and a thriving dairy sector in the Vale of Clwyd.[14] Many of the towns have livestock markets and the farming industry supports farm machinery merchants, vets, feed merchants, contractors and all the ancillary trades connected with agriculture.[6] With their incomes on the decline, farmers have found opportunities in tourism, rural crafts, specialist food shops, farmers' markets and value-added food products.[15]

The Pier at Rhyl, about 1900

Tourism is nowadays the main source of income in Clwyd. The upland areas with their sheep farms and small, stone-walled fields are attractive to visitors, and redundant farm buildings are often converted to self-catering accommodation while the farmhouses themselves supply bed-and-breakfast opportunities. The arrival of the railway on the coast in the mid-nineteenth century opened up travel from Merseyside and caused a boom in tourism, with guesthouses in seaside towns offering board and lodging for the urban visitors. More recently caravan sites and holiday villages have blossomed and there has been an increase in the ownership of "second homes".[16]

Various initiatives designed to boost the economy of North Wales are being attempted in 2016. These include the Northern Gateway project on the former Sealand RAF site on Deeside, and a redevelopment project for the former Rhyl seafront and funfair.[17]

Administrative history

From the late 1950s, the radical reform of local government in Wales was considered more pressing than that in England, due to the small size of many of the existing authorities, especially the upper tier county councils. The Local Government Commission for Wales set up in 1958 was the first to recommend wholesale amalgamation of the administrative counties outside Glamorgan and Monmouthshire, with extensive boundary changes; however the then Minister of Housing and Local Government Sir Keith Joseph decided not to accept the report, noting that county amalgamations in England had been highly unpopular when proposed.[18]

In 1967, after a change of government, the Secretary of State for Wales Cledwyn Hughes published a white paper which revived the idea of amalgamation, but instead of the boundary changes proposed in the previous report, treated each county as a whole. The report recommended a single new county of Gwynedd incorporating Denbighshire, Flintshire, Caernarfonshire, Merionethshire and Anglesey. The white paper stated that "the need for early action is particularly urgent in Wales", and so the issue was not referred to a Royal Commission as in England.[19] Opponents criticised the proposed new county for being too large, and in November 1968 a new Secretary of State announced that Gwynedd would be divided into two.[20]

This revised proposal was continued in a further white paper in March 1970, although this proposed that the counties be unitary authorities which would have no district councils below them. The incoming Conservative government resurrected two-tier local government in a consultative document published in February 1971, again with the same upper-tier boundaries.[21] Some minor changes having been made to the existing county boundaries due to special local factors, the Local Government Act 1972 duly created Clwyd as a merger of Flintshire with most of Denbighshire, along with the Edeyrnion Rural District from Merionethshire.[22] The 1970 white paper had introduced the name of Clwyd by reference to the River Clwyd and the Clwydian range of hills; Clwyd was the only new Welsh county which did not take its name from an ancient kingdom.[23]

Districts of Clwyd:
1, Colwyn
2, Rhuddlan
3, Glyndwr
4, Delyn
5, Alyn & Deeside
6, Wrexham Maelor

For second-tier local government purposes, Clwyd was divided into six districts: Alyn and Deeside, Colwyn, Delyn, Glyndŵr, Rhuddlan and Wrexham Maelor, each being operated by a district or borough council.[22] These were abolished, along with the county itself, on 1 April 1996.[24] Clwyd County Council's coat of arms was granted in December 1974. The design of the shield, crest and motto includes elements taken from the arms of the councils of the former Flintshire and Denbighshire. The green and white wave represents the Vale of Clwyd and the Clwydian Range lying between the two parts of the county. The cross and choughs come from Flintshire's shield, which itself incorporated the traditional arms of Edwin of Tegeingl, while the black lion of the Princes of Powys Fadog is taken from Denbighshire's shield. The motto, Tarian Cyfiawnder Duw can be translated as "The shield of Justice is God".[25]

Clwyd County Council and its districts were abolished by the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994, and local government would be replaced by the four unitary authorities of Flintshire, Wrexham County Borough, Denbighshire, and parts of Conwy (along with some smaller communities moving to Powys). The Act also abolished the County, and states the term "county" would be synonymous with the "principal areas" created by the 1994 Act. However the Act then created a further set of "preserved counties", which were based on the eight created by the 1972 Act. These Preserved Counties, similar in respect to English Ceremonial counties, would be retained for a variety of purposes, including Lieutenancy and Shrievalty.[26]

Clwyd County Council and its six districts ceased operations at midnight on 1 April 1996, and local government was immediately transferred to the new principal areas of Conwy, Denbighshire, Flintshire and Wrexham. However, although bearing the same names, the boundaries of Flintshire and Denbighshire were substantially different from those of the earlier counties. As it happened, the county records for historic Flintshire had been retained at the Hawarden branch of the Clwyd Records Office while those for historic Denbighshire had continued to be held at the Ruthin branch, so there was no problem in segregating the records.[27]

