Hudson Valley

Hudson Valley
Hudson River Valley
Region
Name origin: River valley for the Hudson River
Country	United States
State	New York
Counties	11  - Putnam  - Rockland  - Westchester  - Dutchess  - Orange  - Sullivan  - Ulster  - Albany  - Columbia  - Greene  - Rensselaer
Cities and towns	13 and 143
Area	7,228 sq mi (18,720 km^2)
Population	1,170,483 (2013)
Density	161.4 / sq mi (62 / km^2)
Timezone	EST (UTC−5)
- summer (DST)	Eastern Daylight Time (UTC−4)
The Hudson River Watershed
Wikimedia Commons: Hudson Valley

The Hudson Valley comprises the valley of the Hudson River and its adjacent communities in the U.S. state of New York, from the cities of Albany and Troy southward to Yonkers in Westchester County.^[1] Depending upon the definition delineating its boundaries, the Hudson Valley encompasses a growing metropolis which is home to between 3 and 3.5 million residents centered along the north-south axis of the Hudson River.

Geology and physiography

The Lower Hudson Valley, New York City, and the west end of Long Island in 1993

The Lower Hudson Valley cuts through the Appalachian zones of the eastern United States.

The Hudson River valley runs more or less north to south down the eastern edge of New York State, cutting through a series of rock types including Triassic sandstones and redbeds in the south and much more ancient Precambrian gneiss in the north (and east). In the Hudson Highlands, the river enters a fjord cut during previous ice ages. To the west lie the extensive Appalachian highlands. In the Tappan Zee region, the west side of the river has high cliffs produced by an erosion-resistant diabase; these cliffs range from 400–800 feet in height.^[2]

The Hudson Valley is one physiographic section of the larger Ridge-and-Valley province, which in turn is part of the larger Appalachian physiographic division.^[3] The northern portions of the Hudson Valley fall within the Eastern Great Lakes and Hudson Lowlands Ecoregion.

During the last ice age, the valley was filled by a large glacier that pushed south as far as Long Island. Near the end of the last ice age, the Great Lakes drained south down the Hudson River, from a large glacial lake called Lake Iroquois.^[4] Lake Ontario is the remnant of that Lake. Large sand deposits remain from where Lake Iroquois drained into the Hudson; these are now part of the Rome Sand Plains.

History

Colonial era

The Mohonk Mountain House in Ulster County, New York was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986.^[5]

The Catskill Mountains seen from across the Hudson River.

Morning, Looking East over the Hudson Valley from Catskill Mountains by Frederic Edwin Church (1848), of the Hudson River School

At the time of the arrival of the first Europeans in the 17th century, the area of Hudson Valley was inhabited primarily by the Algonquian-speaking Mahican and Lenape Native American peoples,^[6][7] known collectively as River Indians.^[8]

The first Dutch settlement was in the 1610s with the establishment of Fort Nassau, a trading post (factorij) south of modern-day Albany, with the purpose of exchanging European goods for beaver pelts. Fort Nassau was later replaced by Fort Orange. During the rest of the 17th century, the Hudson Valley formed the heart of the New Netherland colony operations, with the New Amsterdam settlement on Manhattan serving as a post for supplies and defense of the upriver operations.^[9]

During the French and Indian War in the 1750s, the northern end of the valley became the bulwark of the British defense against French invasion from Canada via Lake Champlain.^[10]

The valley became one of the major regions of conflict during the American Revolution. Part of the early strategy of the British was to sever the colonies in two by maintaining control of the river.^[11]

In 1797, the state capital of New York was established permanently at Albany.

19th century

Following the building of the Erie Canal, the area became an important industrial center. The canal opened the Hudson Valley and New York City to commerce with the Midwest and Great Lakes regions.^[12] However, in the mid 20th century, many of the industrial towns went into decline.^[13]

In the early 19th century, popularized by the stories of Washington Irving, the Hudson Valley gained a reputation as a somewhat gothic region inhabited by the remnants of the early days of the Dutch colonization of New York (see, e.g., The Legend of Sleepy Hollow). The area is associated with the Hudson River School, a group of American Romantic painters who worked from about 1830 to 1870.^[14]

The natural beauty of the Hudson Valley has earned the Hudson River the nickname "America's Rhineland",^[15][16] a comparison to the famous 40 mile (65 km) stretch of Germany's Rhine River valley between the cities of Bingen and Koblenz. A similar 30-mile (48 km) stretch of the east bank in Dutchess and Columbia counties has been designated a National Historic Landmark.

Tourism became a major industry as early as 1810, as elite visitors frequented the mineral water at Ballston Spa and Saratoga Springs for their health. With convenient steamboat connections in New York City, and numerous attractive hotels in romantic settings, tourism became an important industry. Early guidebooks providing suggestions on their itinerary. Middle-class people who read James Fenimore Cooper's novels, or saw the paintings of the Hudson River School, were especially attracted.^[17]

Major industries

Tech Valley

The main laboratory building of the IBM Watson Research Center is located in Yorktown Heights.

Tech Valley is a marketing name for the eastern part of New York State, including the Hudson Valley and the Capital District.^[18] Originated in 1998 to promote the greater Albany area as a high-tech competitor to regions such as Silicon Valley and Boston, it has since grown to represent the counties in New York between IBM's Westchester County plants in the south and the Canadian border to the north. The area's high technology ecosystem is supported by technologically focused academic institutions including Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and the State University of New York Polytechnic Institute.^[19] Tech Valley encompasses 19 counties straddling both sides of the Adirondack Northway and the New York Thruway,^[18] and with heavy state taxpayer subsidy, has experienced significant growth in the computer hardware side of the high-technology industry, with great strides in the nanotechnology sector, digital electronics design, and water- and electricity-dependent integrated microchip circuit manufacturing,^[20] involving companies including IBM in Armonk and its Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown, GlobalFoundries in Malta, and others.^[19][21][22] Westchester County has developed a burgeoning biotechnology sector in the 21st century, with over US$1 billion in planned private investment as of 2016,^[23] earning the county the nickname Biochester.^[24]

Winemaking

The Hudson Valley is the oldest wine making and grape-growing region in the United States, with roots established as early as 1677, and has experienced a resurgence in viticulture in the 21st century. Many wineries are located in the Hudson Valley, offering wine-tasting and other tours.^[25] Numerous wine festivals are held in the Hudson Valley, with themes often varying by season.^[26]

Demographics

Orthodox Judaism

Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, the majority of American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. The most rapidly growing community of American Orthodox Jews is located in Rockland and Orange counties in the Hudson Valley, including the communities of Monsey, Monroe, New Square, and Kiryas Joel.

Regions

The New York State Capitol in Albany

Roofed sidewalks in Kingston

Main Mall Row in Poughkeepsie

Downtown Newburgh

Main Street, Tarrytown, with its Music Hall

Riverfront Library in Yonkers

The Hudson Valley is divided into three regions: Lower, Middle, and Upper. The following is a list of the counties within the Hudson Valley sorted by region.^[27] The Lower and Mid Hudson Valley is typically considered part of the Downstate New York region due to its geographical and cultural proximity to New York City.

Lower Hudson Putnam Rockland Westchester

Mid-Hudson Dutchess Orange Sullivan Ulster

Upper Hudson/Capital District Albany Columbia Greene Rensselaer

Communities

Airmont Albany Ancram Annandale-on-Hudson Arlington Athens Balmville Beacon Brewster Briarcliff Manor Buchanan Carmel Castleton-on-Hudson Catskill Chester Chestnut Ridge Coeymans Cohoes Cold Spring Congers Copake Cornwall Cortlandt Manor Coxsackie Croton-on-Hudson Delmar Dobbs Ferry East Fishkill East Greenbush Elsmere Esopus Fairview

Fishkill Fort Montgomery Garrison Gardiner Germantown Glasco Goshen Grand View-on-Hudson Hastings-on-Hudson Haverstraw Highland Highland Falls Highland Mills Hillburn Hillcrest Hillsdale Hudson Hyde Park Irvington Kent Kinderhook Kingston Mahopac Malden-on-Hudson Marlboro Menands Middletown Millbrook Milton Monroe Monsey Monticello Montebello Montgomery

Montrose Mount Ivy Nanuet New Baltimore New City New Hamburg New Paltz New Windsor Newburgh, City of Newburgh, Town of Nyack Ossining Palisades Patterson Pawling Pearl River Peekskill Piermont Pleasant Valley Pomona Port Chester Port Ewen Poughkeepsie Putnam Valley Ravena Red Hook Rensselaer Rhinebeck Rhinecliff Saugerties Selkirk

Sleepy Hollow Sloatsburg Southeast South Nyack Sparkill Spring Valley Staatsburg Stockport Stony Point Stuyvesant Suffern Taghkanic Tarrytown Tivoli Troy Upper Nyack Valatie Valhalla Valley Cottage Van Keurens Verplanck Wappinger Warwick Washingtonville Watervliet Wawarsing West Haverstraw West Nyack West Park West Point Woodstock Yonkers Yorktown

Infrastructure

The Hudson Valley is served by Interstate 87 (the New York State Thruway), Interstate 95, Interstate 287, and Interstate 684. Parkways in the region include the Bronx River Parkway, the Cross County Parkway, the Hutchinson River Parkway, the Saw Mill River Parkway, the Sprain Brook Parkway, and the Taconic State Parkway. The Tappan Zee Bridge connects Tarrytown, New York in Westchester County to South Nyack in Rockland County across the Hudson River. A $4 billion replacement bridge began construction in 2013.^[28] The Bear Mountain Bridge crosses the Hudson River from Cortlandt in Westchester County to Bear Mountain State Park at the northern edge of Rockland County. The combination of these numerous highways, proximity to New York City, and the region's large population all lead to substantial traffic enforcement.

Commuter rail service in the region is provided by Metro-North Railroad (operated by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority). Metro-North operates three lines in the region; west to east, they are the Hudson, the Harlem and the New Haven lines. These are former operations of the New York Central and the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroads, each of which stops in the Bronx between Westchester and Manhattan. Amtrak serves Croton-Harmon, New Rochelle, and Yonkers. There are proposals for a cross-county rail line to connect all three lines and provide easier access to Stamford, Connecticut.

NY Waterway also operates a ferry service between Haverstraw in Rockland County and Ossining.

Westchester County Airport is adjacent to White Plains.

• 

  Franklin D. Roosevelt Mid-Hudson Bridge, connecting Poughkeepsie and Highland

• 

  The pedestrian Walkway over the Hudson, also connecting Poughkeepsie and Highland

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  Newburgh-Beacon Bridge

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  Bear Mountain Bridge, connecting northern Westchester and Rockland counties

• 

  The Tappan Zee Bridge, presently connecting southern Westchester and Rockland counties

Sports

The Hudson Valley Renegades is a minor league baseball team affiliated with the Tampa Bay Rays. The team is a member of the New York–Penn League and plays at Dutchess Stadium in Fishkill. The Rockland Boulders of the independent Can-Am League play in Rockland County.

