Comparison of European road signs
Despite an apparent uniformity and standardisation, European traffic signs present relevant differences between countries. However most European countries refer to the 1968 Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals — adopted in Europe by Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey[1] and Ukraine. The convention has not been adopted in Ireland, Moldova, Spain, and the UK.
Differences between European traffic signs
The main differences relate to
- graphic design details
- local regulatory significance
- the colour-coding of directional signs
- local language texts (sometimes bilingual)
Graphic differences
- Warning signs in Ireland are yellow and diamond-shaped (as in the Americas, Australasia, and some east Asian countries), and thus differ from the white or yellow, red-bordered, triangular signs found in the rest of Europe.
- The design of individual pictograms (tunnel, pedestrian, car, etc.), while broadly similar, often varies in detail from country to country.
- Type of arrows may be different.
- Fonts of written words
Different typefaces in texts
These are incomplete. You can help by adding missing countries or fonts.
- Albania and Italy use the Alfabeto normale font (with the narrow variant Alfabeto stretto), a heavier version of the British Transport typeface.
- Albania has recently started using Arial Narrow Bold font.
- Austria and Slovakia use the TERN font. In the past, Austria used until 2010 the "Austria Mittelschrift and Engschrift fonts. Slovakia used until 2014 the Universal Grotesk font.
- Belarus, Lithuania, Russia and Ukraine use fonts based a font specified in a Soviet standard ГОСТ 10807–78. In Belarus, the according standard is СТБ 1140–99, in Ukraine it's ДСТУ 4100–2002, in Russia it's ГОСТ Р 52290–2004.
- Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Slovenia, and Serbia use the SNV font. Switzerland used this font until 2003.
- Cyprus, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Turkey, Portugal, and the United Kingdom use the Transport font. (Motorway font is used on United Kingdom motorways)
- Denmark uses the Dansk Vejtavleskrift font. The font is a derival from the Transport font.
- Estonia and Moldova use the Arial Narrow Bold in mixture with Helvetica font.
- Finland uses a custom typeface developed in the 1960s by the former national board of roads and waterways. [2]
- France uses the Caractères font.
- Germany, Czech Republic, Latvia and Romania use the DIN 1451 font.
- Greece used a modified version of the transport font and uses nowadays a modified version of DIN 1451.
- Hungary does not use any predefined typeface as the letters are defined one-by-one in the national regulation. The font resembles the DIN 1451 font closely.[3]
- Luxembourg uses Arial (Bold), Caractères Italic, DIN 1451, and the SNV fonts, often inconsistently.
- Turkey and Ukraine use the FHWA font.
- Spain uses two fonts derived from the FHWA fonts: Autopista (derived from FHWA series E) for highways and Carretera (or Traffic Type Spain D[4]) for ordinary roads. The font Carretera is identical to the Italian Alfabeto Normale.
- Netherlands use a derival from the FHWA font: ANWB/RWS Cc (narrow), Dd (medium) and Ee (wide).
- Norway uses the Trafikkalfabetet font.
- Poland uses the Drogowskaz font.
- Sweden uses the Tratex font.
- Switzerland uses the Frutiger font.
Different colour codes
Warning signs
- In most European countries, it is indicated by red borders and a white background.
- An amber background is used in Sweden, Greece, Finland, Iceland, the Republic of Macedonia, and Poland (in some other countries it means a provisional road work sign).
- Also, the yield sign/give way sign in Sweden, Finland, and Poland has a yellow background.
Road works/construction
- Many countries normally have adopted an orange or amber background.
- A yellow background is used in France, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, and Romania.
Motorways
- White text on a blue background is used in Austria, Belgium, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania (from 2020), Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom.
- White text on a green background is used in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Italy, Lithuania (until 2020), Macedonia, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and Ukraine.
Primary roads/Expressways
- White-on-blue (the same as motorways) is used in Belgium, Latvia, and Netherlands.
- White-on-blue is used in Belarus, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Finland, Greece, Italy, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland ABD Turkey.
- White-on-green is used in France, Hungary, Ireland, Poland, Portugal, and the United Kingdom.
- Black-on-yellow is used in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Germany, Luxembourg, Norway, Serbia, and Slovenia.
- Red-on-white is used in Denmark (though white-on-blue on motorway exits and all overhead gantries)
- Black-on-white is used in Austria and Spain.
Secondary roads
- Black-on-white is used in Estonia, Finland, France, Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Portugal, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.
- In Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, and Sweden, black-on-white indicates only urban roads or urban destinations.