The Preserved County of Clwyd came into effect on the same day that Clwyd County Council was abolished. The preserved county was almost identical to the 1974–96 county, but had a few minor changes in line with changes to local government boundaries, the communities of Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant, Llansilin and Llangedwyn being transferred from Clwyd to Powys.[28]

2003 boundary review

In 2003, the borders of Clwyd were changed to cover the remainder of Conwy (which had previously been part of Gwynedd), which was part of a Wales-wide re-organisation of the preserved counties, so that boundaries of the preserved counties would contain whole current principal areas only.[9]

These moves were met with some criticism, as the preserved counties were created to sustain a stable and continuing layout, irrespective of interim local government reviews affecting principal areas. This led to some areas, such as the Aberconwy district, moving to a preserved county it had never been administered by in the past, and therefore these moves went generally unreported due to the preserved county's limited status. The Boundary Commission proceeded to retain the eight preserved counties, and modified their borders in 2003 to match with the incumbent principal area boundaries. The 2003 arrangement brings towns such as Llandudno, Conwy and Betws-y-Coed into the preserved county of Clwyd.[9]

Legacy

Many local organisations still make use of the word "Clwyd" in their name, often because their membership covers a wider area than their present unitary authority. These organisations include the Clwyd Theatr Cymru, which is based in Mold and is the largest producing arts centre in Wales. It provides young people the opportunity to get involved in drama. The Clwyd Family History Society can help its members to access many historical documents concerning northeastern Wales,[29] and the Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust is one of four archaeological trusts covering the whole of Wales.[30] The Clwyd County Darts Association organises tournaments and takes part in inter-county matches.[31] The Clwyd East Football League was created in 2011 to represent the North East Wales area at the fifth tier of Welsh Football. It has subsequently changed its name to the North East Wales Football League.[32] The Clwyd Pension Fund is the Local Government pension scheme inherited from Clwyd County Council, now providing pension schemes for Wrexham, Flintshire and Denbighshire unitary authorities and former districts.[33]

The position of Lord Lieutenant of Clwyd also continues as the Monarch's personal representative, as with the other seven preserved counties of Wales. The current Lord Lieutenant is Henry George Fetherstonhaugh, who was appointed in 2013.[34]

Landmarks

Narrowboat crossing the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct

The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct was built by Thomas Telford in 1805 and is the largest aqueduct in the United Kingdom; it carries the Llangollen Canal over the River Dee and is a World Heritage Site, being considered a masterpiece of civil engineering.[35] The Clwydian Range and Dee Valley constitute an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, one of just five in the whole of Wales.[36] Denbigh, Colwyn and Ruthin are historic towns and Llangollen hosts the Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod in July each year.[37]

The Gop is a Neolithic mound, the second largest such structure in Britain being only superseded by Silbury Hill. Caer Drewyn is one of many Iron Age hill forts in the county that attest to human occupation of this area for millennia. Maen Achwyfan Cross is a carved 10th century wheel cross depicting Celtic and Viking symbols.[37] The castles of Rhuddlan[38] and Flint[39] were built by the Normans during their invasion of North Wales and Castell Dinas Brân was a Welsh fortress of the same period. St Asaph Cathedral also dates from the thirteenth century as does the medieval Cistercian abbey of Valle Crucis.[37]

Bodnant Garden is a formal garden in a landscaped setting,[40] and Erddig Hall is a stately home, both owned by the National Trust. Other fine country houses in Clwyd include Trevor Hall and Faenol Fawr, Bodelwyddan, while Plas Mawr and Aberconwy House are historic town houses in Conwy.[41] Also in Conwy is the Conwy Suspension Bridge, one of the first such bridges in the world.[42]

Transport

Virgin Voyager approaching Flint railway station

The North Wales Coast Line is the railway line from Crewe to Holyhead, operated by Virgin Trains. Trains leaving Crewe pass through Chester, cross the River Dee into Wales, and continue through Flint, Shotton, Holywell junction, Prestatyn, Rhyl, Colwyn Bay, Llandudno Junction, Conwy and Bangor, to Holyhead, from where there is a ferry service to Ireland. Passengers can change at Shotton for the Borderlands Line, which links Wrexham with Bidston on the Wirral Peninsula in England.[43] The Conwy Valley Line links Llandudno Junction to Blaenau Ffestiniog via Betws-y-Coed and was constructed mainly for use as a freight line for the transport of slate to the quay at Deganwy for export by sea. It is a scenic route with a number of request stops.[44]

There are no motorways in Clwyd. The A55 dual carriageway road passes from Chester through St Asaph to the North Wales coast at Abergele, after which it runs parallel to the railway line through Conway and Bangor to terminate at Holyhead. The A548 passes from Chester to Abergele through Deeside and along the coast, before leaving the coast and terminating at Llanrwst. The main road from London is the A5 which enters Clwyd at Chirk and passes northwestwards through Llangollen, Corwen and Betws-y-Coed to join the A55 and terminate at Bangor. The A543 crosses the Denbigh Moors from southeast to northwest, and the A525 links Ruthin with St Asaph.[45] There are local bus services between the main centres of population. Several services by Arriva Wales run along the main coast road between Chester and Holyhead, linking the coastal resorts. Other routes include; Llandudno to Llanrwst and Betws-y-Coed via Conwy and Dolgarrog; Rhyl to Denbigh; Wrexham to Chester; and Wrexham to Mold.[46]

