Cockatoo Island (New South Wales)

UNESCO World Heritage Site
Australian Convict Sites
Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List
Type Cultural
Criteria iv, vi
Reference 1306
UNESCO region Asia-Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription 2010 (34th Session)
Cockatoo Island
Sydney, New South Wales
Coordinates 33°50′49″S 151°10′16″E / 33.84684°S 151.17115°E / -33.84684; 151.17115Coordinates: 33°50′49″S 151°10′16″E / 33.84684°S 151.17115°E / -33.84684; 151.17115
Population 2 (2006)[1]
 • Density 11.2/km2 (29/sq mi)
Area 0.179 km2 (0.1 sq mi)
Location 10 km (6 mi) west of CBD
State electorate(s) Drummoyne[2]
Federal Division(s) Sydney[3]
Localities around Cockatoo Island:
Sydney Harbour
Sydney Harbour Cockatoo Island Sydney Harbour
Sydney Harbour
former Cockatoo Island Dockyard, view from Birchgrove
Cockatoo Island, view from Woolwich
Cockatoo Island from the Gladesville Bridge

Cockatoo Island, a UNESCO World Heritage Site,[4] is located at the junction of the Parramatta and Lane Cove rivers, in Sydney Harbour, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Cockatoo Island is the largest of several islands that were originally heavily timbered sandstone knolls. Originally the Island rose to 18 metres (59 ft) above sea level and was 12.9 hectares (32 acres) but it has been extended to 17.9 hectares (44 acres) and is now cleared of most vegetation.[5] Called Wa-rea-mah by the Indigenous Australians who traditionally inhabited the land prior to European settlement, the island may have been used as a fishing base, although physical evidence of Aboriginal heritage has not been found on the island.[6]

Between 1839 and 1869, Cockatoo Island operated as a convict penal establishment, primarily as a place of secondary punishment for convicts who had re-offended in the colonies.[7][8][9]

Cockatoo Island was also the site of one of Australia's biggest shipyards, operating between 1857 and 1991. The first of its two dry docks were built by convicts. Listed on the National Heritage List, the island is significant for its demonstration of the characteristics of a long-running dockyard and shipbuilding complex, including evidence of key functions, structures and operational layout. Cockatoo Island contains the nation's most extensive and varied record of shipbuilding, and has the potential to enhance understanding of maritime and heavy industrial processes in Australia from the mid-19th century.[9]

In July 2010, UNESCO proclaimed Cockatoo Island as a World Heritage Site,[4] and has been managed by the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust since 2001.

Recent use and activities

The island is managed by the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust which is also responsible for seven other lands around Sydney Harbour. The Harbour Trust is revitalising the island as a landmark harbour attraction with cultural events and heritage interpretation. Today Cockatoo Island retains some remnants of its past. Its prison buildings have been World Heritage listed, part of a serial listing of 11 Australian Convict Sites.

Although some large workshops, slipways, wharves, residences and other buildings remain, major buildings were demolished after Cockatoo Island closed as a dockyard in 1991; pictured right. As the remaining buildings contain few of their original industrial artefacts and none of the remaining industrial heritage including the docks, caissons and cranes is operational, it is difficult to currently see how the island functioned as a dockyard for over a century.[10]

In late March 2005 the Harbour Trust, in partnership with an event organiser, held the Cockatoo Island Festival. The event put the island on Sydney's cultural map and initiated a range of cultural activities including contemporary art installations, exhibitions and festivals.

The Harbour Trust opened a camp and glampsite on the island in 2008. The camp ground attracts some 20,000 campers a year and is a popular spot for watching Sydney's renowned New Year's Eve fireworks. In 2010, the island attracted a capacity crowd of over 2000 campers to view NYE fireworks. Other island holiday accommodation consists of five renovated houses and apartments with harbour and city views.[11]

Sydney Ferries services Cockatoo Island as part of its Woolwich/Balmain ferry route and Parramatta RiverCat route. Day visitors are welcome, and can picnic, barbecue, visit the cafe, wander at leisure or take an audio or guided tour. Cockatoo Island is open daily and there is no admission charge.

Regular events and art installations are a feature of the island.[12]

Cockatoo Island has grown into a versatile cultural venue on Sydney's cultural calendar. In 2008, it was a major venue partner of the 16th Biennale of Sydney, attracting over 80,000 visitors over 12 weeks. In 2010, the event attracted over 156,000 people. In 2009, Cockatoo Island hosted the Sydney Festival's "All Tomorrow's Parties" music festival. The two-day festival included twenty-four bands over four stages across the island, and was curated and headlined by Nick Cave, attracting an audience of over 11,000. The island hosted the World's Funniest Island Comedy Festival in October 2009, with 200 comedy acts appearing over a weekend, attracting over 8,000 visitors.

