Bulgarian Empire

Bulgarian Empire
ц︢рьство бл︢гарское
681–1018
1185–1396
Flag of king Kaloyan Imperial Coat of arms
Bulgaria during the reign of Simeon the Great, 10th century
Capital Pliska
(681–893)
Preslav
(893–972)
Skopje
(972–992)
Ohrid
(992–1018)
Tarnovo
(1185–1393)
Vidin & Nikopol
(1393–1396)
Languages Bulgar, Greek
(681–893)
Old Bulgarian
(893–1018)
Middle Bulgarian
(1185–1396)
Religion Tengrism, Paganism
(681–864)
Bulgarian Orthodox
(864–1018)
Bulgarian Orthodox
(1185–1204)
Roman Catholic
(1204–1235)
Bulgarian Orthodox
(1235–1396)
Government Autocracy
Monarch
 •  681–700 Asparukh (first)
 • 1396 Constantine II (last)
Historical era Middle Ages
 •  Established 681
 •  Disestablished 1018
1185–1396
Today part of

In the medieval history of Europe, Bulgaria's status as the Bulgarian Empire (Bulgarian: Българско царство, Balgarsko tsarstvo [ˈbəlɡɐrskʊ ˈt͡sarstvʊ]), wherein it acted as a key regional power (particularly rivaling Byzantium in Southeastern Europe[1]) occurred in two distinct periods: between the seventh and eleventh centuries, and again between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries. The two "Bulgarian Empires" are not treated as separate entities, but rather as one state restored after a period of Byzantine rule over its territory.

First Bulgarian Empire

Kanasubigi Omurtag (814-831)

The First Bulgarian Empire was established on the territory both north and south of the lower course of Danube River, and is usually described as having lasted between 681[2][3][4] and 1018, when it was subjugated by the Byzantine Empire and Kievan Rus' despite Samuel's fierce resistance. It gradually reached its cultural and territorial apogee in the 9th century and early 10th century under Boris I and Simeon the Great, when it developed into the cultural and literary centre of Slavic Europe, as well as one of the largest states in Europe.

Second Bulgarian Empire

Tsar Ivan Alexander (1331-1371)

The medieval Bulgarian state was restored as the Second Bulgarian Empire after a successful uprising of two nobles from Tarnovo, Asen and Peter, in 1185, and existed until it was conquered during the Ottoman invasion of the Balkans in the late 14th century, with the date of its subjugation usually given as 1396, although some fringe views place it at 1422.[5] Under Ivan Asen II in the first half of the 13th century the country gradually recovered much of its former power, though this did not last long due to internal problems and foreign invasions. The Empire became tributary to the Golden Horde, a successor state of the Mongol Empire in the 13-14th century.[6][7] After the death of emperor Ivan Alexander in 1371 Bulgaria was split into three different countries and in the following decades fell under the domination of the Ottomans.

War Conflicts

Bulgarian-Arabian Wars

Medieval miniature showing cavalry sallying from a city and routing an enemy army
King Tervel Crowned “The Savior of Europe” By The Pope, After Vastly Crushing The Arab Umayyad Army at The Siege of Constantinople
Battle Year Bulgarian Commander Arabian Umayyad Caliphate Commander Result
Bulgar-Arab War 716 Tervel Maslama Malik Bulgarian Victory
Siege of Constantinople 717 Tervel Maslama Malik Bulgarian Victory
Arab Slaughter of Constantinople 718 Tervel Umar ibn Hubayra Bulgarian Victory

Bulgarian-Avar Wars

Avars Plundering Much of Eastern Europe Before a Decisive Annihilation by The Great Bulgar Khan Krum
Battle Year Bulgarian Commander Avar Khaganate Commander Result
First Siege of Avar Hring 799 Krum Abraham Bulgarian Victory
Second Siege of Avar Hring 799 Krum Abraham Bulgarian Victory
Destruction of The Final Avar State 800 Krum Abraham Bulgarian Victory

Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars

Khan Krum Leads Bulgaria to Victory at The Battle of Pliska in 811
Undefeated King Simeon the Great Victorious at The Battle of Bulgarophygon in 896
The Bulgarian Army Smothers the Byzantines in The Battle of Achelous in 917
Emperor Samuil The Invincible Crushes King Basil II ‘s Byzantine Army at The Battle of Gates of Trajan in 996
King Basil II The Bulgar Slayer Victoriously Avenges his Byzantine Army at The Battle of Kleidion in 1014
Battle Year Bulgarian Commander Byzantine Commander Result
Battle of Ongal 680 Asparukh Constantine IV Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Anchialus 708 Tervel Justinian II Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Marcellae 756 Vinekh Constantine V Byzantine Victory
Battle of the Rishki Pass 759 Vinekh Constantine V Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Anchialus 763 Telets Constantine V Byzantine Victory
Battle of Berzitia 774 Telerig Constantine V Byzantine Victory
Battle of Marcellae 792 Kardam Constantine VI Bulgarian Victory
Siege of Serdica 809 Krum Constantine V Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Pliska 811 Krum Nicephorus I Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Versinikia 813 Krum Michael I Rangabe Bulgarian Victory
Siege of Adrianople 813 Krum Leo Phokas Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Boulgarophygon 896 Simeon I Leo Katakalon Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Achelous 917 Simeon I Leo Phokas Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Katasyrtai 917 Simeon I Leo Phokas Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Pegae 922 Theodore Sigritsa Pothos Argyros Bulgarian Victory
Battle of the Gates of Trajan 986 Samuil Basil II Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Salonica 996 Samuil Gregory Taronites Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Spercheios 996 Samuil Nikephoros Ouranos Byzantine Victory
Battle of Skopie 1004 Samuil Basil II Byzantine Victory
Battle of Kreta 1009 Samuil Basil II Byzantine Victory
Battle of Thessalonica 1014 Nestoritsa Botaneiates Byzantine Victory
Battle of Kleidion 1014 Samuil Basil II Byzantine Victory
Battle of Strumitsa 1014 Gavril Radomir Botaneiates Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Bitola 1015 Ivats George Gonitsiates Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Setina 1017 Ivan Vladislav Basil II Byzantine Victory
Battle of Dyrrhachium 1018 Ivan Vladislav Niketas Pegonites Byzantine Victory
Battle of Thessalonica 1040 Peter II Delyan Michael IV Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Thessalonica 1040 Alusian Michael IV Byzantine Victory
Battle of Ostrovo 1041 Peter II Delyan Michael IV Byzantine Victory
Siege of Lovech 1190 Ivan Asen I Isaac II Angelos Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Tryavna 1190 Ivan Asen I Isaac II Angelos Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Arcadiopolis 1194 Ivan Asen I Basil Vatatzes Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Serres 1196 Ivan Asen I Isaac Bulgarian Victory
Siege of Varna 1201 Kaloyan Isaac Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Devina 1279 Ivailo Murin Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Skafida 1304 Theodore Svetoslav Michael IX Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Rusokastro 1332 Ivan Alexander Andronikos III Bulgarian Victory

Bulgarian-Croatian Wars

Battle Year Bulgarian Commander Croatian Commander Result
First Bulgar-Croat War 854 Boris I Trpimir Truce
Battle of the Bosnian Highlands 926 Alogobotur Tomislav Croatian Victory
Second Bulgar-Croat War 927 Simeon I Tomislav Bulgarian Victory
Third Bulgar-Croat War-Alliance 1000 Samuil Svetoslav Bulgarian Victory

Bulgarian-Frankish Wars

Bulgaria Bordering Charlemagne’s Frankish Empire in 814, Before Conflicts Broke Out
Battle Year Bulgarian Commander Frankish Commander Result
Bulgar-Frankish War 827 Omurtag Louis the Pious Bulgarian Victory
Naval Battle of the Danube 827 Omurtag Louis the Pious Bulgarian Victory
Bulgar-Frankish War 828 Omurtag Louis the Pious Bulgarian Victory
Naval Battle of the Drava 828 Omurtag Louis the Pious Bulgarian Victory
Bulgar-Frankish Alliance 829 Omurtag Louis the Pious Bulgarian Victory

