Politics of Zambia

The politics of Zambia takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Zambia is head of state, head of government and leader of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government, while legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. Formerly Northern Rhodesia, Zambia became a republic immediately upon attaining independence in October 1964.

Government and constitution

The constitution promulgated on August 25, 1973, abrogated the original 1964 constitution. The new constitution and the national elections that followed in December 1973 were the final steps in achieving what was called a "one-party participatory democracy".

The 1973 constitution provided for a strong president and a unicameral National Assembly. National policy was formulated by the Central Committee of the United National Independence Party (UNIP), the sole legal party in Zambia. The cabinet executed the central committee's policy.

In accordance with the intention to formalize UNIP supremacy in the new system, the constitution stipulated that the sole candidate in elections for the office of president was the person selected to be the president of UNIP by the party's general conference. The second-ranking person in the Zambian hierarchy was UNIP's secretary general.

In December 1990, at the end of a tumultuous year that included riots in the capital and an attempted coup, President Kaunda signed legislation ending UNIP's monopoly on power. In response to growing popular demand for multiparty democracy, and after lengthy, difficult negotiations between the Kaunda government and opposition groups, Zambia enacted a new constitution in August 1991. The constitution enlarged the National Assembly from 136 members to a maximum of 158 members, established an electoral commission, and allowed for more than one presidential candidate who no longer had to be a member of UNIP. The constitution was amended again in 1996 to set new limits on the presidency (including a retroactive two-term limit, and a requirement that both parents of a candidate be Zambian-born). The National Assembly comprises 150 directly elected members, up to eight presidentially appointed members, and a speaker. Zambia is divided into ten provinces, each administered by an appointed Provincial minister who essentially performs the duties of a governor.

As of 2010, a new constitution is in the process of being drafted.^[1]

Political history

The major figure in Zambian politics from 1964 to 1991 was Kenneth Kaunda, who led the fight for independence and successfully bridged the rivalries among the country's various regions and ethnic groups. Kaunda tried to base government on his philosophy of "humanism", which condemned human exploitation and stressed cooperation among people, but not at the expense of the individual.

Kaunda's political party, the United National Independence Party (UNIP), was founded in 1959 and was in power under Kaunda's leadership from 1964 to 1991. Before 1972, Zambia had three significant political parties: UNIP, the Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, and the United Progressive Party (UPP). The ANC drew its strength from western and southern provinces, while the UPP found some support among Bemba speakers in the copperbelt and northern provinces. Although not strongly supported in all areas of the country, only UNIP had a nationwide following.

One-party state

In February 1972, Zambia became a one-party state, and all other political parties were banned. Kaunda, the sole candidate, was elected president in the 1973 elections. Elections also were held for the National Assembly. Only UNIP members were permitted to run, but these seats were sharply contested. President Kaunda's mandate was renewed in December 1978 and October 1983 in a "yes" or "no" vote on his candidacy. In the 1983 election, more than 60% of those registered participated and gave President Kaunda a 93% "yes" vote.

1991: Move to a multiparty state

Growing opposition to UNIP's monopoly on power led to the rise in 1990 of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD). The MMD assembled an increasingly impressive group of important Zambians, including prominent UNIP defectors and labor leaders. During the year, President Kaunda agreed to a referendum on the one-party state but, in the face of continued opposition, dropped the referendum and signed a constitutional amendment making Zambia a multi-party state. Zambia's first multi-party elections for parliament and the presidency since the 1960s were held on October 31, 1991. MMD candidate Frederick Chiluba resoundingly carried the presidential election over Kenneth Kaunda with 76% of the vote.^[2] To add to the MMD landslide, in the parliamentary elections the MMD won 125 of the 150 elected seats and UNIP the remaining 25. However, UNIP swept the Eastern Province, gathering 19 of its seats there.

1991–2001: MMD and Frederick Chiluba

By the end of Chiluba's first term as president (1996), the MMD's commitment to political reform had faded in the face of re-election demands. A number of prominent supporters founded opposing parties. Relying on the MMD's overwhelming majority in parliament, President Chiluba in May 1996 pushed through constitutional amendments that eliminated former President Kaunda and other prominent opposition leaders from the 1996 presidential elections.

