Colonial empire

The Colonial empires began with a race of exploration between the then most advanced maritime powers, Portugal and Spain, in the 15th century. The initial impulse behind these dispersed maritime empires and those that followed was trade, driven by the new ideas and the capitalism that grew out of the European Renaissance. Agreements were also done to divide the world up between them in 1479, 1493, and 1494. European Imperialism was born out of a competition between European Christians and Muslim Ottomans, the latter of which rise up very quickly in the 14th century and forced the Spanish and Portuguese to seek a new trade route so they could continue to exchange goods with China.

Introduction

Regions that once belonged to a colonial empire

Imperialism is the act of extending a nation’s influence in other countries by diplomacy or military action. Such states that fell victim to imperialism would often become colonies, their resources would be extracted and sent to the host country. In the last five hundred years, the nations of Europe transitioned from a millennia of poverty and inter-fighting towards imperialism. Unfortunately, the Europeans had little regard for the people inhabiting their colonies who found themselves being exploited. They saw Africa as a place to be exploited and its people as tools or work-animals not human beings. Ethnic groups were deliberately divided so that the colonies were also less likely to revolt as there would be no real common link uniting the inhabitants. European imperialism only ended in the 1950s and 1960s because the colonial powers of Europe were so devastated and weakened by the World Wars that they found it too financially taxing to continue holding onto colonies. The British initiated the decolonization efforts peacefully, starting from 1947 onwards, but France and other European powers fought in vain to preserve their empires. European imperialism caused irreparable damage to Africa, the Europeans divided the continent’s peoples unnaturally, brutally oppressed the inhabitants, and stripped away Africa of much of its wealth.

The Colonial European Empires

European Empires

Portugal began establishing the first global trade network and empire under the leadership of Henry the Navigator. Portugal would eventually establish colonial domains from Brazil, in South America, to several colonies in Africa (namely Portuguese Guinea, Portuguese Cape Verde, Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe, Portuguese Angola and Portuguese Mozambique), in Portuguese India (most importantly Bombay and Goa), in China (Portuguese Macau), and Oceania (most importantly Portuguese Timor), amongst many other smaller or short-lived possessions (see Evolution of the Portuguese Empire).

During its Siglo de Oro, the Spanish Empire had possession of the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Italy, parts of Germany, parts of France, and many colonies in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. With the conquest of inland Mexico, Peru, and the Philippines in the 16th century, Spain established overseas dominions on a scale and world distribution that had never been approached by its predecessors (the Mongol Empire had been larger but was restricted to Eurasia). Possessions in Europe, Africa, the Atlantic Ocean, the Americas, the Pacific Ocean, and the Far East qualified the Spanish Empire as attaining a global presence in this sense.

From 1580 to 1640 the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire were conjoined in a personal union of its Habsburg monarchs during the period of the Iberian Union, but beneath the highest level of government, their separate administrations were maintained.

Subsequent colonial empires included the French, English, Dutch and Japanese empires. By the mid 17th century, the Tsardom of Russia, continued later as the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, became the largest contiguous state in the world, and the modern Russian Federation continues to be so to this day. Russia today has nine time zones, stretching across about half of the world's longitude.

The British Empire, consolidated during the period of British maritime hegemony in the 19th century, became the largest empire in history by virtue of the improved transportation technologies of the time. At its height, the British Empire covered a quarter of the Earth's land area and comprised a quarter of its population. During the New Imperialism Italy and Germany also built their Colonial empires in Africa.

After the Boxer Rebellion in 1901 the Imperial China ceded to the Eight-Nation Alliance (all the Great Powers of the time) some concessions. By the end of the 20th century most of the previous colonial empires had been decolonized.

List of colonial empires

  1. Portugal Portuguese Empire (1415–2002)
  2. Spain Spanish Empire (1492–1975)
  3. France French Empire (1534–present)
  4. Tsardom of Russia, Russian Empire Russian Empire,  Soviet Union, and Russia Russian Federation (1580–present)
  5. Netherlands Dutch Empire (1602–present)
  6. Kingdom of England English overseas possessions (1583–1707)
  7. Kingdom of Scotland Scottish colonization of the Americas (1621–1707)
  8. British Empire British Empire (1707–present)
  9. Australia Territories and mandates under Australian administration (1901–present)
  10. New Zealand Realm of New Zealand (1907–present)
  11. Union of South Africa Mandates under South African administration (1915–1990)
  12. Denmark Danish Empire (1620–present)
  13. Sweden Swedish Empire (1638–1663 and 1785–1878)
  14. Knights Hospitaller (Malta, a vassal of the Kingdom of Sicily; 1651–1665)
  15. German colonial initiatives (1683–1721, 1883–1919)
  16. Colonies of the Habsburg Monarchy[1] and Austria-Hungary (1719–1750, 1778–1783, 1901–1917)
  17. Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
  18. United States American Empire (1817–present)
  19. Japan Empire of Japan (1868–1945)
  20. Belgium Belgian Empire (1885–1962)
  21. Italy Italian Empire (1885–1943)
  22. Norway Norwegian Empire (reigning and territorial 875–1397, only territorial 1397-1814)
  23. Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire (1299–1923)
  24. Morocco Kingdom of Morocco (1975–present)
  25. Muscat and Oman (1652–1958)

See also

Notes and references

  1. 1 2 Part of the Holy Roman Empire realm before 1804.
  2. ↑ The dependencies of Norway are uninhabited, thus as end date is taken the latest date of full Norwegian sovereignty extension to such territory, instead of the date of decolonization or integration in the administrative structures of the mainland. Bouvet Island claimed in 1927, under Norway sovereignty since 1930.
    Peter I Island claimed in 1929, under Norway sovereignty since 1933.
    Queen Maud Land claimed in 1938, under Norway sovereignty since 1957.
    Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land fall under the scope of the Antarctic Treaty System since 1961.

External links

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