- White-on-green is used in Austria to indicates locations like regions, city center, city districts.[5]
Differences in meanings
- Sometimes similar signs have little differences in meanings, following the local traffic codes.
- All European countries use the metric system (distances in kilometres or metres, speeds in kilometres per hour, heights/widths in metres) with the exception of the United Kingdom, where distances, speeds (miles per hour), and heights/widths are still indicated in imperial measurements (miles, yards, feet, and inches), with an optional indication in metres, weight limits are also indicated in the metric tonne.
Table of traffic signs comparison
Priority
Austria |
Belgium |
Czech Republic |
Denmark |
Estonia |
Finland |
France |
Germany |
Greece |
Hungary |
Iceland |
Ireland |
Italy |
Netherlands |
Norway |
Poland |
Russia & Belarus |
Slovakia |
Spain |
Sweden |
Switzerland |
Turkey |
Ukraine |
United Kingdom | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Give Way | or |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
Stop | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Priority road | NOT USED |
NOT USED | ||||||||||||||||||||||
End of priority road | NOT USED |
NOT USED | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Give way to oncoming traffic | NOT USED |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
Priority over oncoming vehicles | NOT USED |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
Austria | Belgium | Czech Republic |
Denmark | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | Greece | Hungary | Iceland | Ireland | Italy | Netherlands | Norway | Poland | Russia & Belarus |
Slovakia | Spain | Sweden | Switzerland | Turkey | Ukraine | United Kingdom |
Warning
Austria | Belgium | Czech Republic |
Denmark | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | Greece | Hungary | Iceland | Ireland | Italy | Netherlands | Norway | Poland | Russia & Belarus |
Slovakia | Spain | Sweden | Switzerland | Turkey | Ukraine | United Kingdom | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Give Way ahead | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||
Stop ahead | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
Traffic signals ahead | or |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
Roundabout ahead | NOT USED |
NOT USED |
or |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Two-way traffic ahead | or |
or |
or | |||||||||||||||||||||
Traffic queues likely ahead | NOT USED |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
Level crossing without barriers ahead | NOT USED |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
Level crossing with barriers ahead | [nb 1] |
NOT USED |
or |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Level crossing | NOT USED |
NOT USED |
||||||||||||||||||||||
Level crossing (multiple tracks) | NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED | ||||||||||||||||||||
Austria | Belgium | Czech Republic |
Denmark | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | Greece | Hungary | Iceland | Ireland | Italy | Netherlands | Norway | Poland | Russia & Belarus |
Slovakia | Spain | Sweden | Switzerland | Turkey | Ukraine | United Kingdom | |
Tram crossing | NOT USED |
NOT USED |
||||||||||||||||||||||
Crossroads with priority to the right | NOT USED |
[nb 2] | NOT USED [nb 3] | |||||||||||||||||||||
Crossroads with a minor road | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Junction with a minor side road | NOT USED |
NOT USED |
||||||||||||||||||||||
Road narrows on both sides | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Road narrows | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dangerous crosswinds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Low-flying aircraft | or |
or |
or | |||||||||||||||||||||
Steep descent | |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||
Steep ascent | NOT USED |
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
Austria | Belgium | Czech Republic |
Denmark | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | Greece | Hungary | Iceland | Ireland | Italy | Netherlands | Norway | Poland | Russia & Belarus |
Slovakia | Spain | Sweden | Switzerland | Turkey | Ukraine | United Kingdom | |
Road bump | NOT USED |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
Uneven road ahead | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Curve | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Double curve | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Slippery road surface | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Loose road surface | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Children | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pedestrian crossing ahead | or |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
Cyclists | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Falling rocks or debris | NOT USED |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
Austria | Belgium | Czech Republic |
Denmark | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | Greece | Hungary | Iceland | Ireland | Italy | Netherlands | Norway | Poland | Russia & Belarus |
Slovakia | Spain | Sweden | Switzerland | Turkey | Ukraine | United Kingdom | |
Caution, fog likely | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Opening or swing bridge | NOT USED |
NOT USED |
||||||||||||||||||||||
Unprotected quayside or riverbank | NOT USED |
or |
or |
or | ||||||||||||||||||||
Domestic animals | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Wild animals | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tunnel ahead | NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
|||||||||||
Accident area / accident ahead | NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
|
NOT USED |
|
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
|
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
|
| |||||||||