In the presidential and parliamentary elections held in November 1996, Chiluba was re-elected, and the MMD won 131 of the 150 seats in the National Assembly. Kaunda's UNIP party boycotted the parliamentary polls to protest the exclusion of its leader from the presidential race, alleging in addition that the outcome of the election had been predetermined due to a faulty voter registration exercise. Despite the UNIP boycott, the elections took place peacefully, and five presidential and more than 600 parliamentary candidates from 11 parties participated. Afterward, however, several opposition parties and non-governmental organizations declared the elections neither free nor fair. As President Chiluba began his second term in 1997, the opposition continued to reject the results of the election amid international efforts to encourage the MMD and the opposition to resolve their differences through dialogue.

Early in 2001, supporters of President Chiluba mounted a campaign to amend the constitution to enable Chiluba to seek a third term of office. Civil society, opposition parties, and many members of the ruling party complimented widespread popular opposition to exert sufficient pressure on Chiluba to force him to back away from any attempt at a third term.

Presidential, parliamentary, and local government elections were held on December 27, 2001. Eleven parties contested the elections. The elections encountered numerous administrative problems. Opposition parties alleged that serious irregularities occurred. Nevertheless, MMD presidential candidate Levy Mwanawasa was declared the victor by a narrow margin, and he was sworn into office on January 2, 2002. Three parties submitted petitions to the High Court, challenging the presidential election results. The courts decided that there had been irregularities but that they were not serious enough to have affected the overall result, thus the election result was upheld. Opposition parties won a majority of parliamentary seats in the December, 2001 election, but subsequent by-elections gave the ruling MMD a slim majority in Parliament.

2001–2008

The 2006 presidential election was hotly contested, with Mwanawasa being re-elected by a clear margin over principal challengers Michael Sata of the Patriotic Front and Hakainde Hichilema of the United Party for National Development (UPND).

The parliamentary election that same year awarded MMD with 72 seats, the remaining 84 seats split among other parties with the majority of those seats going to the Patriotic Front.

The presidency of Levy Mwanawasa until his death in office in mid-2008, was different than the flamboyant expenditure and increasingly apparent corruption of the later years of Frederick Chiluba's terms in office. Indeed, the former president was arrested and charged with several counts of embezzlement and corruption, firmly quashing initial fears that President Mwanawasa would turn a blind eye to the allegations of his predecessor's improprieties.

Mwanawasa was accused by some observers of demonstrating an authoritarian streak in early 2004 when his Minister of Home Affairs issued a deportation order to a British citizen and long-time Zambian resident Roy Clarke, who had published a series of satirical attacks on the President in the independent Post newspaper. However, when Clarke appealed to the High Court against the order, the judge ruled that the order was arbitrary and unjustified and quashed the order. President Mwanawasa, true to his mantra of heading a government of laws, respected the court decision and Clarke was allowed to resume his column of satirical critique. Mwanawasa's early zeal to root out corruption also waned somewhat, with key witnesses in the Chiluba trial leaving the country. The Constitutional Review Commission set up by Mwanawasa also hit some turbulence, with arguments as to where its findings should be submitted leading to suspicions that he has been trying to manipulate the outcome. Generally, the Zambian electorate viewed Mwanawasa's rule as a great improvement over Chiluba's.

Following Mwanawasa's death in August 2008, Zambian vice president Rupiah Banda succeeded him to the office of president, to be held as a temporary position until the emergency election on October 30, 2008. Banda won by a narrow margin over opposition leader Michael Sata, to complete the remainder of Mwanawasa's term.

2011 elections

Rupiah Banda lost re-election in the 2011 Presidential and Parliamentary elections to Michael Sata of the Patriotic Front bringing an end to a total of 20 years rule by 3 presidents from the MMD.

