The Royal Opera

This article is about The Royal Opera, London. For other royal opera houses, see Royal Opera (disambiguation).
This article is about the post-1946 opera company. For the opera house where it is based, see Royal Opera House.
exterior of a neo-classical theatre
The Royal Opera House, home of The Royal Opera

The Royal Opera is a company based in central London, resident at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. Along with the English National Opera, it is one of the two principal opera companies in London. Founded in 1946 as the Covent Garden Opera Company, it was known by that title until 1968. It brought a long annual season and consistent management to a house that had previously hosted short seasons under a series of impresarios. Since its inception, it has shared the Royal Opera House with the dance company now known as The Royal Ballet.

When the company was formed, its policy was to perform all works in English, but since the late 1950s most operas have been performed in their original language. From the outset, performers have comprised a mixture of British and Commonwealth singers and international guest stars, but fostering the careers of singers from within the company was a consistent policy of the early years. Among the many guest performers have been Maria Callas, Plácido Domingo, Kirsten Flagstad, Hans Hotter, Birgit Nilsson, Luciano Pavarotti and Elisabeth Schwarzkopf. Among those who have risen to international prominence from the ranks of the company are Geraint Evans, Joan Sutherland, Kiri Te Kanawa and Jon Vickers.

The company's growth under the management of David Webster from modest beginnings to parity with the world's greatest opera houses was recognised by the grant of the title "The Royal Opera" in 1968. Under Webster's successor, John Tooley, appointed in 1970, The Royal Opera prospered, but after his retirement in 1988, there followed a period of instability and the closure of the Royal Opera House for rebuilding and restoration between 1997 and 1999. The 21st century has seen a stable managerial regime once more in place. The company has had six music directors since its inception: Karl Rankl, Rafael Kubelík, Georg Solti, Colin Davis, Bernard Haitink and Antonio Pappano.

History

Background

Between the two World Wars the provision of opera in Great Britain was variable in quality and quantity. At Covent Garden annual international seasons were organised ad hoc. English seasons were even less regular, and poorly supported by the public. ... The Grand Season was largely a social occasion and in practice tended not to include British artists. Artistic achievement was always limited by the paucity of rehearsals that could be called for visiting stars.

“
”

Lords Goodman and Harewood
Report on Opera and Ballet in the United Kingdom, 1969[1]

From the mid-19th century, opera had been presented on the site of Covent Garden's Royal Opera House, at first by Michael Costa's Royal Italian Opera company.[2] After a fire, the new building opened in 1858 with The Royal English Opera company, which moved there from the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.[3] From the 1860s until the Second World War, various syndicates or individual impresarios presented short seasons of opera at the Royal Opera House (so named in 1892), sung in the original language, with star singers and conductors. Pre-war opera was described by the historian Montague Haltrecht as "international, dressy and exclusive".[4] During the war, the Royal Opera House was leased by its owners, Covent Garden Properties Ltd, to Mecca Ballrooms who used it profitably as a dance hall.[5] Towards the end of the war, the owners approached the music publishers Boosey and Hawkes to see if they were interested in taking a lease of the building and staging opera (and ballet) once more. Boosey and Hawkes took a lease, and granted a sub-lease at generous terms to a not-for-profit charitable trust established to run the operation.[6] The chairman of the trust was Lord Keynes.[n 1]

There was some pressure for a return to the pre-war regime of starry international seasons.[9] Sir Thomas Beecham, who had presented many Covent Garden seasons between 1910 and 1939 confidently expected to do so again after the war.[10] However, Boosey and Hawkes, and David Webster, whom they appointed as chief executive of the Covent Garden company,[n 2] were committed to presenting opera all year round, in English with a resident company.[12][13] It was widely assumed that this aim would be met by inviting the existing Sadler's Wells Opera Company to become resident at the Royal Opera House.[13] Webster successfully extended just such an invitation to the Sadler's Wells Ballet Company, but he regarded the sister opera company as "parochial".[14] He was determined to set up a new opera company of his own.[13] The British government had recently begun to give funds to subsidise the arts, and Webster negotiated an ad hoc grant of £60,000 and an annual subsidy of £25,000, enabling him to proceed.[15]

Beginnings

Webster's first priority was to appoint a musical director to build the company from scratch. He negotiated with Bruno Walter and Eugene Goossens, but neither of those conductors was willing to consider an opera company with no leading international stars.[16] Webster appointed a little-known Austrian, Karl Rankl, to the post.[17] Before the war, Rankl had acquired considerable experience in charge of opera companies in Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia.[18] He accepted Webster's invitation to assemble and train the principals and chorus of a new opera company, alongside a permanent orchestra that would play in both operas and ballets.[12]

The new company made its debut in a joint presentation, together with the Sadler's Wells Ballet Company, of Purcell's The Fairy-Queen on 12 December 1946.[19] The first production by the opera company alone was Carmen, on 14 January 1947. Reviews were favourable.[20] The Times said:

It revealed in Mr. Karl Rankl a musical director who knew how to conduct opera. It conceded the claims of theatrical production without sacrificing the music. It proved that contrary to expectation English can even now be sung so that the words are intelligible. It confirmed what we knew already about the quality of the chorus.[21]
head and shoulders image of a bald, clean-shaven man of middle age
Erich Kleiber