Roadworks ahead | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other danger | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other danger (temporary) | NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED | |||||||
Austria | Belgium | Czech Republic |
Denmark | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | Greece | Hungary | Iceland | Ireland | Italy | Netherlands | Norway | Poland | Russia & Belarus |
Slovakia | Spain | Sweden | Switzerland | Turkey | Ukraine | United Kingdom |
Prohibitory
Austria | Belgium | Czech Republic |
Denmark | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | Greece | Hungary | Iceland | Ireland | Italy | Netherlands | Norway | Poland | Russia & Belarus |
Slovakia | Spain | Sweden | Switzerland | Turkey | Ukraine | United Kingdom | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Road closed to all vehicles in both directions | NOT USED |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
No entry for vehicular traffic | or |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
No motor vehicles | NOT USED |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
No motor vehicles except motorcycles | NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
||||||||||||||||
No motorcycles | NOT USED |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
No bicycles | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
No pedestrians | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
No heavy goods vehicles | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
No tractors | NOT USED |
NOT USED |
||||||||||||||||||||||
No horns or motor noise | NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
|||||||||||||||||||
Austria | Belgium | Czech Republic |
Denmark | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | Greece | Hungary | Iceland | Ireland | Italy | Netherlands | Norway | Poland | Russia & Belarus |
Slovakia | Spain | Sweden | Switzerland | Turkey | Ukraine | United Kingdom | |
No overtaking | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
No overtaking by heavy goods vehicles | NOT USED | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Maximum speed limit | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Speed limit zone | |
or |
||||||||||||||||||||||
Maximum height | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Maximum width | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Maximum vehicle length | or |
or | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Maximum weight | or |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
Maximum weight per axle | NOT USED |
NOT USED | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Maximum weight per tandem axle | NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED | |||||
Austria | Belgium | Czech Republic |
Denmark | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | Greece | Hungary | Iceland | Ireland | Italy | Netherlands | Norway | Poland | Russia & Belarus |
Slovakia | Spain | Sweden | Switzerland | Turkey | Ukraine | United Kingdom | |
No vehicles carrying dangerous goods | or |
NOT USED |
||||||||||||||||||||||
No vehicles carrying dangerous water pollutants | NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED | ||||||||||||||
No vehicles carrying explosives | NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
|
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
|
NOT USED |
| |||||||||||
Minimum safe following distance between vehicles | NOT USED |
or |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
|||||||||||||||||||
No right turn | NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
|||||||||||||||||||||
No left turn | NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
|||||||||||||||||||||
No U-turn | NOT USED |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
No parking | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
No stopping and parking | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
End of prohibition (overtaking used as an example) | |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
Austria | Belgium | Czech Republic |
Denmark | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | Greece | Hungary | Iceland | Ireland | Italy | Netherlands | Norway | Poland | Russia & Belarus |
Slovakia | Spain | Sweden | Switzerland | Turkey | Ukraine | United Kingdom |
Mandatory
Austria | Belgium | Czech Republic |
Denmark | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | Greece | Hungary | Iceland | Ireland | Italy | Netherlands | Norway | Poland | Russia & Belarus |
Slovakia | Spain | Sweden | Switzerland | Turkey | Ukraine | United Kingdom | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proceed straight (no turns) |
NOT USED |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
Turn right | NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Turn right ahead | NOT USED |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
Proceed straight or turn right | NOT USED |
NOT USED | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Pass on this side | or |
or |
||||||||||||||||||||||
Pass on either side | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Roundabout | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mandatory direction for vehicles carrying dangerous goods | NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED | |||||||||||||
Minimum speed limit | NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
||||||||||||||||||||
Bicycles only | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pedestrians only | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Equestrian path | NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED | ||||||||||||||||||
Austria | Belgium | Czech Republic |
Denmark | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | Greece | Hungary | Iceland | Ireland | Italy | Netherlands | Norway | Poland | Russia & Belarus |
Slovakia | Spain | Sweden | Switzerland | Turkey | Ukraine | United Kingdom |
Special regulations
Austria | Belgium | Czech Republic |
Denmark | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | Greece | Hungary | Iceland | Ireland | Italy | Netherlands | Norway | Poland | Russia & Belarus |
Slovakia | Spain | Sweden | Switzerland | Turkey | Ukraine | United Kingdom | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
One-way street | NOT USED |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Pedestrian crossing | or |
or |
NOT USED | |||||||||||||||||||||
Living street | NOT USED |
or |
||||||||||||||||||||||
Limited-access road | NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED | ||||||||||||||||||||
Motorway | NOT USED |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
Austria | Belgium | Czech Republic |
Denmark | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | Greece | Hungary | Iceland | Ireland | Italy | Netherlands | Norway | Poland | Russia & Belarus |
Slovakia | Spain | Sweden | Switzerland | Turkey | Ukraine | United Kingdom |
Indication
Austria | Belgium | Czech Republic |
Denmark | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | Greece | Hungary | Iceland | Ireland | Italy | Netherlands | Norway | Poland | Russia & Belarus |
Slovakia | Spain | Sweden | Switzerland | Turkey | Ukraine | United Kingdom | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No through road | or |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
Hospital | NOT USED |
or |
or | |||||||||||||||||||||
First aid | NOT USED |
NOT USED | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Pharmacy | NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
|||||||||||||||||||||
Bus stop | NOT USED |
Front: or Rear: |
or |
or [nb 4] |
||||||||||||||||||||
Tunnel | NOT USED |
NOT USED |
or |
NOT USED | ||||||||||||||||||||
Parking place | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Entering built-up area | or |
or | or | or | ||||||||||||||||||||
Leaving built-up area | or |
or | or | or | ||||||||||||||||||||
Austria | Belgium | Czech Republic |
Denmark | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | Greece | Hungary | Iceland | Ireland | Italy | Netherlands | Norway | Poland | Russia & Belarus |
Slovakia | Spain | Sweden | Switzerland | Turkey | Ukraine | United Kingdom |
Border Crossings
Austria | Belgium | Czech Republic |
Denmark | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | Greece | Hungary | Iceland | Ireland | Italy | Netherlands | Norway | Poland | Russia & Belarus |
Slovakia | Spain | Sweden | Switzerland | Turkey | Ukraine | United Kingdom | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Schengen Area | or |
or |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED | |||||||||||||||
National speed limits | |
or (Northern Ireland) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Austria | Belgium | Czech Republic |
Denmark | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | Greece | Hungary | Iceland | Ireland | Italy | Netherlands | Norway | Poland | Russia & Belarus |
Slovakia | Spain | Sweden | Switzerland | Turkey | Ukraine | United Kingdom |
Checkpoints
Austria | Belgium | Czech Republic |
Denmark | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | Greece | Hungary | Iceland | Ireland | Italy | Netherlands | Norway | Poland | Russia & Belarus |
Slovakia | Spain | Sweden | Switzerland | Turkey | Ukraine | United Kingdom | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Customs | or |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
or |
or |
or |
NOT USED | |||||||||||||||||
Police | NOT USED |
or |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
or |
||||||||||||||||||
Toll | or |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
or |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
or |
NOT USED | ||||||||||||||||
Other Control | NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED |
NOT USED | ||||||||||||||||||
Austria | Belgium | Czech Republic |
Denmark | Estonia | Finland | France | Germany | Greece | Hungary | Iceland | Ireland | Italy | Netherlands | Norway | Poland | Russia & Belarus |
Slovakia | Spain | Sweden | Switzerland | Turkey | Ukraine | United Kingdom |
Notes
- ↑ This sign is being phased out by 2019, and being replaced by the previous sign."German Traffic Signs & Signals". January 28, 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-12-07. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
- ↑ In the Netherlands, this sign means "Dangerous crossroads"
- ↑ There is no "priority to the right" (or left) rule in the United Kingdom.
- ↑ In the Netherlands, the first one is always used because otherwise it wouldn't be an official bus stop. The bottom one is sometimes used to inform drivers a bus stop is coming up, mostly outside the built-up area.
See also
- Comparison of European traffic laws
- Road signs in Austria
- Road signs in the Czech Republic
- Road signs in Estonia
- Road signs in Finland
- Road signs in Germany
- Road signs in Greece
- Road signs in the Republic of Ireland
- Road signs in Ireland
- Road signs in Italy
- Road signs in the Netherlands
- Road signs in Norway
- Road signs in Poland
- Road signs in Sweden
- Road signs in Switzerland
- Road signs in Ukraine
- Road signs in the United Kingdom
- Traffic sign
- Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals
- Comparison of MUTCD-Influenced Traffic Signs
- Comparison of StVO-influenced traffic signs
References
- European Standard for Traffic Signs - EN 12899-1:2001 Fixed, Vertical Road Traffic Signs – Part 1: Fixed Signs, Requirements
- ↑ http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612722/index.pdf
- ↑ Österman, Tuomas; Miettinen, Saija; Ronkainen, Kaisa (2005). "Opastusmerkkien luettavuus" (PDF). Helsinki: Tiehallinto. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
- ↑ Útügyi műszaki előírás, e-ÚT 04.02.12.
- ↑ "Traffic Type Spain D - Desktop font « MyFonts". Myfonts.com. 1999-02-22. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
- ↑ http://www.fuerboeck.at/verkehrsrecht/verkehrszeichen/hinweis/wegweiser-lokal/