Edgar Chagwa Lungu 2015 - Present

After being sworn in on the January 25, He has held the office of president after taking over from Guy Scott who was acting president after the passing of 5th republican president Micheal Chiluyfa Sata. So Far His presidency has been criticised with the depreciating kwacha and his drinking problem..However these economic challenges, in particular the depreciating kwacha, have been attributed to the global fall of and depressed commodity prices. Zambia derives over 90% of its export earnings from one commodity: COPPER which has lost about 45% of its value on the international commodity market. Numerous individuals and media have repeatedly failed to prove his drinking problem as his health has improved dramatically since his collapse in his early days as president. On 5 January 2016, Edgar Chagwa Lungu became the first president in Zambia's history to successfully conclude the constitutional issue as proposed by the Zambian people when he assented to the 2015 Constitutional Amendment Bill. This Bill is a result of extensive work which started during the Mwanawasa era (The Mwanakatwe Commission) and was later polished by the Michael Chilufya Sata appointed Technical Committee (the Mwanawasa Constitutional Review Commission was rejected by parliament). As Justice Minister, Edgar Chagwa Lungu released the Draft Constitution in a short period of time and was presented to parliament and it was later decided that non-contentious issues will be debated in parliament while the continuous issues will be subjected to a referendum. He has followed this up, as president, by successfully finalising the long-standing Constitutional issue.

Executive branch

The executive branch of Zambian government is filled by an elected president. Presidents serve terms of five years and are limited to two terms. The Zambian vice-president is appointed by the president.

The presidency is currently being filled by acting President Guy Scott, who replaces Michael Sata, who suddenly died in office on 28 October 2014.^[3] Scott was chosen by Sata as the country's Vice-President after the latter won the 2011 election against Rupiah Banda who was elected in a presidential by-election on 30 October 2008 following the death of Levy Mwanawasa in 2008.

Guy Scott is the first white president of an African country since Frederik Willem de Klerk of South Africa in 1994. Zambian law stipulates that a new presidential election must be held within 90 days, at the latest on 26 January 2015. It is unclear whether acting President Scott will run for the office. On 25 February Edgar C. Lungu was sworn in as the President sixth elected president, an office which he still holds

Legislative branch

The unicameral National Assembly of Zambia is the country's legislative body. The current National Assembly, formed following elections held on 28 September 2006, has a total of 158 members. 150 members are directly elected in single-member constituencies using the simple majority (or First-past-the-post) system. The remaining 8 seats are filled through presidential appointment. All members serve five-year terms.

Political parties and elections

Edgar Lungu			48.33%
Hakainde Hichilema			46.67%
Margin: 27,757 (1.66%)

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Edgar Lungu	Patriotic Front	807,925	48.33
	Hakainde Hichilema	United Party for National Development	780,168	46.67
	Edith Nawakwi	Forum for Democracy and Development	15,321	0.92
	Nevers Mumba	Movement for Multi-Party Democracy	14,609	0.87
	Tilyenji Kaunda	United National Independence Party	9,737	0.58
	Eric Chanda	Fourth Revolution Party	8,054	0.48
	Elias Chipimo Jr	National Restoration Party	6,002	0.36
	Godfrey Miyanda	Heritage Party	5,757	0.34
	Daniel Pule	Christian Democratic Party	3,293	0.20
	Ludwig Sondashi	Forum for Democratic Alternatives	2,073	0.12
	Peter Sinkamba	Green Party of Zambia	1,410	0.08
Invalid/blank votes			17,313	–
Total			1,671,662	100
Registered voters/turnout			5,166,084	32.36
Source: Electoral Commission of Zambia

Zambian presidential election, 2011
Party		Candidate	Votes	Percentage
	Patriotic Front	Michael Sata	1,170,966	41.98%
	Movement for Multi-Party Democracy	Rupiah Banda	987,866	35.42%
	United Party for National Development	Hakainde Hichilema	506,763	18.17%
	Alliance for Democracy and Development	Charles Milupi	26,270	0.94%
	National Restoration Party	Elias Chipimo Jnr	10,672	0.38%
	United National Independence Party	Tilyenji Kaunda	9,950	0.36%
	Forum for Democracy and Development	Edith Nawakwi	6,833	0.24%
	National Movement for Progress	N’gandu Peter Magande	6,344	0.23%
	Heritage	Godfrey Miyanda	4,730	0.17%
	Zambians for Empowerment and Development	Frederick Mutesa	2,268	0.08%
Valid votes			2,732,662	97.93%
Invalid or blank votes			56,678	2.03%
Total votes			2,789,340	100.00%
Voter turnout			53.98%
Source: Electoral Commission of Zambia

 Summary of the 20 September 2011 National Assembly of Zambia election results

Parties		Votes	%	+/–	Seats	+/–
	Patriotic Front	1,028,793	38.25	+9.55	60	+17
	Movement for Multi-Party Democracy	902,619	33.56	-16.44	55	−20
	United Party for National Development	456,873	16.99	-0.31	28	+2
	Independents	208,294	7.74	+5.74	3	±0
	Alliance for Democracy and Development	31,638	1.18		1	New
	Forum for Democracy and Development	20,243	0.75		1	New
	United National Independence Party	18,444	0.69		—	—
	National Movement for Progress	11,828	0.44		—	—
	National Restoration Party	4,688	0.17		—	—
	Zambians for Empowerment and Development	3,059	0.11		—	—
	New Generation Party	657	0.02		—	—
	National Revolution Party	505	0.02		—	—
	Heritage	485	0.02		—	—
	Unified Party for Democracy and Development	442	0.02		—	—
	National Party	193	0.01		—	—
	Zambia Direct Democracy Movement	177	0.01		—	—
	Zambian Conservative Party	168	0.01		—	—
	All People's Congress Party	139	0.01		—	—
	Citizens Democratic Party	137	0.01		—	—
	United Liberal Party	131	0.00	-1.3	—	—
	Federal Democratic Party	27	0.00		—	—
	vacant				2	—
Total		2,689,540	100.00	—	150	—
Source: Electoral Commission of Zambia (votes), Electoral Commission of Zambia (seats) By-elections are to be held in the constituencies of Magoye (Southern Province) and Nakonde (Northern Province).[4]

Judicial branch

Supreme Court building in Lusaka

The Supreme Court is the highest court and the court of appeal; below it are the high court, magistrate's court, and local courts.

Military

The Zambian Defense Force (ZDF) consists of the army, the air force, and Zambian National Service (ZNS).The ZDF is designed primarily for external defense.

Foreign relations

Zambia is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), the Commonwealth, the African Union (and its predecessor the Organization of African Unity or OAU), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), and the Common Market for Africa (COMA), which is headquartered in Lusaka.

President Kaunda was a persistent and visible advocate of change in Southern Africa, supporting liberation movements in Mozambique, Namibia, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and South Africa. Many of these organisations were based in Zambia during the 1970s and 1980s.

President Chiluba assumed a somewhat higher profile internationally in the mid- and late 1990s. His government played a constructive regional role sponsoring Angola peace talks that led to the 1994 Lusaka Protocols. Zambia has provided troops to UN peacekeeping initiatives in Mozambique, Rwanda, Angola, and Sierra Leone. Zambia was the first African state to cooperate with the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda into the Rwandan genocide in 1994.

In 1998, Zambia took the lead in efforts to establish a cease-fire in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Zambia was active in the Congolese peace effort after the signing of a cease-fire agreement in Lusaka in July and August 1999, although activity diminished considerably after the Joint Military Commission tasked with implementing the ceasefire relocated to Kinshasa in September 2001.

Zambia is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered under Article 98).

Participation in international organizations

Zambia is a member of ACP, AfDB, COMESA, ECA, FAO, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, MONUC, NAM, OAU, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO and the WTO.

References

1. http://www.zambian-economist.com/2010/06/press-release-draft-national.html
2. http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/zambia-1991-presidential-election-national-results
3. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/zambian-president-michael-sata-dies-in-london-9824650.html?origin=internalSearch
4. http://www.elections.org.zm/media/listofelectedmps.pdf

External links

• Zambia Government at DMOZ