The island is also increasingly used as a venue for private events both large and small. Part of the blockbuster X-Men Origins: Wolverine was filmed there in 2008. Reality television programs have also used the island as a location.

Early history

Before the arrival of Europeans, Cockatoo Island was probably used by the indigenous Australian people of Sydney's coastal region.[13] In 1839 it was chosen as the site of a new penal establishment by the Governor of the colony of New South Wales, Sir George Gipps. Between 1839 and 1869 the island was used as a convict prison. Initially, prisoners were transferred to Cockatoo Island from Norfolk Island, and were employed constructing their barracks and rock-cut silos for storing the colony's grain supply. By 1842, approximately 140 tonnes (140 long tons; 150 short tons) of grain were stored on the island.[13]

Later, quarrying on the island provided stone for construction projects around Sydney, including the seawall for Circular Quay. Between 1847 and 1857, convicts were used to dig the Fitzroy Dock, Australia's first dry dock, on the island. An estimated 1.5 million cubic feet (42,000 m3) of rock was excavated with 480,000 cubic feet (14,000 m3) forming the dock itself.[13]

In 2009, an archeological dig on the island uncovered convict era punishment cells under the cookhouse. These cells give a valuable insight into the conditions convicts lived under on the island.[14]

One prisoner on Cockatoo Island was the Australian bushranger, Captain Thunderbolt, who escaped in 1863 to begin the crime spree which made him famous. It is alleged that his wife had swum across to the island with tools to effect his escape, following which they both swam back to the mainland. There is no significant evidence to support this claim.

Fitzroy Graving Dock

Cockatoo Island dry dock in 1872

The dock was designed by Gother Kerr Mann, the island's Civil Engineer, and built between 1847 and 1857 utilising convict labour. The foundation stone of its ashlar lining was laid on 5 June 1854 by Governor Charles Augustus FitzRoy, with the dock being named in his honour. When completed in 1857, the dry dock was 316 feet (96 m) in length and 76 feet (23 m) in breadth, with an entrance 60 feet (18 m) wide. HMS Herald was the first sailing vessel to enter the dock in December 1857. The Fitzroy Dock was lengthened in 1870 and 1880 to be 643 feet (196 m).[15]

Number 1 (Sutherland) Dock

The dock was constructed under the supervision of the engineer Louis Samuel between 1882 and 1890.[15] The dock was named after John Sutherland, the Secretary for Public Works and was large enough to accommodate ships of 20,000 tonnes (20,000 long tons; 22,000 short tons). The dock was modified in 1913 and in 1927 to accommodate Royal Australian Navy ships.

Industrial School, Reformatory and Gaol

In 1864, the island was split between the NSW Department of Prisons and the Public Works Department, which expanded the dockyard around the foreshores. In 1869, the convicts were relocated to Darlinghurst Gaol and the prison complex became an Industrial School for Girls and also a Reformatory. In 1871, the name Cockatoo Island was dropped in favour of Biloela.[16][17][18][19]

Cockatoo Island Dockyard

Mural of a cockatoo on the top island.

Shipbuilding began on Cockatoo Island in 1870. In 1913, Cockatoo Island was transferred to the Commonwealth Government to become the Naval Dockyard of the Royal Australian Navy. Over a period of several years prior to the First World War five slipways were either upgraded or constructed in the island, with Numbers 1 and 2 still retained by the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust. The torpedo boat destroyer HMAS Warrego was the first naval ship launched at Cockatoo Island, after being built in the United Kingdom, disassembled, then sent to the Australian shipyard for reassembly. During World War I, the dockyard built, repaired and refitted many ships. At its peak during the war, some 4,000 men were employed on the island.

In 1933, Cockatoo Island was leased to the Cockatoo Docks and Engineering Company Limited for 21 years. The lease was renewed in 1954 for a further 20 years and again in 1972 for 21 years.

During World War II, Cockatoo Island was the main ship repair facility in the south-west Pacific. Some 250 ships were converted or repaired on the island. The Cunard liners RMS Queen Mary and RMS Queen Elizabeth were converted into troopships by Cockatoo Island staff. In the eight months between August 1942 and March 1943, Cockatoo repaired four cruisers of the United States Navy: USS Chicago, USS Chester, USS Portland, and USS New Orleans. Many ships of the Royal Australian Navy were repaired. The cruiser HMAS Hobart suffered torpedo damage in the New Hebrides and limped into Sydney in August 1943 for major repairs and modernisation.

