Cohoes, New York

Cohoes
City
Downtown seen from the west
Logo
Name origin: Dutch adaptation of Mohawk "Ga-ha-oose" for "place of the falling canoe"
Motto: A Community That Cares
Nickname: Spindle City
Country United States
State New York
Region Capital District
County Albany
Landmark Cohoes Falls, Harmony Mills
River Hudson, Mohawk
Center City Hall
 - elevation 80 ft (24 m)
 - coordinates 42°46′45″N 73°42′46″W / 42.77917°N 73.71278°W / 42.77917; -73.71278Coordinates: 42°46′45″N 73°42′46″W / 42.77917°N 73.71278°W / 42.77917; -73.71278
Highest point Elizabeth Court
 - elevation 310 ft (94 m)
 - coordinates 42°46′54″N 73°43′40″W / 42.78167°N 73.72778°W / 42.78167; -73.72778
Lowest point Hudson River
 - elevation 10 ft (3 m)
Area 4.2 sq mi (11 km2)
 - land 3.7 sq mi (10 km2)
 - water 0.5 sq mi (1 km2)
Population 16,168 (2010)
Density 4,145.8 / sq mi (1,601 / km2)
Incorporation as village 1848
Incorporation as city 1869
Government City Hall
 - location 97 Mohawk Street

Cohoes, NY 12047

 - coordinates 42°46′28″N 73°41′59″W / 42.77444°N 73.69972°W / 42.77444; -73.69972
Mayor George E. Primeau (D)
Timezone Eastern (EST) (UTC-5)
 - summer (DST) EDT (UTC-4)
ZIP Code 12047
Area code 518
FIPS code 36-16749
GNIS feature ID 0947009
Official newspaper[1] The Record
Location in Albany County and the state of New York.
Location of New York in the United States
Wikimedia Commons: Cohoes, New York
Statistics: City-data.com
Website: City of Cohoes, NY

Cohoes, New York (/kəˈhoʊs/ kə-HOHSS) is an incorporated city located at the northeast corner of Albany County in the U.S. state of New York. It is called the "Spindle City" because of the importance of textile manufacturing to its growth in the 19th century. The city's factories processed cotton from the Deep South, produced on plantations in the slave states. New York state industries and businesses had extensive ties with the slave economy of the South.

As of the 2010 census, the city population was 16,168. The name Cohoes is believed derived from a Mohawk term, Ga-ha-oose, referring to the Cohoes Falls and meaning "Place of the Falling Canoe," an interpretation noted by Horatio Gates Spafford in his 1823 publication "A Gazetteer of the State of New York". Later historians posited that the name is derived from the Algonquian Cohos, a place name based on a word meaning 'pine tree'.[2][3]

History

In the early years of Dutch colonial settlement, the majority of the city's territory was once part of the area of Manor of Rensselaerswyck, a feudal-style manor or patroonship. The land north of a line crossing the Cohoes Falls (today Manor Avenue) was outside the Manor and was owned by the Van Olohde family between 1725 and 1750.[4] Rensselaerswyck was established by Killiaen Van Rensselaer, the patroon and a Dutch merchant. In 1632 he had an agent pace off an enormous triangle-shaped area around the confluence of the Mohawk and Hudson rivers, from the Peebles Island northwest to the Cohoes Falls and south to today's Watervliet;[5] this area was the core of the future city of Cohoes. Starting in the 1690s the Patroon began to issue leases for the area of Cohoes, reserving for himself a strip below the Cohoes Falls for the future site of mills powered by water.[6]

Early illustration (1772) of Kohoes Falls, from the book En Resa til Norra America by Pehr Kalm.

Though the area was not much settled for a time, it was known for the Cohoes Falls. One of the earliest descriptions of the falls was in 1642 by Johannes Megapolensis, the first dominie (Reverend) of Beverwyck. Another early description was in 1656 by Adriaen van der Donck in his Description of New Netherland.[4] In the early-to-mid 17th century, a whale swam upriver in the Hudson, becoming stranded in the Mohawk River on an island just below the Cohoes Falls. The Dutch settlers could not easily get to the large carcass to remove it. As it rotted, the river became slick for three weeks. A settler commented that "the air was infected with its stench... perceptible for two miles to leeward." Beginning about 1646, settlers called this land Whale Island.[5]

During the various French and Indian Wars of the mid-18th century, Van Schaick Island was developed as part of a military road that came from Albany north along the islands at the mouth of the Mohawk River. These islands allowed for easier fords across the various mouths of the Mohawk and access to Waterford and points north. The islands were used for numerous military encampments during both the French and Indian Wars and the American Revolutionary War.[7] The Van Schaick Mansion on Van Schaick Island was built in the 1730s; it was one of the sites used as a military headquarters during the Revolution by the Americans under General Philip Schuyler and General Horatio Gates.[7] Van Schaick Island was the first part of Cohoes to be settled and farmed; it was formerly known as Cohoes Island and Anthony's Island.[4]

Until after the Revolutionary War, Cohoes was a small quiet hamlet with isolated farms. After the Mohawk and other Iroquois allies of the British were forced to cede their territory, New York encouraged new settlement. Thousands of Yankee settlers came from New England. Cohoes was linked to the larger settlements of Lansingburg and Albany. In 1795 the first bridge across the Mohawk River was constructed at Cohoes. It was 900 feet long, 24 feet wide, 15 feet high, and was based on 13 stone piers. It cost $12,000 to build and was a toll bridge. This bridge provided access to Cohoes as one of the main routes north.[4] The bridge was rebuilt in 1806 by the Cohoes Bridge Company, which raised the tolls to cover the cost.[8]

Another major transportation improvement, construction of the Erie and Champlain canals were begun in 1817. The section in Cohoes was finished in 1823, stimulating trade for the city. Cohoes was known as Juncta because of being served by the two canals, which improved water traffic north to Lake Champlain and west through the Mohawk Valley. One or both of the canals crossed every farm in Cohoes.[4] Even with the canals and the bridge bringing easier access to larger markets, Cohoes was a sleepy place prior to 1831. The nearest post office was at Waterford; fresh meat and produce were available mostly by residents raising their own.[4] A United States post office was built in Cohoes in 1831.[4]

In 1811 the Cohoes Manufacturing Company, owned entirely by men from Lansingburg, was incorporated and began a factory for making screws. This was the first large industry in Cohoes to use the power of the Mohawk River and Cohoes Falls.[8]

In 1831, a new Cohoes Company constructed a dam on the Mohawk River above the city's waterfall in order to better regulate water flow for industrial use. It was soon swept away by ice at the break-up in spring, and a new dam was built the following year. Two canals extended from the dam to provide water power for industry.[4] Ironworks were the first main industry in Cohoes, as it was in Troy, Menands, and West Troy. Daniel Simmons' Simmons Axe Company was famous throughout the United States, and the Cohoes Iron Foundry was a large business enterprise in the 1830s.

Cotton from the Deep South's plantation and slave economy was the raw commodity on which the future of Cohoes was built. In the 1820s, the first cotton mill in Albany County was built in Cohoes. Egberts and Bailey was the first factory to use knitting machinery run by power, based on the Cohoes Company's power canals.[4] The community became a center of textile manufacturing; in 1836 the Harmony Manufacturing Company was founded, later famous as Harmony Mills. Cohoes became a mill town, and to an extent a company town. During the 1870s the mills were enormously profitable because of the Erie Canal, which flowed past them at that time. Mill #3, at over 1,000 feet (300 m) long, has been considered the longest continuous textile mill in the country at the time. Cotton textiles were shipped to New York City, England and Europe, where demand was high.

In 1848, Cohoes was incorporated as a village within the town of Watervliet. In 1869 it was chartered as a city.

Harmony Mill No. 3, in 1969
Map of the village of Cohoes in 1866. North is to the right.
Map of Cohoes in 1891

In 1866, during excavation work for construction of Mill #3 of the Harmony Mills, the bones of a mastodon were unearthed over a period of several weeks. This mammal ranged in this territory when humans were first settling here. The Cohoes Mastodon skeleton was long on display in the lobby of the New York State Museum in Albany, New York. Since the early 21st century, the skeleton has been moved to a new location away from the windows, where temperature and humidity fluctuations risked damaging the skeleton. A replica complete with fur is on display at the Cohoes Public Library.

Upon their completion, in 1872, the Harmony Mills were the largest cotton mill complex in the world. The Harmony Mills are an excellent example of 19th-century mill architecture. During the 19th century, numerous immigrants came to Cohoes to work in the mills, particularly French Canadians from Quebec and Irish, who first arrived as refugees in the 1840s from the Great Famine.The Harmony Mills Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in the late 20th century.

Around the start of the 20th century, daredevil Bobby Leach practiced going over the Cohoes Falls in a barrel before he performed the same stunt at Niagara. Cohoes residents watched this feat from the lawn or the porch of The Cataract House, the Victorian hotel at the corner of North Mohawk and School streets. This site was later developed as the present School Street Power Station.

In 2005-2013, the Harmony Mills were redeveloped and restored by real estate developer Uri Kaufman. Kaufman converted the Mills to luxury loft apartments, sparking a revival in the heart of the City.

A view down Remsen Street in 1908.

Historic sites

A number of sites in Cohoes are included on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places,[9] including -

Notable people

Representation in other media

Geography

Cohoes Falls seen from Cohoes Falls Park in Cohoes.

Cohoes is located at 42°46′24″N 73°42′11″W / 42.77333°N 73.70306°W / 42.77333; -73.70306 (42.773250, -73.703110).[12]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.2 square miles (11 km2), of which, 3.7 square miles (9.6 km2) is land and 0.5 square miles (1.3 km2) (11.79%) is water.

Cohoes is at the confluence of the Mohawk with the Hudson River, where the Mohawk forms several channels and islands. Cohoes is named for its most famous landmark, the Cohoes Falls, a majestic waterfall first seen by the area's successive generations of indigenous peoples. In the historic era, these were the Mohawk Nation. The city includes Van Schaick Island, where the historic Van Schaick Mansion is located, and Simmons Island.

Within Albany County, the city has the Town of Colonie to its northwest, west, and south; with the Town and village of Green Island to the south of Van Schaick Island. To the north across the Mohawk River is Saratoga County and the town of Waterford's hamlet of Northside. A bridge connects Cohoes to Waterford. To the east of Van Schaick Island across the Hudson River is Rensselaer County and the city of Troy's Lansingburg neighborhood. The 112th Street Bridge connects Van Schaick Island to Troy.

Location

 Town of Colonie

Hamlet of Crescent Station

 Mohawk River/Saratoga County

Town of Waterford Hamlet of Northside and Peebles Island
Town of Colonie

Hamlet of Boght Corners

 Hudson River/Rensselaer County

City of Troy Neighborhood of Lansingburgh

   City of Cohoes  
Town of Colonie

Hamlet of Latham

 Town/Village of Green Island

Town of Colonie Hamlet of Maplewood

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
18504,229—
18608,800108.1%
187015,35774.5%
188019,41626.4%
189022,50915.9%
190023,9106.2%
191024,7093.3%
192022,987−7.0%
193023,2261.0%
194021,955−5.5%
195021,272−3.1%
196020,129−5.4%
197018,653−7.3%
198018,144−2.7%
199016,825−7.3%
200015,521−7.8%
201016,1684.2%
Est. 201416,212[13]0.3%
U.S. Decennial Census[14]
City Hall

As of the census[15] of 2010, there were 16,168. people (677 more than the 2000 census), 7,001 households, and 3,902 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,145.8 people per square mile (1,602.3/km²). There were 7,689 housing units at an average density of 2,053.8 per square mile (793.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 84.14% White, 12.16% African American, 0.16% Native American, 0.68% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.59% from other races, and 1.23% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.03% of the population.

There were 6,932 households out of which 25.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.4% were married couples living together, 15.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.3% were non-families. 38.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.91.

In the city the population was spread out with 22.4% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 17.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 86.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $32,856, and the median income for a family was $42,054. Males had a median income of $31,972 versus $25,845 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,416. About 11.2% of families and 13.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.9% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.

References

  1. ↑ "Common Council Proceedings". City of Cohoes. December 22, 2009. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  2. ↑ Edward M. Rutenber (1906). A Indian Geographical Names. New York State Historical Society. p. 200. Retrieved 2009-11-03., Google Book Search
  3. ↑ Bulletin of the New York State Museum, Aboriginal Place Names of New York. 1907. p. 19. Retrieved 2009-11-03., Google Book Search
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Masten, Arthur (1877). The History of Cohoes, New York. Joel Munsell. Retrieved 2010-01-20.
  5. 1 2 Thomas Phelan and P. Thomas Carroll (2001). Hudson Mohawk Gateway. American Historical Press. p. 14. ISBN 1-892724-17-0.
  6. ↑ Thomas Phelan and P. Thomas Carroll (2001). Hudson Mohawk Gateway. American Historical Press. p. 15. ISBN 1-892724-17-0.
  7. 1 2 Thomas Phelan and P. Thomas Carroll (2001). Hudson Mohawk Gateway. American Historical Press. p. 17. ISBN 1-892724-17-0.
  8. 1 2 Thomas Phelan and P. Thomas Carroll (2001). Hudson Mohawk Gateway. American Historical Press. p. 22. ISBN 1-892724-17-0.
  9. ↑ Staff (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  10. ↑ Randy Koniowka, Legendary Locals of Cohoes, Arcadia Publishing, 2013, ISBN 9781467100915
  11. ↑ Vonnegut, Kurt. 'Requiem For a Dreamer,' In These Times.
  12. ↑ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
  13. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014". Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  14. ↑ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  15. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.

External links

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