See also

• Alder Lake

Footnotes

1. "Mountains, Valleys and the Hudson River". Hudson Valley Tourism. 2009. Retrieved 2011-09-29.
2. Van Diver, B.B. 1985. Roadside Geology of New York. Mountain Press, Missoula. p. 59-63.
3. "Physiographic divisions of the conterminous U. S.". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2007-12-06.
4. Eyles, N. Ontario Rocks: Three Billion Years of Environmental Change. Fitzhenry & Whiteside, Markham, Ontario. 339 p.
5. "National Historic Landmarks Program – Lake Mohonk Mountain House". National Park Service. Retrieved 2012-09-03.
6. Ruttenberg, Edward Manning (1872). History of the Indian tribes of Hudson's River: Their Origin, Manners and Customs, Tribal and Sub-tribal Organizations, Wars, Treaties, etc. Albany, New York: J. Munsell. OCLC 85801464.
7. Wermuth, Thomas S.; Johnson, James M.; Pryslopski, Christopher, eds. (2009). America's first river: the history and culture of the Hudson River Valley. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-615-30829-6.
8. Dunn, Shirley W. (2009). The River Indians – Mohicans Making History. Purple Mountain Press. ISBN 978-0-916346-78-2.
9. Gehring, Charles T.; Starna, William A., "Dutch and Indians in the Hudson Valley: The Early Period". Wermuth et al., pp. 13–29.
10. Thomas, A and Smith, P; Upstate down: thinking about New York and its discontents University Press of America 2009, p78
11. Glatthaar, Joseph T., and Martin, James Kirby (2007). Forgotten Allies: The Oneida Indians and the American Revolution, p. 39. Macmillan. ISBN 0-8090-4600-8.
12. Stanne, Stephen P., et al. (1996). The Hudson: An Illustrated Guide to the Living River, p. 120. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-2271-4.
13. Hirschl, Thomas A.; Heaton, Tim B. (1999). New York State in the 21st Century. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 126–128. ISBN 0-275-96339-X.
14. Dunwell, Francis F. (2008). The Hudson: America's river. Columbia University Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-231-13641-9.
15. Collins, Clay (2011-01-01). "Venison juniper berry marinade". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2011-09-29. Christmas at my German in-laws’ house in New York's Hudson Valley – America's Rhineland – means goose, red cabbage, and klösse (potato dumplings).
16. "Grapes of the Hudson Valley". Hudson Valley Wine Magazine. Retrieved 2011-09-29. The Hudson Valley's beautiful river, shorelines and mountains have led some to call our valley ‘America's Rhineland.’
17. Richard H. Gassan, The Birth of American Tourism: New York, the Hudson Valley, and American Culture, 1790–1835 (2008)
18. "About Tech Valley". Tech Valley Chamber Coalition. Retrieved 2009-09-27.
19. Larry Rulison (July 10, 2015). "Made in Albany: IBM reveals breakthrough chip made at SUNY Poly". Albany Times-Union. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
20. Keshia Clukey (June 27, 2014). "Better than advertised: Chip plant beats expectations". Albany Business Review. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
21. "Fab 8 Overview". GLOBALFOUNDRIES Inc. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
22. Freeman Klopott, Xu Wang, and Niamh Ring (September 27, 2011). "IBM, Intel Start $4.4 Billion in Chip Venture in New York". 2011 Bloomberg. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
23. John Jordan (January 2016). "$1.2 Billion Project Could Make Westchester a Biotech Destination". Hudson Gateway Association of Realtors. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
24. Steve Ditlea. "Westchester’s Unexpected Powerhouse Position In the Biotech Industry - Four years after our initial look at Westchester’s biotech industry, the sector has gone from fledgling to behemoth.". Today Media. Retrieved April 7, 2016. All around, there are signs of a Biochester bloom:
25. "The Roots of American Wine since 1677". HUDSON VALLEY WINE COUNTRY.ORG. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
26. "The Roots of American Wine since 1677 - Calendar of Festivals and Events". HUDSON VALLEY WINE COUNTRY.ORG. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
27. Silverman, B et al; Frommer's New York State Frommer's 2009, p196
28. "New Tappan Zee construction starts". New York Post. The Associated Press. October 16, 2013. Retrieved March 31, 2014.

Further reading

• Donaldson Eberlein, Harold; Van Dyke Hubbard, Cortlandt (1942). Historic houses of the Hudson valley. New York: Architectural Book Pub. Co. OCLC 3444265.
• Historic Hudson Valley (1991). Visions of Washington Irving: Selected Works From the Collections of Historic Hudson Valley. Tarrytown, New York: Historic Hudson Valley. ISBN 978-0-912882-99-4.
• Howat, John K. (1972). The Hudson River and Its Painters. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 978-0-670-38558-4.
• Hudson Valley Health Systems Agency (1993). Health Maintenance Organizations in the Hudson Valley Region. Tuxedo, New York: Hudson Valley Health Systems Agency. OCLC 30910810.
• Jacobs, Jaap and L.H. Roper (eds.) (2014). The Worlds of the Seventeenth-Century Hudson Valley. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
• Marks, Alfred H. (1973). Literature of the Mid Hudson Valley: A Preliminary Study. New Paltz, New York: Center for Continuing Education, State University College. OCLC 1171631.
• McMurry, James; Jones, Jeff (1974). The Catskill Witch and Other Tales of the Hudson Valley. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-0105-0.
• Mylod, John (1969). Biography of a River: The People and Legends of the Hudson Valley. New York: Hawthorn Books. OCLC 33563.
• Scheltema, Gajus and Westerhuijs, Heleen (eds.),Exploring Historic Dutch New York. New York: Museum of the City of New York/Dover Publications, 2011.
• Talbott, Hudson (2009). River of Dreams: The Story of the Hudson River. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-399-24521-3.
• Wallkill Valley Publishing Association (1904). The Historic Wallkill and Hudson River Valleys. Walden, New York: Wallkill Valley Publishing Association. OCLC 13418978.
• Wharton, Edith (1929). Hudson River Bracketed. New York: D. Appleton & Company. OCLC 297188.
• Wilkinson Reynolds, Helen (1965). Dutch houses in the Hudson Valley before 1776. New York: Dover Publications. OCLC 513732.

External links

• Hudson Valley Directory
• Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area
• Hudson River Valley Greenway
• Hudson River Valley Heritage: digital collection of historical materials
• Livingston-Svirsky Archive (LiSA)