ISO/IEC 8859-1

For the Unicode block also called "Latin 1", see Latin-1 Supplement (Unicode block). For the character encoding commonly mislabeled as "ISO-8859-1", see Windows-1252.
ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998
MIME ISO-8859-1
Alias(es) iso-ir-100, csISOLatin1, latin1, l1, IBM819, CP819
Standard ISO/IEC 8859

ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 1: Latin alphabet No. 1, is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 1987. It is generally intended for Western European languages (see below for a list). It is the basis for most popular 8-bit character sets, including Windows-1252 and the first block of characters in Unicode.

ISO-8859-1 is the IANA preferred name for this standard when supplemented with the C0 and C1 control codes from ISO/IEC 6429 (see below for HTML5 exception). The following other aliases are registered for ISO-8859-1: iso-ir-100, csISOLatin1, latin1, l1, IBM819, CP819.

The Windows-1252 codepage coincides with ISO-8859-1 for all codes except the range 128 to 159 (hex 80 to 9F), where the little-used C1 controls are replaced with additional characters including all the missing characters provided by ISO-8859-15. Code page 28591 a.k.a. Windows-28591 is the actual ISO-8859-1 codepage.[1]

Coverage

See also: Latin alphabets

ISO 8859-1 encodes what it refers to as "Latin alphabet no. 1," consisting of 191 characters from the Latin script. This character-encoding scheme is used throughout the Americas, Western Europe, Oceania, and much of Africa. It is also commonly used in most standard romanizations of East-Asian languages. In May 2016, 6.4% of all web sites use ISO 8859-1,[2][3] that by HTML5 standards should be the same encoding as Windows-1252, and given that it's the case, then its 0.9% share [2] can be added to it giving 7.3% of web sites effectively using "ISO 8859-1" in the form of Windows-1252.

Each character is encoded as a single eight-bit code value. These code values can be used in almost any data interchange system to communicate in the following European languages (with a few exceptions due to missing characters, as noted):

Modern languages with complete coverage

Notes
  1. ↑ Complete support except for Ǿ/ǿ which are missing. Ǿ/ǿ can be replaced with Ø/ø or øe at the cost of increased ambiguity.
  2. ↑ US and modern British.
  3. ↑ Kurdish Unified Alphabet, based on the Latin character set.
  4. ↑ Basic classical orthography.
  5. ↑ Rumi script.
  6. ↑ Bokmål and Nynorsk.
  7. ↑ European and Brazilian.

Languages commonly supported but with incomplete coverage

Language Missing characters Typical workaround Supported by
Catalan Ŀ, ŀ (deprecated) L·, l·
Dutch IJ, ij digraphs IJ, ij
Estonian Š, š, Ž, ž (only present in loanwords) Sh, sh, Zh, zh ISO-8859-15, Windows-1252
Finnish Š, š, Ž, ž (only present in loanwords) Sh, sh, Zh, zh ISO-8859-15, Windows-1252
French Œ, œ, and the very rare Ÿ digraphs OE, oe, and Y without the diaeresis (or Ý) ISO-8859-15, ISO-8859-16, Windows-1252
Guarani Ẽ, ẽ, Ĩ, ĩ, Ũ, ũ, Ỹ, ỹ, G̃, g̃ E~, e~, I~, i~, U~, u~, Y~, y~, G~, g~ or Ê, ê, Î, î, Û, û, Ý, ÿ
Hungarian Ő, ő, Ű, ű Õ, õ (or Ô, ô; sometimes Ö, ö), Û, û (sometimes Ü, ü) ISO-8859-2, Windows-1250
Irish (traditional orthography) Ḃ, ḃ, Ċ, ċ, Ḋ, ḋ, Ḟ, ḟ, Ġ, ġ, Ṁ, ṁ, Ṡ, ṡ, Ṫ, ṫ Bh, bh, Ch, ch, Dh, dh, Fh, fh, Gh, gh, Mh, mh, Sh, sh, Th, th ISO-8859-14
Latin with macrons Ā, ā, Ē, ē, Ī, ī, Ō, ō, Ū, ū ISO-8859-13, Windows-1257
Māori Ā, ā, Ē, ē, Ī, ī, Ō, ō, Ū, ū Ä, ä, Ë, ë, Ï, ï, Ö, ö, Ü, ü ISO-8859-13, Windows-1257
Romanian Ă, ă, Ș, ș, Ț, ț and older Ţ, ţ with cedilla A, a (or Ã, ã), S, s, T, t ISO-8859-2, Windows-1250 (Ţ, ţ with cedilla)
Turkish İ, ı, Ğ, ğ, Ş, ş I, ï, G, g, S, s ISO-8859-3, ISO-8859-9, Windows-1254
Welsh Ẁ, ẁ, Ẃ, ẃ, Ŵ, ŵ, Ŷ, ŷ Ý, ÿ ISO-8859-14

Quotation marks

For some languages listed above, the correct typographical quotation marks are missing, as only « », " ", and ' ' are included. Also, this scheme does not provide for oriented (6- or 9-shaped) single or double quotation marks. Some fonts will display the spacing grave accent (0x60) and the apostrophe (0x27) as a matching pair of oriented single quotation marks, but this is not considered part of the modern standard.