See also

Further reading

References

  1. ↑ Jones, P. (2009). Illustrated History of Chester. DB Publishing. ISBN 9781859836842.
  2. ↑ Davies, John (1994). A History of Wales. London: Penguin. p. 338. ISBN 0-14-014581-8.
  3. 1 2 Marsh, Terry. "Pathfinder Guide: North Wales and Snowdonia". Pathfinder Guides. Crimson Publishing Ltd. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  4. ↑ "Wales: the first industrial nation of the World". Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales. 5 October 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  5. ↑ Le Nevez, Catherine; Whitfield, Paul (2012). The Rough Guide to Wales. Rough Guides Limited. p. 311. ISBN 978-1-4093-5902-9.
  6. 1 2 Morris, Jan (2014). Wales: Epic Views of a Small Country. Penguin Books Limited. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-241-97024-9.
  7. 1 2 Philip's (1994). Modern School Atlas. George Philip & Son. p. 26. ISBN 0-540-05278-7.
  8. ↑ Statistics.gov.uk
  9. 1 2 3 The Preserved Counties (Amendment to Boundaries) (Wales) Order 2003 Retrieved on 19 May 2009
  10. ↑ "Geodiversity". Clwydian Range and Dee Valley. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  11. ↑ "'The Calch' - Minera Limeworks". MineraHistory.com. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  12. ↑ The North Wales Coalfield, Coalmining History Research Centre, 1953, retrieved 20 April 2016
  13. ↑ "Flintshire". Investing in Flintshire. Flintshire County Council. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  14. ↑ "Clwyd". NFU Cymru. 5 December 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
  15. ↑ Nienaber, Birte (2016). Globalization and Europe's Rural Regions. Routledge. pp. 76–83. ISBN 978-1-317-12709-3.
  16. ↑ Boniface, Brian G.; Cooper, Chris; Cooper, Robyn (2012). Worldwide Destinations: The Geography of Travel and Tourism. Routledge. pp. 129, 152–153. ISBN 978-0-08-097040-0.
  17. ↑ "Six projects to kick-start the North Wales economy in 2016". Daily Post. 1 January 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  18. ↑ Bruce Wood, "The Process of Local Government Reform 1966–74", George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1976, p. 117-8.
  19. ↑ "Local Government in Wales", Cmnd. 3340, July 1967.
  20. ↑ Bruce Wood, "The Process of Local Government Reform 1966–74", George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1976, p. 123.
  21. ↑ Bruce Wood, "The Process of Local Government Reform 1966–74", George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1976, p. 125-6.
  22. 1 2 Bruce Wood, "The Process of Local Government Reform 1966–74", George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1976, p. 127-130.
  23. ↑ "Ancient Welsh names restored in council titles". The Times. 19 December 1972.
  24. ↑ "Local Government (Wales) Act 1994". The National Archives. legislation,gov.uk. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  25. ↑ "Clwyd coat of arms". Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  26. ↑ "Clwyd: County history". High Sheriff's Association of England and Wales. 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  27. ↑ "Denbighshire". Genuki. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  28. ↑ "Review of Preserved County Boundaries Final Proposals". Local Government Boundary Commission for Wales. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  29. ↑ "Clwyd Family History Society". Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  30. ↑ "Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust". Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  31. ↑ "Clwyd County Darts Association". Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  32. ↑ "North East Wales Football League". Pitchero. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  33. ↑ "Clwyd Pension Fund". Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  34. ↑ "Lord Lieutenant for County Clwyd". Prime Minister's Office, 10 Downing Street. 17 January 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  35. ↑ "Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal". UNESCO. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  36. ↑ "Clwydian Range". North East Wales. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  37. 1 2 3 "Attractions in Clwyd". Britain Express. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  38. ↑ Thomas, Jefferey L. (2009). "Rhuddlan Castle". Castles of Wales. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  39. ↑ Hale, Lise; Hale; Irma (2009). "Flint Castle". Castles of Wales. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  40. ↑ "Bodnant Garden". National Trust. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  41. ↑ "Aberconwy House". National Trust. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  42. ↑ "Conwy Suspension Bridge". National Trust. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  43. ↑ "Crewe to Holyhead". North Wales Coast Railway. 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  44. ↑ Sallery, Dave (2014). "The Conwy Valley Line". North Wales Coast Railway. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  45. ↑ Concise Road Atlas: Britain. AA Publishing. 2015. pp. 47–55. ISBN 978-0-7495-7743-8.
  46. ↑ "Discover the towns of Wales". Arriva Wales. Arriva Buses Wales. Retrieved 22 April 2016.

Coordinates: 53°05′N 3°16′W / 53.09°N 3.27°W / 53.09; -3.27

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