After the war, shipbuilding continued on the island. Orders were placed for two Battle-class and four Daring-class destroyers, the building to be shared by Cockatoo Island and Williamstown dockyards. In the 1950s, the government approved the construction of six River-class anti-submarine frigates, again shared between the two dockyards. Cockatoo Island also modernised and refitted many naval vessels. In 1962, Cockatoo Island won the tender to construct MS Empress of Australia, which on completion in 1965 was the largest roll-on roll-off cargo passenger ship in the world. In 1963, the island won the contract to build the escort maintenance ship HMAS Stalwart. In 1979, Cockatoo began construction of HMAS Success, the largest naval vessel built in Australia. From 1971 to 1991, Cockatoo completed 14 major refits of Australia's Oberon-class submarines and many mid-cycle and intermediate dockings.

Significant vessels built or worked over the life of the dockyard include:

World Heritage listing

In July 2010, at the 34th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, Cockatoo Island and ten other Australian sites with a significant association with convict transportation were inscribed as a group on the World Heritage List as the Australian Convict Sites.[24] The listing explains that the eleven sites present "the best surviving examples of large-scale convict transportation and the colonial expansion of European powers through the presence and labour of convicts". Of the eleven sites, as well as Cockatoo Island, the Hyde Park Barracks, Old Great North Road, and Old Government House at Parramatta are also within the Sydney region.

Cockatoo Island events

Since 2005, Cockatoo Island has hosted a number of major events. They range from collaborations with the Sydney Writers' Festival to an international freestyle motocross competition. A summary is provided in the following table:

Festival name Details and comments Image
Biennale of Sydney In 2008, Cockatoo Island became a major venue for the Biennale of Sydney. The contemporary arts festival attracted approximately 86,000 visitors to the island over 10 weeks. In 2010, the island hosted the 17th Biennale of Sydney. Over 120 works of art by 56 artists were exhibited and attracted approximately 157,000 people. During 2012, the 18th Biennale of Sydney was held, with Cockatoo Island being the main festival venue.
Cockatoo Island Festival In 2005, a three-day music and arts festival was held on the refurbished island, utilising abandoned buildings and warehouses as exhibition rooms, concert halls and shopping/food venues. The festival was headlined by local and international musical groups and artists. The festival attracted over 20,000 people and featured over 120 musical acts, as well as stand-up comedians, performance artists and more. A dedicated ferry service ran day and night to take ticket holders to and from the island. The festival did not return to the island in this format and was reborn elsewhere as The Great Escape in 2006.
Cockatoo Island Film Festival October 2012.
Urs Fischer Installation In 2007, Cockatoo Island hosted an art installation by New York-based Swiss artist Urs Fischer. The installation was a partnership with Kaldor Public Art Projects.
Red Bull X-Fighters World Tour Finale The final of the world's leading freestyle motocross competition was held on Cockatoo Island for the first time in October 2011, and is scheduled for October 2012.
Sydney Festival In 2009, Cockatoo Island was the venue for a major component of the Sydney Festival, the Nick Cave–curated All Tomorrow's Parties music festival. The event attracted approximately 12,000 people.
Underbelly Festival In 2010, Cockatoo Island hosted the Underbelly Festival, a collaboration of 150 artists on innovative and experimental projects over a 10-day residency and festival finale.
Ken Unsworth Installations In 2009, the artist Ken Unsworth's tribute to his wife, A Ringing Glass (Rilke) was an ambitious installation of galleries constructed inside the island's Turbine Shop. In 2011, Unsworth returned to Cockatoo Island with As I Crossed the Bridge of Dreams, a show incorporating dance, sculptural creations, music and song.
World's Funniest Island Comedy Festival In 2009, Cockatoo Island hosted the comedy festival. Held over two days, it attracted approximately 8000 people.

Planning and projects

Stewardship of Cockatoo Island was handed to the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust in 2001 to plan a new chapter for the island as publicly owned urban park. In 2003 the Harbour Trust completed a comprehensive plan for Cockatoo Island and other sites around Sydney Harbour managed by the Trust. The initial plan, approved by the Minister in 2003,[6] proposed the revitalisation of Cockatoo Island as a landmark harbour attraction with the revival of maritime activities, the interpretation of its rich colonial and industrial heritage, and the creation of parklands and spaces for cultural events. In 2010, the Harbour Trust produced a revised management plan for the island.[6]

Urban Islands

In 2009 the Urban Islands masterclass was taught "by 3 groups of international emerging architects on and about the controversial site of Cockatoo Island":

Cross disciplinary creativity, experimental tactics and broad based participation are needed to inject Cockatoo Island with renewed life. The proposals developed in the 12-days play an active role in generating tangible proposals for Cockatoo Island, producing outcomes such as large-scale installations, futurologist proposals, media activism experiments, and greater harbour master planning visions.

One of the masterclass leaders was Geoff Manaugh, author of the influential BLDGBLOG. A second masterclass was planned for 2011.[25]

Transport

When a working dockyard, Sydney Ferries Limited and its successors operated services from Circular Quay to the island at shift changeover times.

In April 2007, the wharf reopened for a three-month trial coinciding with the reopening of the island as a tourist attraction.[26] Since then services have expanded, and today it served by Sydney Ferries Parramatta River services operating between Circular Quay and Parramatta. It is also the terminus for all stops services from Circular Quay.[27] The single wharf is served by First Fleet and RiverCat class ferries.

References

  1. ↑ Howden, Saffron (3 April 2008). "Bush camping on Sydney harbour's Cockatoo Island". Daily Telegraph (Australia). Retrieved 14 April 2008.
  2. ↑ "Electoral District of Balmain: Electorate District Profile". New South Wales Electoral Commission. Retrieved 14 April 2008.
  3. ↑ "Federal Electorate Search: Sydney". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 14 April 2008.
  4. 1 2 Chalmers, Emma; Martin, Saray (1 August 2010). "World Heritage Committee approves Australian Convict Sites as places of importance". The Courier–Mail (Australia). Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  5. ↑ Staff of the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust (23 June 2010). "Sydney Harbour Federation Trust Management Plan – Cockatoo Island Part 1" (PDF). Sydney Harbour Federation Trust. Australian Government. p. 10. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 "Management Plan – Cockatoo Island" (PDF). Commonwealth of Australia: Sydney Harbour Federation Trust. 23 June 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  7. ↑ "Executive summary". Australian convict sites: World Heritage Nomination. Commonwealth of Australia: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. January 2008. ISBN 978-0-642-55390-4. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  8. ↑ "2. Description". Australian convict sites: World Heritage Nomination (PDF). Commonwealth of Australia: Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. January 2008. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-0-642-55390-4. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  9. 1 2 "Cockatoo Island: more information". National heritage places. Commonwealth of Australia: Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. 15 May 2008. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  10. ↑ "Cockatoo Island" (Photo). National Archives of Australia. 1927. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  11. ↑ "Staying on Cockatoo Island". Cockatoo Island. Sydney Harbour Federation Trust. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  12. ↑ "Sites - Cockatoo: Planning". Sydney Harbour Federation Trust. Archived from the original on 4 March 2006. Retrieved 18 April 2006.
  13. 1 2 3 "Sites: Cockatoo Island". Sydney Harbour Federation Trust. Archived from the original on 12 February 2006. Retrieved 10 April 2006.
  14. ↑ Collerton, Sarah (25 September 2009). "Convict era punishment cells unearthed". ABC News (Australia).
  15. 1 2 Gillett, Ross; Melliar-Phelps, Michael (1980). A Century of Ships in Sydney Harbour. Rigby Publishers Ltd. p. 12. ISBN 0-7270-1201-0.
  16. ↑ "THE GOVERNMENT GAZETTE.". The Sydney Morning Herald (National Library of Australia). 27 May 1871. p. 7. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  17. ↑ "THE FORTHCOMING AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY'S SHOW.". The Empire (Sydney: National Library of Australia). 3 June 1871. p. 2. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  18. ↑ "MELBOURNE.". Australian Town and Country Journal (Sydney: National Library of Australia). 3 June 1871. p. 8. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  19. ↑ Shirley Fitzgerald (2010). "Biloela Reformatory and Industrial School". Dictionary of Sydney. Dictionary of Sydney Trust. Retrieved 16 October 2015.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Gillett, Ross (1977). Warships of Australia. Sydney: Rigby Limited. pp. 139–143, 148–149, 153–155, 164–171, 190–191, 204–207, 240, 270. ISBN 0 7270 0472 7.
  21. ↑ Moore, John (1979). Jane's Fighting Ships 1978-79. London: Macdonald & Jane's Publishers. p. 40. ISBN 0 354 00570 7.
  22. ↑ Plowman, Peter (2004). Ferry to Tasmania: A Short History. Dural: Rosenberg Publishing. pp. 118–119. ISBN 1 877058 27 0.
  23. ↑ Saunders, Stephen (2005). Jane's Fighting Ships 2004-05. Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. p. 34. ISBN 0 7106 2623 1.
  24. ↑ "UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage Committee inscribes seven cultural sites on World Heritage List". UNESCO World Heritage Centre website (Press release). United Nations. 31 July 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
  25. ↑ "Intensive Design Studio on Cockatoo Island, Sydney Harbour". Urban Islands. 2009. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
  26. ↑ Annual Report for year ended 30 June 2007 Sydney Ferries
  27. ↑ "F3: Parramatta River Ferry timetable" (PDF). Sydney Ferries. 20 October 2013.

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