History

ISO 8859-1 was based on the Multinational Character Set used by Digital Equipment Corporation in the popular VT220 terminal. It was developed within ECMA, the European Computer Manufacturers Association, and published in March 1985 as ECMA-94, by which name it is still sometimes known. The second edition of ECMA-94 (June 1986) also included ISO 8859-2, ISO 8859-3, and ISO 8859-4 as part of the specification.

In 1985, Commodore adopted ISO 8859-1 for its new AmigaOS operating system. The Seikosha MP-1300AI impact dot-matrix printer, used with the Amiga 1000, included this encoding.

In 1992, the IANA registered the character map ISO_8859-1:1987, more commonly known by its preferred MIME name of ISO-8859-1 (note the extra hyphen over ISO 8859-1), a superset of ISO 8859-1, for use on the Internet. This map assigns the C0 and C1 control characters to the unassigned code values thus provides for 256 characters via every possible 8-bit value.

ISO-8859-1 is (according to the standards at least) the default encoding of documents delivered via HTTP with a MIME type beginning with "text/" (however the HTML5 specification requires that documents advertised as ISO-8859-1 actually be parsed with the Windows-1252 encoding.[4]) It is the default encoding of the values of certain descriptive HTTP headers, and defines the repertoire of characters allowed in HTML 3.2 documents (HTML 4.0, however, is based on Unicode). It and Windows-1252 are often assumed to be the encoding of text on Unix and Microsoft Windows in the absence of locale or other information, this is only gradually being replaced with Unicode encoding such as UTF-8 or UTF-16.

Codepage layout

Legend:

  Alphabetic
  Control character
  Numeric digit
  Punctuation
  Extended punctuation
  Graphic character
  International
  Undefined

ISO/IEC 8859-1
_0 _1 _2 _3 _4 _5 _6 _7 _8 _9 _A _B _C _D _E _F
 
0_
 		                                
 
1_
 		                                
 
2_
 		 SP
0020
32		 !
0021
33		 "
0022
34		 #
0023
35		 $
0024
36		 %
0025
37		 &
0026
38		 '
0027
39		 (
0028
40		 )
0029
41		 *
002A
42		 +
002B
43		 ,
002C
44		 -
002D
45		 .
002E
46		 /
002F
47
 
3_
 		 0
0030
48		 1
0031
49		 2
0032
50		 3
0033
51		 4
0034
52		 5
0035
53		 6
0036
54		 7
0037
55		 8
0038
56		 9
0039
57		 :
003A
58		 ;
003B
59		 <
003C
60		 =
003D
61		 >
003E
62		 ?
003F
63
 
4_
 		 @
0040
64		 A
0041
65		 B
0042
66		 C
0043
67		 D
0044
68		 E
0045
69		 F
0046
70		 G
0047
71		 H
0048
72		 I
0049
73		 J
004A
74		 K
004B
75		 L
004C
76		 M
004D
77		 N
004E
78		 O
004F
79
 
5_
 		 P
0050
80		 Q
0051
81		 R
0052
82		 S
0053
83		 T
0054
84		 U
0055
85		 V
0056
86		 W
0057
87		 X
0058
88		 Y
0059
89		 Z
005A
90		 [
005B
91		 \
005C
92		 ]
005D
93		 ^
005E
94		 _
005F
95
 
6_
 		 `
0060
96		 a
0061
97		 b
0062
98		 c
0063
99		 d
0064
100		 e
0065
101		 f
0066
102		 g
0067
103		 h
0068
104		 i
0069
105		 j
006A
106		 k
006B
107		 l
006C
108		 m
006D
109		 n
006E
110		 o
006F
111
 
7_
 		 p
0070
112		 q
0071
113		 r
0072
114		 s
0073
115		 t
0074
116		 u
0075
117		 v
0076
118		 w
0077
119		 x
0078
120		 y
0079
121		 z
007A
122		 {
007B
123		 |
007C
124		 }
007D
125		 ~
007E
126		  
 
8_
 		                                
 
9_
 		                                
 
A_
 		 NBSP
00A0
160		 ¡
00A1
161		 ¢
00A2
162		 £
00A3
163		 ¤
00A4
164		 ¥
00A5
165		 ¦
00A6
166		 §
00A7
167		 ¨
00A8
168		 ©
00A9
169		 ª
00AA
170		 «
00AB
171		 ¬
00AC
172		 SHY
00AD
173		 ®
00AE
174		 ¯
00AF
175
 
B_
 		 °
00B0
176		 ±
00B1
177		 ²
00B2
178		 ³
00B3
179		 ´
00B4
180		 µ
00B5
181
00B6
182		 ·
00B7
183		 ¸
00B8
184		 ¹
00B9
185		 º
00BA
186		 »
00BB
187		 ¼
00BC
188		 ½
00BD
189		 ¾
00BE
190		 ¿
00BF
191
 
C_
 		 À
00C0
192		 Á
00C1
193		 Â
00C2
194		 Ã
00C3
195		 Ä
00C4
196		 Å
00C5
197		 Æ
00C6
198		 Ç
00C7
199		 È
00C8
200		 É
00C9
201		 Ê
00CA
202		 Ë
00CB
203		 Ì
00CC
204		 Í
00CD
205		 Î
00CE
206		 Ï
00CF
207
 
D_
 		 Ð
00D0
208		 Ñ
00D1
209		 Ò
00D2
210		 Ó
00D3
211		 Ô
00D4
212		 Õ
00D5
213		 Ö
00D6
214		 ×
00D7
215		 Ø
00D8
216		 Ù
00D9
217		 Ú
00DA
218		 Û
00DB
219		 Ü
00DC
220		 Ý
00DD
221		 Þ
00DE
222		 ß
00DF
223
 
E_
 		 à
00E0
224		 á
00E1
225		 â
00E2
226		 ã
00E3
227		 ä
00E4
228		 å
00E5
229		 æ
00E6
230		 ç
00E7
231		 è
00E8
232		 é
00E9
233		 ê
00EA
234		 ë
00EB
235		 ì
00EC
236		 í
00ED
237		 î
00EE
238		 ï
00EF
239
 
F_
 		 ð
00F0
240		 ñ
00F1
241		 ò
00F2
242		 ó
00F3
243		 ô
00F4
244		 õ
00F5
245		 ö
00F6
246		 ÷
00F7
247		 ø
00F8
248		 ù
00F9
249		 ú
00FA
250		 û
00FB
251		 ü
00FC
252		 ý
00FD
253		 þ
00FE
254		 ÿ
00FF
255
ISO/IEC 8859-1
_0 _1 _2 _3 _4 _5 _6 _7 _8 _9 _A _B _C _D _E _F

Similar character sets

ISO-8859-1 was incorporated as the first 256 code points of ISO/IEC 10646 and Unicode.

The lower range 32 to 126 (hex 20 to 7E, the G0 subset) maps exactly to the same coded G0 subset of the ISO 646 US variant (commonly known as ASCII), whose ISO 2022 standard switch sequence is "ESC ( B". The higher range 160 to 255 (hex A0 to FF, the G1 subset) maps exactly to the same subset initiated by the ISO 2022 standard switch sequence "ESC . A".

ISO/IEC 8859-1 is missing some characters for French and Finnish text and the euro sign. In order to provide some of these characters, ISO/IEC 8859-15 was developed as an update of ISO/IEC 8859-1. This required, however, the removal of some infrequently used characters from ISO/IEC 8859-1, including fraction symbols and letter-free diacritics: ¤, ¦, ¨, ´, ¸, ¼, ½, and ¾.

The popular Windows-1252 character set adds all the missing characters provided by ISO/IEC 8859-15, plus a number of typographic symbols, by replacing the rarely used C1 controls in the range 128 to 159 (hex 80 to 9F). It is very common to mislabel text data with the charset label ISO-8859-1, even though the data is really Windows-1252 encoded. Many web browsers and e-mail clients will interpret ISO-8859-1 control codes as Windows-1252 characters, and that behavior was later standardized in HTML5, in order to accommodate such mislabeling and care should be taken to avoid generating these characters in ISO-8859-1 labeled content.

The Apple Macintosh computer introduced a character encoding called Mac Roman, or Mac-Roman, in 1984. It was meant to be suitable for Western European desktop publishing. It is a superset of ASCII, like ISO-8859-1, and has most of the characters that are in ISO-8859-1 but in a totally different arrangement. A later version, registered with IANA as "Macintosh", replaced the generic currency sign ¤ with the euro sign €. The few printable characters that are in ISO 8859-1 but not in this set are often a source of trouble when editing text on websites using older Macintosh browsers (including the last version of Internet Explorer for Mac). However the extra characters that Windows-1252 has in the C1 codepoint range are all supported in MacRoman.

DOS had code page 850, which had all printable characters that ISO-8859-1 had (albeit in a totally different arrangement) plus the most widely used graphic characters from code page 437.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Code Page Identifiers". Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
  2. 1 2 http://w3techs.com/technologies/history_overview/character_encoding
  3. ↑ http://w3techs.com/faq
  4. ↑ HTML 5 Draft Recommendation — 12 April 2010, 8.1 Character encodings, retrieved [2010-04-12].

External links

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