Bulgarian-Hungarian Wars

The Bulgarian Army Flees to Silistra After a Hungarian Defeat in 894
After All of Europe Pleaded God For Mercy From The Ravaging Magyar Hungarians, a Sickened King Simeon Answered the Call By Brutally Slaughtering Many of The Magyrs at The Battle of Southern Buh. Ultimately Forcing The Magyars to Permanentley Settle In Central Europe
Battle Year Bulgarian Commander Hungarian Commander Result
Bulgar-Hungar Wars 862 Boris I Rastislav Bulgarian Victory
Bulgar-Hungar Wars 883 Boris I Svatoplak Bulgarian Victory
Bulgar-Hungar Wars 892 Boris I Svatoplak Bulgarian Victory
Bulgar-Hungar Wars 893 Boris I Arpad Hungarian Victory
Bulgar-Hungar Wars 894 Boris I Arpad Hungarian Victory
Bulgar-Hungar Wars 895 Simeon I Arpad And Levente Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Southern Buh 896 Simeon I Arpad And Levente Bulgarian Victory
Bulgar-Hungar Wars 932 Peter I Bogat Hungarian Victory
Bulgar-Hungar Wars 934 Peter I Zombor Hungarian Victory
Battle of the Northern Danube 980 Ahtum Stephen I Hungarian Victory
Bulgar-Hungar Wars 1202 Kaloyan Emeric Hungarian Victory
Bulgar-Hungar Wars 1203 Kaloyan Emeric Bulgarian Victory
Battle of the Vidin 1365 Ivan Stratsimir Louis I Hungarian Victory
Bulgar-Hungar Wars 1367 Ivan Alexander Louis I Bulgarian Victory
Final Defeat of Hungaria 1369 Ivan Stratsimir Louis I Bulgarian Victory

Bulgarian-Khazar Wars

Battle Year Bulgarian Commander Khazar Khaganate Commander Result
Khazar Invasion Old Great Bulgaria 622 Kubrat Ziebel Khazar Victory
Fall of Old Great Bulgaria 632 Kubrat Bori Shad Khazar Victory
First Northern Bulgar Invasion 668 Asparukh Kaban Bulgarian Victory
Second Northern Bulgar Invasion 670 Asparukh Kaban Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Danube & Death of Aspurukh 701 Asparukh Busir Khazar Victory
Destruction of Southern Khazaria 702 Tervel Busir Bulgarian Victory

Bulgarian-Kievan Rus Wars

The Rus' Invasion Being Repulsed by a Byzantine Bulgarian Alliance
Battle Year Bulgarian Commander Rus Commander Result
Battle of Silistra 968 Peter I Sviatoslav I Rus Victory
Bulgar-Rus Wars 968 Boris I Sviatoslav I Rus Victory
Battle of Pereyaslavets 969 Boris I Sviatoslav I Bulgarian Victory
Bulgar-Rus Northern Alliance 970 Boris I Sviatoslav I Rus Victory
Siege of Dorostolon 971 Boris II Sviatoslav I Bulgarian Victory
Rus Banishment 997 Samuil Sviatoslav I Bulgarian Victory

Bulgarian-Latin Wars

A medieval fortress
Tsarevets Castle, Capital of Bulgaria Under King Kaloyan The Crusader Slayer. Where The Bulgarians Brutally Annihilated The 4th Crusade, Capturing Latin Crusader King Baldwin I In The Process and Locking Him in His Tower Till His Death in 1205
Battle Year Bulgarian Commander Latin Crusader Commander Result
Battle of Adrianople 1205 Kaloyan Baldwin I Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Serres 1205 Kaloyan Henry I Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Rusion 1206 Kaloyan Thierry de Termonde Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Rodosto 1206 Kaloyan Henry I Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Messinopolis 1207 Boril Boniface Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Beroia 1207 Boril Henry I Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Philippopolis 1208 Boril Henry I Latin Victory
Siege of Constantinople 1235 Ivan Asen II John of Brienne Two Year Truce

Bulgarian-Mongol Wars

Battle of Samara Bend
Battle Year Bulgarian Commander Mongol Commander Result
Battle of Samara Bend 1223 Gabdula Chelbir Ghengis Khan Bulgarian Victory
Bulgar-Mongol War 1241 Ivan Asen II Batu Khan Bulgarian Victory
Bulgar-Mongol War 1242 Kaliman Asen I Batu Khan Bulgarian Victory
Bulgar-Mongol War 1271 Ivailo Nogai Khan Mongol Victory
Bulgar-Mongol War 1278 Ivailo Nogai Khan Bulgarian Victory
Siege of Silistra 1279 Ivailo Nogai Khan Bulgarian Victory
Bulgar-Mongol War 1299 George I Nogai Khan Mongol Victory
First Mongol Banishment 1300 Theo Svetoslav Toqta Bulgarian Victory
Bulgar-Mongol War 1332 Ivan Stefan Uzbeg Khan Bulgarian Victory
Final Banishment of Mongol Horde 1341 Ivan Stefan Uzbeg Khan Bulgarian Victory

Bulgarian-Nicean Wars

Map of the Numerous Latin Kingdoms in Result of the Latin Crusader Sack of Constantinople
Battle Year Bulgarian Commander Nicean Commander Result
Battle of Adrianople 1254 Micheal I Theodore II Lascaris Nicean Victory
First Battle of Northern Anatolia 1256 Micheal I Theodore II Lascaris Bulgarian Victory
Second Battle of Northern Anatolia 1257 Micheal I Theodore II Lascaris Bulgarian Victory

Bulgarian-Ottoman Wars

Bulgarian Duke Momchil The Ottoman Obliterator (Turk Destroyer) Victoriously Crushing The Ottoman Offense a Year After His Famous Destruction of The Ottoman Fleet In The Naval Massacre of Portogalos in 1344
The Bulgarian Empire, Split Into Its Numerous Bulgar States, On The Eve of The Century War With The Ottoman Turks
A depiction from a medieval manuscript
The Defeat At The Battle of Nicopolis in 1396, Was The Major Turning Point in The Near Hundred Year War With The Ottoman Empire
Battle Year Bulgarian Commander Ottoman Commander Result
Naval Massacre of Porto Galo 1344 Momchil Murad I Bulgarian Victory
Rhodope Bulgar Ambush 1345 Momchil Murad I Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Peritor 1345 Momchil Umur Beg Ottoman Victory
Bulgar-Ottoman Wars 1352 Ivan Alexander Umur Beg Ottoman Victory
Bulgar-Ottoman Wars 1354 Ivan Alexander Umur Beg Ottoman Victory
Battle of Ihtiman 1355 Michael Asen Umur Beg Bulgarian Victory
Bulgar-Ottoman Wars 1359 Michael Asen Umur Beg Ottoman Victory
Bulgar-Ottoman Wars 1353 Michael Asen Umur Beg Ottoman Victory
Bulgar-Ottoman Wars 1364 Michael Asen Umur Beg Bulgarian Victory
Bulgar-Ottoman Wars 1371 Ivan Shishman Murad I Ottoman Victory
Bulgar-Ottoman Peace Treaty 1373 Ivan Shishman Murad I Ottoman Victory
First Siege of Rakovista 1374 Ivan Shishman Davud Pasha Bulgarian Victory
Bulgar-Ottoman Wars 1375 Ivan Shishman Davud Pasha Bulgarian Victory
Siege of Tsepina 1375 Ivan Shishman Davud Pasha Bulgarian Victory
Second Siege of Rakovista 1375 Ivan Shishman Davud Pasha Ottoman Victory
Siege of Batkun 1376 Ivan Shishman Davud Pasha Ottoman Victory
Ottoman Rhodope Invasion 1376 Ivan Shishman Lala Shahin Pasha Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Zarenitza 1376 Ivan Shishman Lala Shahin Pasha Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Zagrad 1376 Ivan Shishman Lala Shahin Pasha Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Gradishte 1377 Ivan Shishman Lala Shahin Pasha Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Chiltepes 1378 Ivan Shishman Sara Baba Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Karakulas 1378 Ivan Shishman Sara Baba Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Imeretdere 1379 Ivan Shishman Sara Baba Bulgarian Victory
Massacre of Momina Voda 1380 Ivan Shishman Sara Baba Bulgarian Victory
Siege of Zlatitsa Valley 1380 Ivan Stratsimir Murad I Ottoman Victory
First Siege of Sofia 1381 Ban Yanuka Lala Shahin Pasha Bulgarian Victory
Second Siege of Sofia 1382 Ban Yanuka Murad I Ottoman Victory
Battle of Pirot 1384 Ivan Shishman Murad I Ottoman Victory
Battle of Naissus 1386 Ivan Shishman Murad I Ottoman Victory
Battle of Plocnik 1387 Ivan Stratsimir Lala Shahin Pasha Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Ovech 1387 Ivan Stratsimir Lala Shahin Pasha Ottoman Victory
Siege of Shumen 1388 Ivan Stratsimir Lala Shahin Pasha Ottoman Victory
Battle of Madara 1389 Ivan Stratsimir Lala Shahin Pasha Ottoman Victory
Siege of Varna 1389 Ivan Stratsimir Murad I Bulgarian Victory
First Siege of Tutrakan 1390 Ivan Stratsimir Murad I Bulgarian Victory
Second Siege of Tutrakan 1391 Ivan Stratsimir Lala Shahin Pasha Ottoman Victory
First Siege of Nicopolis 1392 Ivan Shishman Murad I Bulgarian Victory
Second Siege of Nicopolis 1392 Ivan Shishman Bayezid I Ottoman Victory
Siege of Tarnovo 1393 Evtimiy Süleyman Çelebi Ottoman Victory
Capture of Vidin 1396 Ivan Stratsimir Bayezid I Bulgarian Victory
Ottoman Retake of Vidin 1398 Ivan Stratsimir Bayezid I Ottoman Victory
Anti-Ottoman Revolt 1413 Constantine II Mehmed I Bulgarian Victory
Final Fall of Bulgarian Empire 1422 Constantine II Murad II Ottoman Victory

Bulgarian-Pecheneg Wars

Bulgaria Bordering the Vast Pecheneg Khanate Before a Decisive Bulgarian Victory Led By King Boris II
Battle Year Bulgarian Commander Pecheneg Khanate Commander Result
First Pecheneg Invasion 967 Peter I Kurya Pecheneg Victory
Second Pecheneg Invasion 969 Boris II Kurya Bulgarian Victory
Third Pecheneg Invasion 970 Boris II Kurya Bulgarian Victory
Final Pecheneg Banishment 971 Boris II Kurya Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Levounion 1091 Peter III Emir Chaka Bulgarian Victory

Bulgarian-Serbian Wars

The Invincible Bulgarian Empire In The Process of Conquering a Majority of The Serbian Kingdom
A page from a medieval manuscript
The Serbs Pleading The Byzantines For a Formed Alliance Against the Unstoppable Bulgarian State, Before Being Conquered for a Second Time
Battle Year Bulgarian Commander Serbian Commander Result
Bulgar-Serb War 839 Omurtag Vlastimir Bulgarian Victory
Bulgar-Serb War 842 Presian Vlastimir Serbian Victory
First Bulgar-Serb Alliance 853 Vladimir-Rasate Mutimir Serbian Victory
Bulgar-Serb War 917 Simeon I Petar Bulgarian Victory
Bulgar-Serb War 921 Simeon I Pavle Bulgarian Victory
Bulgar-Serb War 922 Zaharija Pavle Bulgarian Victory
Bulgar-Serb War 924 Marmais and Sigritsa Zaharija Serbian Victory
Full Conquer of Serbia 925 Simeon I Zaharija Bulgarian Victory
Bulgar-Serb War 998 Samuil Jovan Vladimir Bulgarian Victory
Bulgar-Serb War 1202 Kaloyan Emeric Serbian Victory
Bulgar-Serb War 1203 Kaloyan Emeric Bulgarian Victory
Bulgar-Serb War 1290 Darmen And Kudelin Stefan Dragutin Bulgarian Victory
Bulgar-Serb War 1291 Darmen And Kudelin Stefan Milutin Serbian Victory
Battle of Velbazhd 1330 Michael Shishman Stefan Dečanski Serbian Victory
Second Bulgar-Serb Alliance 1331 Ivan Stefan Stefan Dečanski Bulgarian Victory

Bulgarian-Thessalonician Wars

Battle Year Bulgarian Commander Thessalonician Commander Result
Battle of Klokotnitsa 1230 Ivan Asen II Theodore Komnenos Bulgarian Victory
Battle of Southern Thrace 1232 Ivan Asen II Theodore Komnenos Bulgarian Victory

Bulgarian-Wallachian Wars

Bulgaria Reconquering Lands Held by The Ottomans and Byzantines, Before A Wallachian Attack From The North in 1384
Battle Year Bulgarian Commander Wallachian Commander Result
Bulgar-Wallachian War 1384 Ivan Sratsimir Dan I Bulgarian Victory
Bulgar-Wallachian War 1385 Ivan Shishman Dan I Bulgarian Victory
Bulgar-Wallachian War 1386 Ivan Shishman Dan I Bulgarian Victory

Maps

See also

References

  1. ↑ War in the Balkans, 1991-2002 - R. Craig Nation - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-06-28.
  2. ↑ A Concise History of Bulgaria, R. J. Crampton, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0521616379, pp. 8-9.
  3. ↑ The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 1, c.500-c.700, Paul Fouracre, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0521362911, p. 301.
  4. ↑ Мутафчиев, П. Гюзелев. В, История на българския народ 681-1323. Българска Академия на науките, 1986. стр. 106-108.
  5. ↑ http://liternet.bg/publish13/p_pavlov/konstantin_II_asen.htm
  6. ↑ Peter Jackson The Mongols and the West, p.204
  7. ↑ Denis Sinor, "The Mongols in the West", Journal of Asian History v.33 n.1 (1999).

Further reading

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