All the members of the cast for the production were from Britain or the Commonwealth.[n 3] Later in the season, one of England's few pre-war international opera stars, Eva Turner, appeared as Turandot.[22] For the company's second season, eminent singers from continental Europe were recruited, including Ljuba Welitsch, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Paolo Silveri, Rudolf Schock and Set Svanholm.[23] Other international stars who were willing to re-learn their roles in English for the company in its early years included Kirsten Flagstad and Hans Hotter for The Valkyrie.[24] Nevertheless, even as early as 1948, the opera in English policy was weakening; the company was obliged to present some Wagner performances in German to recruit leading exponents of the main roles.[25] At first Rankl conducted all the productions; he was dismayed when eminent guest conductors including Beecham, Clemens Krauss and Erich Kleiber were later invited for prestige productions.[n 4] By 1951 Rankl felt that he was no longer valued, and announced his resignation.[27] In Haltrecht's view, the company that Rankl built up from nothing had outgrown him.[28]

In the early years, the company sought to be innovative and widely accessible. Ticket prices were kept down: in the 1949 season 530 seats were available for each performance at two shillings and sixpence.[n 5] In addition to the standard operatic repertory, the company presented operas by living composers such as Britten, Vaughan Williams, Bliss, and, later, Walton.[30] The young stage director Peter Brook was put in charge of productions, bringing a fresh and sometimes controversial approach to stagings.[31]

1950s

After Rankl's departure the company engaged a series of guest conductors while Webster sought a new musical director. His preferred candidates, Erich Kleiber, John Barbirolli, Josef Krips, Britten and Rudolf Kempe, were among the guests but none would take the permanent post.[32] It was not until 1954 that Webster found a replacement for Rankl in Rafael Kubelík.[33] Kubelík announced immediately that he was in favour of continuing the policy of singing in the vernacular: "Everything that the composer has written should be understood by the audience; and that is not possible if the opera is sung in a language with which they are not familiar".[n 6] This provoked a public onslaught by Beecham, who continued to maintain that it was impossible to produce more than a handful of English-speaking opera stars, and that importing singers from continental Europe was the only way to achieve first-rate results.[35]

four head and shoulders shots of opera stars out of make-up and as themselves
1950s stars, clockwise from top left, Joan Sutherland, Victoria de los Ángeles, Geraint Evans, Tito Gobbi

Despite Beecham's views, by the mid-1950s the Covent Garden company included many British and Commonwealth singers who were already or were soon to be much sought after by overseas opera houses.[36] Among them were Joan Carlyle, Marie Collier, Geraint Evans, Michael Langdon, Elsie Morison, Amy Shuard, Joan Sutherland, Josephine Veasey and Jon Vickers.[36] Nevertheless, as Lords Goodman and Harewood put it in a 1969 report for the Arts Council, "[A]s time went on the operatic centre of British life began to take on an international character. This meant that, while continuing to develop the British artists, it was felt impossible to reach the highest international level by using only British artists or singing only in English".[37] Guest singers from mainland Europe in the 1950s included Maria Callas, Boris Christoff, Victoria de los Ángeles, Tito Gobbi and Birgit Nilsson.[38] Kubelík introduced Janáček's Jenůfa to British audiences, sung in English by a mostly British cast.[39]

The verdict of the public on whether operas should be given in translation or the original was clear. In 1959, the opera house stated in its annual report, "[T]he percentage attendance at all opera in English was 72 per cent; attendance at the special productions marked by higher prices was 91 per cent … it is 'international' productions with highly priced seats that reduce our losses".[40] The opera in English policy was never formally renounced. On this subject, Peter Heyworth wrote in The Observer in 1960 that Covent Garden had "quickly learned the secret that underlies the genius of British institutions for undisturbed change: it continued to pay lip service to a policy that it increasingly ignored".[41][n 7]

By the end of the 1950s, Covent Garden was generally regarded as approaching the excellence of the world's greatest opera companies.[44] Its sister ballet company had achieved international recognition and was granted a royal charter in 1956, changing its title to "The Royal Ballet"; the opera company was close to reaching similar eminence.[44] Two landmark productions greatly enhanced its reputation. In 1957, Covent Garden presented the first substantially complete professional staging at any opera house of Berlioz's vast opera The Trojans, directed by John Gielgud and conducted by Kubelík.[45] The Times commented, "It has never been a success; but it is now".[46] In 1958 the present theatre's centenary was marked by Luchino Visconti's production of Verdi's Don Carlos, with Vickers, Gobbi, Christoff, Gré Brouwenstijn and Fedora Barbieri, conducted by Carlo Maria Giulini.[47] The work was then a rarity,[n 8] and had hitherto been widely regarded as impossible to stage satisfactorily, but Visconti's production was a triumph.[48][49]

1960s

head and shoulders shot of a bald man of middle years
Georg Solti, musical director 1961–71

Kubelík did not renew his contract when it expired, and from 1958 there was an interregnum until 1961, covered by guest conductors including Giulini, Kempe, Tullio Serafin, Georg Solti and Kubelík himself.[50] In June 1960 Solti was appointed musical director from the 1961 season onwards.[51] With his previous experience in charge of the Munich and Frankfurt opera houses, he was at first uncertain that Covent Garden, not yet consistently reaching the top international level, was a post he wanted. Bruno Walter persuaded him otherwise, and he took up the musical directorship in August 1961.[52] The press gave him a cautious welcome, but there was some concern about a drift away from the company's original policies:

[A] recent shift in policy towards engaging eminent singers and conductors from abroad, which is a reversion to what has been at once traditional and fatal to the establishment of a permanent organization, a kind of diffused grand season, has endangered the good work of the past fifteen years. ... The purpose of a subsidy from the Exchequer was to lay foundations for an English opera, such as is a feature of the culture of every other country in Europe.[53]

[Solti] announced his intention of making Covent Garden 'quite simply, the best opera house in the world', and in the opinion of many he succeeded.

“
”

Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians[54]

Solti, however, was an advocate of opera in the vernacular,[55][n 9] and promoted the development of British and Commonwealth singers in the company, frequently casting them in his recordings and important productions in preference to overseas artists.[57] Among those who came to prominence during the decade were Gwyneth Jones and Peter Glossop.[58] Solti demonstrated his belief in vernacular opera with a triple bill in English of L'heure espagnole, Erwartung and Gianni Schicchi.[59] Nevertheless, Solti and Webster had to take into account the complete opposition on the part of such stars as Callas to opera in translation.[55] Moreover, as Webster recognised, the English-speaking singers wanted to learn their roles in the original so that they could sing them in other countries and on record.[60] Increasingly, productions were in the original language.[60] In the interests of musical and dramatic excellence, Solti was a strong proponent of the stagione system of scheduling performances, rather than the traditional repertory system.[55][n 10] By 1967, The Times said, "Patrons of Covent Garden today automatically expect any new production, and indeed any revival, to be as strongly cast as anything at the Met in New York, and as carefully presented as anything in Milan or Vienna".[61]

The company's repertory in the 1960s combined the standard operatic works and less familiar pieces. The five composers whose works were given most frequently were Verdi, Puccini, Wagner, Mozart and Richard Strauss; the next most performed composer was Britten.[62] Rarities performed in the 1960s included operas by Handel and Janáček (neither composer's works being as common in the opera house then as now), and works by Gluck (Iphigénie en Tauride), Poulenc (The Carmelites), Ravel (L'heure espagnole) and Tippett (King Priam).[63] There was also a celebrated production of Schoenberg's Moses and Aaron in the 1965–66 and 1966–67 seasons.[64] In the mainstream repertoire, a highlight of the decade was Franco Zeffirelli's production of Tosca in 1964 with Callas, Renato Cioni and Gobbi.[65] Among the guest conductors who appeared at Covent Garden during the 1960s were Otto Klemperer, Pierre Boulez, Claudio Abbado and Colin Davis.[66] Guest singers included Jussi Björling, Mirella Freni, Sena Jurinac, Irmgard Seefried and Astrid Varnay.[67]

The company made occasional appearances away from the Royal Opera House. Touring within Britain was limited to centres with large enough theatres to accommodate the company's productions,[68] but in 1964 the company gave a concert performance of Otello at the Proms in London.[69] Thereafter an annual appearance at the Proms was a regular feature of the company's schedule throughout the 1960s.[70] In 1970, Solti led the company to Germany, where they gave Don Carlos, Falstaff and a new work by Richard Rodney Bennett. All but two of the principals were British. The public in Munich and Berlin were, according to the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, "beside themselves with enthusiasm".[71][n 11]

In 1968, on the recommendation of the Home Secretary, James Callaghan, the Queen conferred the title "The Royal Opera" on the company. It was the third stage company in the UK to be so honoured, following the Royal Ballet and the Royal Shakespeare Company.[73]

1970 to 1986

head shot of a man in early middle age, with a full head of dark hair
Colin Davis, musical director, 1971–86, photographed in 1967

Webster retired in June 1970. The music critic Charles Osborne wrote, "When he retired, he handed over to his successor an organization of which any opera house in the world might be proud. No memorial could be more appropriate".[74] The successor was Webster's former assistant, John Tooley.[75] One of Webster's last important decisions had been to recommend to the board that Colin Davis should be invited to take over as musical director when Solti left in 1971. It was announced in advance that Davis would work in tandem with Peter Hall, appointed director of productions. Peter Brook had briefly held that title in the company's early days,[76] but in general the managerial structure of the opera company differed markedly from that of the ballet. The latter had always had its own director, subordinate to the chief executive of the opera house but with, in practice, a great degree of autonomy.[77] The chief executive of the opera house and the musical director exercised considerably more day-to-day control over the opera company [77][78] Appointing a substantial theatrical figure such as Hall was an important departure.[79] Hall, however, changed his mind, and did not take up the appointment, going instead to run the National Theatre.[80] His defection, and the departure to Australian Opera of the staff conductor Edward Downes, a noted Verdi expert, left the company weakened on both production and musical sides.[81]

Like his predecessors, Davis experienced hostility from sections of the audience in his early days in charge.[82] His first production after taking over was a well-received Le nozze di Figaro, in which Kiri Te Kanawa achieved immediate stardom,[83] but booing was heard at a "disastrous" Nabucco in 1971,[84] and his conducting of Wagner's Ring was at first compared unfavourably with that of his predecessor.[84] The Covent Garden board briefly considered replacing him, but was dissuaded by its chairman, Lord Drogheda.[81] Davis's Mozart was generally admired; he received much praise for reviving the little-known La clemenza di Tito in 1974.[81] Among his other successes were The Trojans and Benvenuto Cellini.[84]

Under Davis, the opera house introduced promenade performances, giving, as Bernard Levin wrote, "an opportunity for those (particularly the young, of course) who could not normally afford the price of stalls tickets to sample the view from the posher quarters at the trifling cost of £3 and a willingness to sit on the floor".[82][n 12] Davis conducted more than 30 operas during his 15-year tenure,[86] but, he said, "people like [Lorin] Maazel, Abbado and [Riccardo] Muti would only come for new productions". Unlike Rankl, and like Solti,[87] Davis wanted the world's best conductors to come to Covent Garden.[84] He ceded the baton to guests for new productions including Der Rosenkavalier, Rigoletto and Aida.[84] In The Times, John Higgins wrote, "One of the hallmarks of the Davis regime was the flood of international conductors who suddenly arrived at Covent Garden. While Davis has been in control perhaps only three big names have been missing from the roster: Karajan, Bernstein and Barenboim".[88] Among the high-profile guests conducting Davis's company were Carlos Kleiber for performances of Der Rosenkavalier (1974), Elektra (1977), La bohème (1979) and Otello (1980),[89] and Abbado conducting Un ballo in maschera (1975), starring Plácido Domingo and Katia Ricciarelli.[90]

In addition to the standard repertoire, Davis conducted such operas as Berg's Lulu and Wozzeck, Tippett's The Knot Garden and The Ice Break, and Alexander Zemlinsky's Der Zwerg and Eine florentinische Tragödie.[86]

Among the star guest singers during the Davis years were the sopranos Montserrat Caballé and Leontyne Price,[91] the tenors Carlo Bergonzi, Nicolai Gedda and Luciano Pavarotti[92] and the bass Gottlob Frick.[93] British singers appearing with the company included Janet Baker, Heather Harper, John Tomlinson and Richard Van Allan.[94] Davis's tenure, at that time the longest in The Royal Opera's history, closed in July 1986 not with a gala, but, at his insistence, with a promenade performance of Fidelio with cheap admission prices.[82]

1987 to 2002

bald man in middle age, smiling in semi-profile
Bernard Haitink, music director 1985 to 2002

To succeed Davis, the Covent Garden board chose Bernard Haitink, who was then the musical director of the Glyndebourne Festival. He was highly regarded for the excellence of his performances, though his repertory was not large.[95] In particular, he was not known as an interpreter of the Italian opera repertoire (he conducted no Puccini and only five Verdi works during his music directorship at Covent Garden).[95] His tenure began well; a cycle of the Mozart Da Ponte operas directed by Johannes Schaaf was a success, and although a Ring cycle with the Russian director Yuri Lyubimov could not be completed, a substitute staging of the cycle directed by Götz Friedrich was well received.[95] Musically and dramatically the company prospered into the 1990s. A 1993 production of Die Meistersinger, conducted by Haitink and starring John Tomlinson, Thomas Allen, Gösta Winbergh and Nancy Gustafson, was widely admired,[96] as was Richard Eyre's 1994 staging of La traviata, conducted by Solti and propelling Angela Gheorghiu to stardom.[97]

For some time, purely musical considerations were overshadowed by practical and managerial crises at the Royal Opera House. Sir John Tooley retired as general director in 1988, and his post was given to the television executive Jeremy Isaacs. Tooley later forsook his customary reticence and pronounced the Isaacs period a disaster, citing poor management that failed to control inflated manning levels with a consequent steep rise in costs and ticket prices.[98] The uneasy relations between Isaacs and his colleagues, notably Haitink, were also damaging.[98] Tooley concluded that under Isaacs "Covent Garden had become a place of corporate entertainment, no longer a theatre primarily for opera and ballet lovers".[98] Isaacs was widely blamed for the poor public relations arising from the 1996 BBC television series The House, in which cameras were permitted to film the day-to-day backstage life of the opera and ballet companies and the running of the theatre.[n 13] The Daily Telegraph commented, "For years, the Opera House was a byword for mismanagement and chaos. Its innermost workings were exposed to public ridicule by the BBC fly-on-the-wall series The House".[100]

In 1995, The Royal Opera announced a "Verdi Festival", of which the driving force was the company's leading Verdian, Sir Edward Downes, by now returned from Australia.[101] The aim was to present all Verdi's operas, either on stage or in concert performance, between 1995 and the centenary of Verdi's death, 2001.[102] Those operas substantially rewritten by the composer in his long career, such as Simon Boccanegra, were given in both their original and revised versions.[103] The festival did not manage to stage a complete Verdi cycle; the closure of the opera house disrupted many plans, but as The Guardian put it, "Downes still managed to introduce, either under his own baton or that of others, most of the major works and many of the minor ones by the Italian master."[104]

The most disruptive event of the decade for both the opera and the ballet companies was the closure of the Royal Opera House between 1997 and 1999 for major rebuilding. The Independent on Sunday asserted that Isaacs "hopelessly mismanaged the closure of the Opera House during its redevelopment".[98] Isaacs, the paper states, turned down the chance of a temporary move to the Lyceum Theatre almost next door to the opera house, pinning his hopes on a proposed new temporary building on London's South Bank.[98] That scheme was refused planning permission, leaving the opera and ballet companies homeless. Isaacs resigned in December 1996, nine months before the expiry of his contract.[98] Haitink, dismayed by events, threatened to leave, but was persuaded to stay and keep the opera company going in a series of temporary homes in London theatres and concert halls.[95] A semi-staged Ring cycle at the Royal Albert Hall gained superlative reviews and won many new admirers for Haitink and the company, whose members included Tomlinson, Anne Evans and Hildegard Behrens.[n 14]

After Isaacs left, there was a period of managerial instability, with three chief executives in three years. Isaacs's successor, Genista McIntosh, resigned in May 1997 after five months, citing ill-health.[106] Her post was filled by Mary Allen, who moved into the job from the Arts Council. Allen's selection did not comply with the Council's rules for such appointments, and following a critical House of Commons Select Committee report on the management of the opera house[107] she resigned in March 1998, as did the entire board of the opera house, including the chairman, Lord Chadlington.[108] A new board appointed Michael Kaiser as general director in September 1998. He oversaw the restoration of the two companies' finances and the re-opening of the opera house. He was widely regarded as a success, and there was some surprise when he left in June 2000 after less than two years to run the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C.[109]

The last operatic music to be heard in the old house had been the finale of Falstaff, conducted by Solti with the singers led by Bryn Terfel, in a joint opera and ballet farewell gala in July 1997.[n 15] When the house reopened in December 1999, magnificently restored, Falstaff was the opera given on the opening night, conducted by Haitink, once more with Terfel in the title role.[111][n 16]

2002 to date

picture of elderly man to the left presenting a younger man to the right with an award
Antonio Pappano (right), music director since 2002, with the Italian President Giorgio Napolitano

Following years of disruption and conflict, stability was restored to the opera house and its two companies after the appointment in May 2001 of a new chief executive, Tony Hall, formerly a senior executive at the BBC. The following year Antonio Pappano succeeded Haitink as music director of The Royal Opera. Following the redevelopment, a second, smaller auditorium, the Linbury Studio Theatre has been made available for small-scale productions by The Royal Opera and The Royal Ballet, for visiting companies, and for work produced in the ROH2 programme, which supports new work and developing artists.[113] The Royal Opera encourages young singers at the start of their careers with the Jette Parker Young Artists Programme; participants are salaried members of the company and receive daily coaching in all aspects of opera.[114]

In addition to the standard works of the operatic repertoire, The Royal Opera has presented many less well known pieces since 2002, including Cilea's Adriana Lecouvreur, Massenet's Cendrillon, Prokofiev's The Gambler, Rimsky-Korsakov's The Tsar's Bride, Rossini's Il turco in Italia, Steffani's Niobe, and Tchaikovsky's The Tsarina's Slippers.[115] Among the composers whose works were premiered were Thomas Adès,[116] Harrison Birtwistle,[117] Lorin Maazel,[118] and Nicholas Maw.[119]

Productions in the first five years of Pappano's tenure ranged from Shostakovich's Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk (2004)[120] to Stephen Sondheim's Sweeney Todd (2003) starring Thomas Allen and Felicity Palmer.[121] Pappano's Ring cycle, begun in 2004 and staged as a complete tetralogy in 2007, was praised like Haitink's before it for its musical excellence; it was staged in a production described by Richard Morrison in The Times as "much derided for mixing the homely … the wacky and the cosmic".[122] During Pappano's tenure, his predecessors Davis and Haitink have both returned as guests. Haitink conducted Parsifal, with Tomlinson, Christopher Ventris and Petra Lang in 2007,[123] and Davis conducted four Mozart operas between 2002 and 2011, Richard Strauss's Ariadne auf Naxos in 2007 and Humperdinck's Hansel and Gretel in 2008.[124] In 2007, Sir Simon Rattle conducted a new production of Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande starring Simon Keenlyside, Angelika Kirchschlager and Gerald Finley.[125]

The company visited Japan in 2010, presenting a new production of Manon and the Eyre production of La traviata. While the main company was abroad, a smaller company remained in London, presenting Niobe, Così fan tutte and Don Pasquale at Covent Garden.[126]

In 2010, the Royal Opera House received a government subsidy of just over £27m,[127] compared with a subsidy of £15m in 1998.[128] This sum was divided between the opera and ballet companies and the cost of running the building.[128] Compared with opera houses in mainland Europe, Covent Garden's public subsidy has remained low as a percentage of its income – typically 43%, compared with 60% for its counterpart in Munich.[129]

In the latter part of the 2000s The Royal Opera gave an average of 150 performances each season, lasting from September to July, of about 20 operas, nearly half of which were new productions.[130] Productions in the 2011–12 season included a new opera (Miss Fortune) by Judith Weir,[131] and the first performances of The Trojans at Covent Garden since 1990, conducted by Pappano, and starring Bryan Hymel, Eva-Maria Westbroek and Anna Caterina Antonacci.[132] From the start of the 2011–12 season Kasper Holten became Director of The Royal Opera,[133] joined by John Fulljames as Associate Director of Opera.[134] At the end of the 2011-12 season ROH2, the contemporary arm of The Royal Opera House, was closed.[135] Responsibility for contemporary programming was split between the Studio programmes of The Royal Opera and The Royal Ballet.[136]

Since the start of the 2012–13 season The Royal Opera has continued to mount around 20 productions and around seven new productions each season. The 2012–13 season opened with a revival of Der Ring des Nibelungen, directed by Keith Warner; new productions that season included Robert le diable, directed by Laurent Pelly,[137] Eugene Onegin, directed by Holten,[138] La donna del lago, directed by Fulljames,[139] and the UK premiere of Written on Skin, composed by George Benjamin and directed by Katie Mitchell.[140] Productions by the Studio Programme included the world premiere of David Bruce's The Firework-Maker's Daughter (inspired by Philip Pullman's novel of the same name), directed by Fulljames,[141] and the UK stage premiere of Gerald Barry's The Importance of Being Earnest, directed by Ramin Gray.[142]

New productions in the 2013–14 season included Les vêpres siciliennes, directed by Stefan Herheim,[143] Parsifal, directed by Stephen Langridge,[144] Don Giovanni, directed by Holten,[145] Die Frau ohne Schatten, directed by Claus Guth,[146] and Manon Lescaut, directed by Jonathan Kent,[147] and in the Studio Programme the world premiere of Luke Bedford's Through His Teeth,[148] and the London premiere of Luca Francesconi's Quartett (directed by Fulljames).[149] This season also saw the first production of a three-year collaboration between The Royal Opera and Welsh National Opera, staging Moses und Aron in 2014, Richard Ayre's Peter Pan in 2015 and a new commission in 2016 to celebrate WNO's 70th anniversary.[150] Other events this season included The Royal Opera's first collaboration with Shakespeare's Globe, Holten directing L'Ormindo in the newly opened Sam Wanamaker Playhouse.[151] In The Guardian, Tim Ashley wrote, "A more exquisite evening would be hard to imagine"; Dominic Dromgoole, director of the playhouse expressed the hope that the partnership with the Royal Opera would become an annual fixture.[152] The production was revived in February 2015.[153]

Managerial and musical heads, 1946 to date

Royal Opera House
Chief Executive 		Opera company
Music Director 		Director of Opera Notes and references
1946–1970
David Webster		 1946–1951
Karl Rankl		 none 1946–1980 Chief Executive titled "General Administrator"
none –
1955–1958
Rafael Kubelík		 –
none 1959–1960
Lord Harewood		 Harewood's title was "Controller of Opera Planning"
1960–1962
Bernard Keeffe		 Keeffe's title was "Controller of Opera Planning"
1961–1971
Georg Solti		 –
1962–1971
Joan Ingpen		 Ingpen's title was "Controller of Opera Planning"
1970–1988
John Tooley		 From 1980, Tooley's title was "General Director"
1971–1986
Colin Davis		 none –
1973–1981
Helga Schmidt		 Schmidt's title was first "Head of Opera Planning"
then "Artistic Administrator"
1983–1987
Peter Katona		 Katona's title was "Artistic Administrator"
He is currently "Director of Casting"
1987–2002
Bernard Haitink		 1987–1993
Paul Findlay		 Since the 1980s, the title "Music Director"
has been adopted in place of "Musical Director"
Findlay's title was "Opera Director"
1988–1996
Jeremy Isaacs		 Isaac's title was "General Director"
1993–1998
Nicholas Payne		 Payne's title was "Opera Director"
January – May 1997
Genista McIntosh		 McIntosh's title was "Chief Executive"
September 1997 – March 1998
Mary Allen		 Allen's title was "Chief Executive"
September 1998 – June 2000
Michael Kaiser		 none Kaiser's title was "Chief Executive"
none 2000–2011
Elaine Padmore		 Padmore's title was "Director of Opera"
May 2001 – 2013
Tony Hall		 Hall's title was "Chief Executive"[154]
2002–present
Antonio Pappano		 –
2011–present
Kasper Holten		 Holten's title is "Director of Opera"
2013–
Alex Beard		 Beard's title is "Chief Executive"

References

Notes

  1. ↑ The other members were Sir Kenneth Clark, Sir Stanley Marchant, William Walton and, from Boosey and Hawkes, Leslie Boosey and Ralph Hawkes. Keynes died in 1946 and was succeeded as chairman by the retired cabinet minister Lord Waverley, who served until his death in 1958.[7][8]
  2. ↑ Webster used the job title "general administrator" throughout his tenure at Covent Garden.[11]
  3. ↑ The principals were Edith Coates as Carmen, with Kenneth Neate, Dennis Noble, Muriel Rae, David Franklin, Grahame Clifford, Audrey Bowman and Constance Shacklock.[21]
  4. ↑ Rankl was resistant to allowing any outsiders to conduct his company, although he allocated performances of works he did not like to his staff conductors, Peter Gellhorn and Reginald Goodall.[26]
  5. ↑ This sum is equivalent to 12½ pence in decimal terms; about £3.50 in terms of 2010 retail prices.[29]
  6. ↑ Kubelik added that some operas are untranslatable, notably those of Wagner.[34]
  7. ↑ After the general practice had changed to using the original language, there were still occasional productions presented in translation, such as Poulenc's The Carmelites, starring Régine Crespin, Valerie Masterson and Felicity Lott in 1983,[42] and Janáček's The Cunning Little Vixen under Sir Charles Mackerras in 2010.[43]
  8. ↑ The last Covent Garden performances had been given by Beecham in 1933.[48]
  9. ↑ The music journalist Norman Lebrecht asserts that Solti was opposed to opera in English, but cites no evidence in support of the statement.[56]
  10. ↑ Under the old repertory system, a company would have a certain number of operas in its repertoire, and they would be played throughout the season in a succession of one or two night performances, with little or no rehearsal each time. Under the stagione system, works would be revived in blocks of perhaps ten or more performances, fully rehearsed for each revival.
  11. ↑ Within the UK, the company's last season away from London was in Manchester in 1983.[72]
  12. ↑ In current terms, £3 in 1973 was worth a little under £30 (in 2010), compared with a typical regular stalls ticket price between £100 and £200 (2011), depending on the opera and location within the stalls.[29][85]
  13. ↑ Rodney Milnes outlined some of the episodes caught on camera: "the chief commissionaire's revelation of what goes on in the boxes is especially intriguing … A horse falls through the set of Katya Kabanova … Sackings are agreed while Carmen is stabbed on stage. A black family from south London attending a Hamlyn week reduced-price performance is spectacularly misdirected to cheap gallery slips by toffee-nosed ushers … corporate entertainment rampant, with sponsors boasting of the house's exclusivity and blithely unconcerned at the use of public money to make it so".[99]
  14. ↑ In the arts pages of The Financial Times, Andrew Clark wrote, "It played to the highest number of people that Wagner's tetralogy has probably ever witnessed at a single sitting. Tickets were sold out weeks in advance, with 20 per cent costing a mere £7.50 for each of the four evenings. The set, a narrow promontory in front of the orchestra, must have been the cheapest in Ring history. The all-black costumes can't have cost much either – and yet the performances pulsated with human drama".[105]
  15. ↑ Solti, Davis and Haitink all conducted at this gala. The Verdi was the penultimate item on the programme. The gala closed with Darcey Bussell dancing on a bare stage, surrounded by both companies, as the Lilac Fairy symbolically putting the house to sleep at the end of Act I of The Sleeping Beauty.[110]
  16. ↑ The original plan had been to open with György Ligeti's Le Grand Macabre, but the necessary stage machinery was not ready in time, and the slightly-delayed season began with Falstaff.[112]

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Goodman and Harewood, p. 9
  2. ↑ "History", Royal Opera House, retrieved 17 December 2012
  3. ↑ "Drury-Lane Theatre", The Times, 13 December 1858, p. 10
  4. ↑ Haltrecht, p.18
  5. ↑ Haltrecht, p. 51
  6. ↑ Haltrecht, pp. 52 and 58
  7. ↑ "Covent Garden Opera and Ballet", The Times, 20 July 1944, p. 6
  8. ↑ Haltrecht, p. 57
  9. ↑ Haltrecht, p. 52
  10. ↑ Jefferson, 190–192
  11. ↑ Haltrecht, p. 307
  12. 1 2 "Opera in English – A New Policy for Covent Garden – Mr. Rankl Appointed Musical Director", The Times, 17 June 1946, p. 8
  13. 1 2 3 Haltrecht, pp. 54–56
  14. ↑ Haltrecht, p. 58
  15. ↑ Haltrecht, p. 64
  16. ↑ Haltrecht, p. 78
  17. ↑ Haltrecht, p. 79
  18. ↑ Howes, Frank. "Rankl, Karl", Grove Music Online Oxford Music Online, retrieved 26 August 2011 (subscription required)
  19. ↑ "Music this Week", The Times, 9 December 1946, p. 6
  20. ↑ "Opera at Covent Garden", Tempo, Summer 1947, pp. 19–21 (subscription required), and Stuart, Charles. "The English Season at Covent Garden", The Musical Times, 1 May 1947, pp. 168–169 (subscription required)
  21. 1 2 "The Royal Opera – Carmen", The Times, 15 January 1947, p. 6
  22. ↑ "The Royal Opera – Turandot", The Times, 30 May 1947, p. 6
  23. ↑ "Covent Garden Opera", The Times, 7 September 1948, p. 6
  24. ↑ "'The Valkyrie' in English", The Times, 3 March 1948, p. 8
  25. ↑ "Opera in English – Long-Term Policy", The Times, 3 December 1948, p. 7
  26. ↑ Gilbert and Shir, p. 74
  27. ↑ Haltrecht, p. 150
  28. ↑ Haltrecht, p. 152
  29. 1 2 Williamson, Samuel H. "Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1830 to Present", MeasuringWorth, retrieved 17 September 2011
  30. ↑ Royal Opera House Archive Performance Database: P (Britten and Vaughan Williams); Royal Opera House Archive Performance Database: O (Bliss); and Royal Opera House Archive Performance Database: T (Walton); all retrieved 9 February 2012
  31. ↑ Sutcliffe, Tom. "Elders and Betters", The Musical Times, 1 June 1993, pp. 324–327 (subscription required)
  32. ↑ Haltrecht, pp. 185–190
  33. ↑ Haltrecht, p. 191
  34. ↑ "Mr. Kubelik on Opera at Covent Garden", The Times, 30 September 1955, p. 3
  35. ↑ Beecham, Sir Thomas. "Opera at Covent Garden", The Times, 27 June 1956, p. 11
  36. 1 2 Temperley. Nicholas, et al. "London (i)", Grove Music Online, Oxford Music Online retrieved 28 August 2011 (subscription required) (Evans), and Haltrecht, pp. 131–132 (Sutherland), 229 (Carlyle, Shuard and Vickers), 287 (Langdon), 215 (Morison), 287 (Veasey) and 288 (Collier)
  37. ↑ Goodman and Harewood, p. 10
  38. ↑ Drogheda et al, p. 143 (Callas), Haltrecht, pp. 134–135 (Christoff), "The Royal Opera – 'Manon'", The Times, 6 December 1950, p. 8 (de los Ángeles), Haltrecht, pp. 281–282 (Gobbi) and p. 227 (Nilsson)
  39. ↑ Haltrecht, p. 219; and "Jenůfa – 10 December 1956 Evening", Royal Opera House Archive, Performance Database, retrieved 8 February 2011
  40. ↑ "Covent Garden States the Case for its Present Operatic Policy", The Times, 9 December 1959, p. 4
  41. ↑ Heyworth, Peter. "The State of Covent Garden", The Observer, 24 July 1960, p. 25
  42. ↑ "Opera", The Times, 16 April 1983, p. 7
  43. ↑ Mellor, David. "Driven wild by a little Vixen", The Mail on Sunday, 28 March 2010
  44. 1 2 Haltrecht, p. 237
  45. ↑ Rosenthal, p. 669
  46. ↑ "'The Trojans' at Covent Garden", The Times, 7 June 1957, p. 3
  47. ↑ Haltrecht, p. 235
  48. 1 2 "An Outstanding International Cast in a Special Production: Verdi's 'Don Carlos' at Covent Garden", The Illustrated London News, 17 May 1958, p. 838
  49. ↑ Haltrecht, p. 236
  50. ↑ Haltrecht, pp. 243 (Giulini), 230 (Kempe), 244 (Serafin), and 257 (Solti), and Boris Godunov, Royal Opera House Collections Online, retrieved 17 September 2011 (Kubelík)
  51. ↑ "Covent Garden Post for Mr. Solti", The Times, 2 July 1960, p. 8
  52. ↑ Haltrecht, p. 264
  53. ↑ "Covent Garden Reinforced", The Times, 2 July 1960, p. 9
  54. ↑ Jacobs, Arthur and José A. Bowen. "Solti, Sir Georg", Grove Music Online, Oxford Music Online, retrieved 29 August 2011 (subscription required)
  55. 1 2 3 "What Sort of Opera for Covent Garden?", The Times, 9 December 1960, p. 18
  56. ↑ Lebrecht, pp. 228–229
  57. ↑ Haltrecht, p. 295
  58. ↑ Blyth, Alan. "Obituaries", The Gramophone, July 1971, p. 31
  59. ↑ "Solti's Success with Opera in English", The Times, 18 June 1962, p. 5
  60. 1 2 "Sir David Webster's 21 Years at Covent Garden", The Times, 12 April 1965, p. 14
  61. ↑ "Twenty marvellous years at Covent Garden", The Times, 13 January 1967, p. 14
  62. ↑ Goodman and Harewood, p. 57
  63. ↑ Haltrecht, pp. 264 (Gluck), 229 (Poulenc), 267 (Ravel) and 269 (Tippett)
  64. ↑ Goodman and Harewood, pp. 57–59
  65. ↑ Haltrecht, p. 281
  66. ↑ Drogheda et al, p. 151 (Klemperer), "Boulez at Covent Garden", The Times, 15 October 1969 (Boulez), "Strong cast for Garden Carlos", The Times, 20 June 1968, p. 9 (Abbado), and Haltrecht, p. 301 (Davis)
  67. ↑ "Björling in Bohème", The Times 11 March 1960, p. 15 (Björling), "Gemlike Freni Against a Shabby Setting", The Times 9 June 1965, p. 16 (Freni), "Miss Jurinac as Mimi", The Times 29 April 1963 (Jurinac), "Outstanding Octavian", The Times 3 October 1962, p. 12 (Seefried), and "Covent Garden's new opera plan", The Times, 20 June 1967, p. 6 (Varnay)
  68. ↑ Haltrecht, p. 198
  69. ↑ "Covent Garden Otello at the Proms", The Times, 7 August 1964, p. 14
  70. ↑ Goodman and Harewood, p. 11
  71. ↑ Quoted in Lebrecht, p. 281
  72. ↑ Morris, Michael. "Manchester opera season to go ahead", The Guardian, 30 December 1982, p. 2
  73. ↑ "The Royal Opera", The Times, 24 October 1968, p. 3
  74. ↑ Osborne, Charles. "David Webster", The Musical Times, 1 July 1971, p. 694 (subscription required)
  75. ↑ Donaldson, p. 148
  76. ↑ Gilbert and Shir, pp. 83–89
  77. 1 2 "The Knight at the Opera", The Times, 24 November 1980, p. 16
  78. ↑ Boursnell and Thubron, p. 54
  79. ↑ Haltrecht, p. 301
  80. ↑ Waymark, Peter. "Peter Hall will not take Royal Opera job", The Times, 8 July 1971, p. 1, and Haltrecht, p. 301
  81. 1 2 3 Gilbert and Shir, p. 460
  82. 1 2 3 Levin, Bernard. "Goodbye to the Garden – Tribute to Sir Colin Davis", The Times, 19 July 1986
  83. ↑ Donaldson, p. 156
  84. 1 2 3 4 5 Canning, Hugh. "Forget the booing, remember the triumph", The Guardian, 19 July 1986, p. 11
  85. ↑ "Seating Plans and Ticket Prices", Royal Opera House, retrieved 17 September 2011
  86. 1 2 Porter, Andrew and Alan Blyth. "Davis, Sir Colin", Grove Music Online, Oxford Music Online, retrieved 30 August 2011 (subscription required)
  87. ↑ Mr. Georg Solti's First Two Years at Covent Garden", The Times, 26 July 1963, p. 16
  88. ↑ Higgins, John. "A chance to pursue freedom afresh – Profile of Sir Colin Davis", The Times, 16 July 1986
  89. ↑ "Carlos Kleiber", Royal Opera House Collections Online, retrieved 31 August 2011
  90. ↑ "Un ballo in maschera – 30 January 1975", Royal Opera House Collections Online, retrieved 31 August 2011
  91. ↑ Higgins, John. "Nicolai Gedda: the gift of tongues", The Times 21 June 1972, p. 9 (Caballe), and Sadie, Stanley. "Aida, Covent Garden", The Times, 24 March 1973, p 9 (Price)
  92. ↑ "Bergonzi returning to Covent Garden", The Times, 15 February 1971, p. 10 (Bergonzi), Higgins, John. "Nicolai Gedda: the gift of tongues", The Times 21 June 1972, p. 9 (Gedda), and Higgins, John. "La Bohème, Covent Garden", The Times, 16 January 1976, p. 11 (Pavarotti)
  93. ↑ "Gottlob Frick for Parsifal", The Times, 20 April 1971, p. 10
  94. ↑ "Owen Wingrave, