Nehalem (microarchitecture)

For other uses, see Nehalem (disambiguation).

Nehalem
Logo for Core i7 Bloomfield processors
L1 cache	64 KB per core
L2 cache	256 KB per core
L3 cache	4 MB to 24 MB shared
Model	Core Series
Created	November 2008
Transistors	731M 45 nm (C0, D0)
Architecture	Nehalem x86
Instructions	MMX
Extensions	x86-64, Intel 64 SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4, SSE4.1, SSE4.2 VT-x, VT-d
Socket(s)	LGA 1156 LGA 1366 LGA 1567 µPGA 988
Predecessor	Core (tock) Penryn (tick)
Successor	Westmere (tick) Sandy Bridge (tock)

Nehalem /nəˈheɪləm/^[1] is the codename for an Intel processor microarchitecture, which is the successor to the older Core microarchitecture.^[2] A preview system with two Nehalem processors was shown at Intel Developer Forum in 2007, and the first processor released with the Nehalem architecture was the desktop Core i7,^[3] which was released in November 2008. The first generation of the Intel Core series of processors, Nehalem designs led to the introduction of Core i7 and i5 models (no Core i3 is based on Nehalem). The subsequent Westmere and Sandy Bridge designs would include Core i3 processors.

"Nehalem" is a recycled Intel codename and namesake of the Nehalem River.^[4]^[5] It is an architecture that differs radically from Netburst, while retaining some of the latter's minor features. Nehalem-based microprocessors use the 45 nm process, run at higher clock speeds, and are more energy-efficient than Penryn microprocessors. Hyper-threading is reintroduced, along with a reduction in L2 cache size, as well as an enlarged L3 cache that is shared among all cores.

Nehalem was replaced with the Sandy Bridge microarchitecture, released in January 2011.

Technology

Microarchitecture of a processor core in the quad-core implementation

Cache line block on L2/L3 Cache had reduce from 128 byte in Netburst & Conroe/Penryn to 64 byte per line in this generation(same size as yonah, pentium m).
Hyper-threading reintroduced.
Intel Turbo Boost 1.0.^[6]
4–12 MB L3 cache
Instruction Fetch Unit(IFU) containing second-level branch predictor with two level Branch Target Buffer(BTB) and Return Stack Buffer(RSB). Nehalem also supports all predictor types previously used in Intel's processors like Indirect Predictor and Loop Detector.^[7]
Second level unified (i.e. both instructions and data) TLB that contains 512 entries for small pages only, and is again 4 way associative.^[8]
3 integer ALU, 2 vector ALU and 2 AGU per core.^[9]
Native (all processor cores on a single die) quad- and octa-core processors
Intel QuickPath Interconnect in high-end models replacing the legacy front side bus
64 KB L1 cache per core (32 KB L1 data and 32 KB L1 instruction), and 256 KB L2 cache per core.
Integration of PCI Express and DMI into the processor in mid-range models, replacing the northbridge
Integrated memory controller supporting two or three memory channels of DDR3 SDRAM or four FB-DIMM2 channels
Second-generation Intel Virtualization Technology, which introduced Extended Page Table support, virtual processor identifiers (VPIDs), and non-maskable interrupt-window exiting ^[10]
SSE4.2 and POPCNT instructions
Macro-op fusion now works in 64-bit mode.
20 to 24 pipeline stages^[11]

Translation lookaside buffer sizes^[12]
Cache		Page Size
Name	Level	4 KB	2 MB
DTLB	1st	64	32
ITLB	1st	128	7 / logical core
STLB	2nd	512	none

Performance and power improvements

It has been reported that Nehalem has a focus on performance, thus the increased core size.^[13] Compared to Penryn, Nehalem has:

10–25% better single-threaded performance / 20–100% better multithreaded performance at the same power level
30% lower power consumption for the same performance
On average, Nehalem provides a 15–20% clock-for-clock increase in performance per core.

Overclocking is possible with Bloomfield processors and the X58 chipset. Lynnfield processors use a PCH removing the need for a northbridge.^[14]

Nehalem processors incorporate SSE 4.2 SIMD instructions, adding seven new instructions to the SSE 4.1 set in the Core 2 series. The Nehalem architecture reduces atomic operation latency by 50% in an attempt to eliminate overhead on atomic operations such as the LOCK CMPXCHG compare-and-swap instruction.^[15]

Variants

Processing Cores (interface)	Process	Die Size	CPUID	Model	Stepping	Mobile	Desktop, UP Server	DP Server	MP Server
Eight-Core (Quad-Channel)	45 nm	684 mm²	206E6	46	D0				Beckton (80604)
Quad-Core (Triple-Channel)	45 nm	263 mm²	106A4 106A5	26	C0/C1 D0		Bloomfield (80601)	Gainestown (80602)
Quad-Core (Dual-Channel, PCIe)	45 nm	296 mm²	106E4 106E5	30	B0 B1	Clarksfield (80607)	Lynnfield (80605)	Jasper Forest (80612)
Dual-Core (Dual-Channel, PCIe, Graphics Core)	45 nm					Auburndale (canceled)	Havendale (canceled)

Lynnfield processors feature 16 PCIe lanes, which can be used in 1x16 or 2x8 configuration.
¹ 6500 series scalable up to 2 sockets, 7500 series scalable up to 4/8 sockets.^[16]

Server and desktop processors

Codename	Market	Cores / Threads	Socket	Processor Branding & Model		CPU Clock rate	Turbo	TDP	Interfaces		L3 cache	Release Date	Price for 1k Unit
Codename	Market	Cores / Threads	Socket	Processor Branding & Model		CPU Clock rate	Turbo	TDP	Chipset	Memory	L3 cache	Release Date	Price for 1k Unit
Beckton¹	MP Server / DP Server	8 (16)	LGA 1567	Xeon ^[17]	X7560	2.26 GHz	Yes	130 W	4× QPI 6.4 GT/s	DDR3-800 / 1066 (Up to 4x with SMB-Ready Motherboard)	24 MB	2010-03-30^[18]	$3692
					X7550	2.0 GHz					18 MB		$2837
					X6550	2.0 GHz					18 MB		$2461
					L7555	1.86 GHz		95 W	4× QPI 5.86 GT/s		24 MB		$3157
		6 (12)			E7540	2.0 GHz		105 W	4× QPI 6.4 GT/s		18 MB		$1980
					E6540	2.0 GHz			4× QPI 6.4 GT/s		12 MB		$1712
					E7530	1.86 GHz			4× QPI 5.86 GT/s		12 MB		$1391
					L7545	1.86 GHz					18 MB		$2087
		6 (6)			X7542	2.66 GHz		130 W					$1980
		4 (8)			E7520	1.86 GHz	No	105 W	4× QPI 4.8 GT/s				$856
		4 (8)			E6510	1.73 GHz	No	105 W	4× QPI 4.8 GT/s		12 MB		$744
Gainestown	DP Server^[19]	4 (8)	LGA 1366	Xeon^[20]	W5590	3.33 GHz	Yes	130 W	2× QPI 6.4 GT/s	3× DDR3-1333¹	8 MB	2009-08-09	$1600
					W5580	3.2 GHz		130 W				2009-03-29^[21]	$1500
					X5570	2.93 GHz		95 W					$1286
					X5560	2.8 GHz							$1072
					X5550	2.66 GHz							$858
					E5540	2.53 GHz		80 W	2× 5.86 GT/s	3× DDR3-1066¹			$744
					E5530	2.4 GHz							$530
					E5520	2.26 GHz							$373
					L5530	2.4 GHz		60 W				2009-08-09	$744
					L5520	2.26 GHz						2009-03-30	$530
					L5518	2.13 GHz						2009-03-30	$
		4 (4)			E5507	2.26 GHz	No	80 W	2× 4.8 GT/s	3× DDR3-800¹	4 MB	2010-03-16	$266
					E5506	2.13 GHz		80 W				2009-03-29	$266
					L5506	2.13 GHz		60 W					$423
					E5504	2.0 GHz		80 W					$224
		2 (4)			L5508	2.0 GHz	Yes	38 W	2× 5.86 GT/s	3× DDR3-1066	8 MB		$
		2 (2)			E5503	2.0 GHz	No	80 W	2× 4.8 GT/s	3× DDR3-800	4 MB	2010-03-16	$224
		2 (2)			E5502	1.86 GHz	No	80 W	2× 4.8 GT/s	3× DDR3-800	4 MB	2009-03-29	$188
Jasper Forest		4 (8)			EC5549	2.53 GHz	Yes	85 W	1× 5.86 GT/s	3× DDR3-1333	8 MB	2010-02-11	$530
					LC5528	2.13 GHz		60 W	1× 4.8 GT/s	3× DDR3-1066			$519
					LC5518	1.73 GHz		48 W					$519
		4 (4)			EC5509	2 GHz	No	85 W					$265
		2 (4)			EC5539	2.27 GHz	No	65 W	1× 5.86 GT/s	3× DDR3-1333	4 MB		$387
Bloomfield	UP Server^[22]	4 (8)		Xeon^[23]	W3580	3.33 GHz	Yes	130 W	1× QPI 6.4 GT/s	3× DDR3-1333	8 MB	2009-08-09	$999
					W3570	3.2 GHz			1× QPI 6.4 GT/s	3× DDR3-1333		2009-03-29^[23]	$999
					W3565	3.2 GHz			1× QPI 4.8 GT/s	3× DDR3-1066		2009-11-01	$562
					W3550	3.06 GHz						2009-08-09
					W3540	2.93 GHz						2009-03-29^[23]
					W3530	2.8 GHz						2010-03-16	$294
					W3520	2.66 GHz						2009-03-29^[23]	$284
		2 (2)			W3505	2.53 GHz	No				4 MB		$
		2 (2)			W3503	2.4 GHz					4 MB		$
Jasper Forest		4 (4)			EC3539	2.13 GHz		65 W	DMI		8 MB	2010-02-11	$302
		2 (4)			LC3528	1.73 GHz	Yes	35 W		3× DDR3-800	4 MB		$302
		1 (1)			LC3518	1.73 GHz	No	23 W		3× DDR3-800	2 MB		$192
Lynnfield		4 (8)	LGA 1156		X3480	3.06 GHz	Yes	95 W	DMI	2× DDR3-1333	8 MB	2010-05-30	$612
					X3470	2.93 GHz						2009-09-08	$589
					X3460	2.8 GHz							$316
					X3450	2.66 GHz							$241
					X3440	2.53 GHz							$215
					L3426	1.86 GHz		45 W					$284
		4 (4)			X3430	2.4 GHz		95 W					$189
Bloomfield	Enthusiast Desktop^[24]	4 (8)	LGA 1366	Core i7 Extreme	975^[25]	3.33 GHz	Yes	130 W	1× QPI 6.4 GT/s	3× DDR3-1066		2009-05-31	$999
				Core i7 Extreme	965	3.2 GHz			1× QPI 6.4 GT/s			2008-11-17	$999
				Core i7	960^[26]	3.2 GHz			1× QPI 4.8 GT/s			2009-10-20	$562
					950^[25]	3.06 GHz						2009-05-31
					940	2.93 GHz						2008-11-17
					930	2.8 GHz						2010-02-28	$294
					920	2.66 GHz						2008-11-17	$284
Lynnfield	Performance Desktop		LGA 1156		880	3.06 GHz	Yes	95 W	DMI	2× DDR3-1333		2010-05-30	$583
					875K	2.93 GHz						2010-05-30	$342
					870^[27]	2.93 GHz						2009-09-08	$562
					870S	2.66 GHz		82 W				2010-07-19	$351
					860	2.8 GHz		95 W				2009-09-08	$284
					860S	2.53 GHz		82 W				2010-01-07	$337
		4 (4)		Core i5	760	2.8 GHz		95 W				2010-07-17	$209
					750^[28]	2.66 GHz		95 W				2009-09-08	$196
					750S	2.4 GHz		82 W				2010-01-07	$259
Jasper Forest	Embedded Desktop	1 (2)	LGA 1366	Celeron	P1053	1.33 GHz	No	30 W		3× DDR3-800	2 MB	02-12-2010	$160

Intel states the Gainestown processors have six memory channels. Gainestown processors have dual QPI links and have a separate set of memory registers for each link in effect, a multiplexed six-channel system.^[29]^[30]

Mobile processors

Codename	Market	Cores / Threads	Socket	Processor Branding & Model		Core Clock rate	Turbo	TDP	L3 cache	Interface	Release Date	Price for 1k Unit
Clarksfield	Extreme / Performance Mobile	4 (8)	µPGA 988	Core i7 Extreme	940XM	2.13 GHz	Yes	55 W	8 MB	* DMI * 2x DDR3-1333 * PCIe 1 x16 / 2 x8	2010-06-21	$1096
				Core i7 Extreme	920XM	2.0 GHz		55 W			2009-09-23	$1054
				Core i7	840QM	1.86 GHz		45 W			2010-06-21	$568
					820QM	1.73 GHz					2009-09-23	$546
					740QM	1.73 GHz			6 MB		2010-06-21	$378
					720QM	1.6 GHz			6 MB		2009-09-23	$364

Roadmap

The main article for this category is Intel Tick-Tock.

The successor to Nehalem and Westmere is Sandy Bridge.

References

↑ I Am Nehalem
↑ Intel Details Upcoming New Processor Generations, Intel Corporation, 2007-03-28
↑ Gruener, Wolfgang (2008-08-10), Nehalem = i7: Intel unveils new Core processor brand, TG Daily
↑ Ian, King (2008-10-20), Intel's new faster chip right on AMD's heels, The Seattle Times
↑ Jones, George (2008-02-09), IAMD vs Intel: The future of desktop CPUs, PC Advisor UK
↑ http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/INTC/0x0x348508/C9259E98-BE06-42C8-A433-E28F64CB8EF2/TurboBoostWhitePaper.pdf
↑ "Inside Nehalem: Intel's Future Processor and System".
↑ "Inside Nehalem: Intel's Future Processor and System".
↑ "Intel's Sandy Bridge Microarchitecture".
↑ "Inside Nehalem: Intel's Future Processor and System". Retrieved 29 December 2014.
↑ "Feature - Intel Core i7 - Nehalem Architecture Dive". bit-tech. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
↑
↑ "Intel's dual teamed approached to micro-architecture development", PC Watch (in Japanese), 2008-01-29
↑ Botezatu, Bogdan (2008-04-22), Intel: No Overclocking for Mainstream Nehalems, Softpedia
↑ NO EXECUTE!
↑ Johan De Gelas. "AnandTech - High-End x86: The Nehalem EX Xeon 7500 and Dell R810". Retrieved 29 December 2014.
↑ AMD launches 12-core Opteron server chips, Intel counters with the 8-core Xeon 7500, engadedget.com, 2010-03-31, retrieved 2010-03-31
↑ Nebojsa Novakovic (2009-02-12), Intel's next bunch of fun CPUs moves to 2010, CNN International, retrieved 2009-03-01
↑ Intel Xeon Processor 5500 Series Product brief, (Document Number: 321579-001US) (PDF), Intel, 2009-04-01, retrieved 2010-08-27
↑ Core i7 to make leap to Xeon in early 2009, Legacy.macnn.com, retrieved 2008-11-24
↑ Fuad Abazovic (2009-01-28), Nehalem based Xeon comes Mar 29th, Fudzilla.com, retrieved 2009-01-28
↑ Intel Xeon Processor 3500 Series, Intel, 2009-04-01, retrieved 2009-04-10
1 2 3 4 Teglet, Traian (2008-11-13), Intel to Add New Nehalem Xeon Processor, softpedia, retrieved 2008-11-13
↑ "Intel Core i7 Processor Extreme Datasheet, Volume 2, (Document Number: 320835-002)" (PDF). Intel. 2008-11-01. Retrieved 2009-03-24.
1 2 Worrel, Jon (2009-02-09), Core i7 950 and 975 to replace 940 and 965, Fudzilla, retrieved 2009-02-10
↑ Intel to launch new Core i7 960 and Celerons
↑ Intel Core i5-750, AnandTech, 2009-06-17
↑ Intel Quietly Announces Core i5, Xtreview, 2009-06-26
↑ Intel Xeon Processor 5000 SequenceTechnical Documents
↑ Intel Xeon Processor 5500 Series Datasheet Volume 2 (PDF), Intel, March 2009, retrieved 2009-05-01

External links

Nehalem processor at Intel.com

Intel processors

Discontinued

BCD oriented (4-bit)	4004 (1971) 4040 (1974)

pre-x86 (8-bit)	8008 (1972) 8080 (1974) 8085 (1977)

Early x86 (16-bit)	8086 (1978) 8088 (1979) 80186 (1982) 80188 (1982) 80286 (1982)

x87 (external FPUs)	8/16-bit databus 8087 (1980) 16-bit databus 80187 80287 80387SX 32-bit databus 80387DX 80487

IA-32 (32-bit)	80386 SX 376 EX 80486 SX DX2 DX4 SL RapidCAD OverDrive A100/A110 Celeron (1998) M D (2004) Pentium Original OverDrive Pro II II OverDrive III 4 M Dual-Core Core Solo Duo

x86-64 (64-bit)	Celeron D Dual-Core Pentium 4 D Extreme Edition Dual-Core Core 2 i7 (some)

Other	CISC iAPX 432 RISC i860 i960 StrongARM XScale

Current

IA-32 (32-bit)	EP80579 Atom CE SoC Quark

x86-64 (64-bit)	Atom CE SoC Celeron Pentium Core i3 i5 i7 m3 m5 m7 Xeon E7 E5 E3 Phi

EPIC	Itanium

Lists

Atom Celeron Core 2 i3 i5 i7 M Itanium Pentium Pro II III 4 D M Dual-Core Xeon

Related

Chipsets PCHs SCHs ICHs PIIXs GPUs Codenames GMA HD and Iris Graphics

Microarchitectures

P5	800 nm P5 600 nm P54C 350 nm P54CS P55C 250 nm Tillamook

P6 / Pentium M / Enhanced Pentium M	500 nm P6 350 nm P6 Klamath 250 nm Mendocino Dixon Tonga Covington Deschutes Katmai Drake Tanner 180 nm Coppermine Coppermine T Timna Cascades 130 nm Tualatin Banias 90 nm Dothan Stealey Tolapai Canmore 65 nm Yonah Sossaman

NetBurst	180 nm Willamette Foster 130 nm Northwood Gallatin Prestonia 90 nm Tejas and Jayhawk Prescott Smithfield Nocona Irwindale Cranford Potomac Paxville 65 nm Cedar Mill Presler Dempsey Tulsa

Core / Penryn	65 nm Merom-L Merom Conroe-L Allendale Conroe Kentsfield Woodcrest Clovertown Tigerton 45 nm Penryn Penryn-QC Wolfdale Yorkfield Wolfdale-DP Harpertown Dunnington

Bonnell / Saltwell	45 nm Silverthorne Diamondville Pineview Lincroft Tunnel Creek Stellarton Sodaville Groveland 32 nm Cedarview Penwell Cloverview Berryville Centerton

Nehalem / Westmere	45 nm Clarksfield Lynnfield Jasper Forest Bloomfield Gainestown (Nehalem-EP) Beckton (Nehalem-EX) 32 nm Arrandale Clarkdale Gulftown (Westmere-EP) Westmere-EX

Sandy Bridge / Ivy Bridge	32 nm Sandy Bridge Sandy Bridge-E Gladden 22 nm Ivy Bridge Ivy Bridge-EP Ivy Bridge-EX

Haswell / Broadwell	22 nm Haswell 14 nm Broadwell

Silvermont / Airmont	22 nm Valleyview Tangier Anniedale 14 nm Cherryview

Skylake/Kaby Lake/Cannonlake	14 nm Skylake Kaby Lake 10 nm Cannonlake

Intel CPU core roadmaps from NetBurst and P6 to Tigerlake

NetBurst

⤷

⤷

Core

Nehalem

Sandy Bridge

Haswell

Skylake

Ice Lake

Bonnell

Silvermont

Goldmont

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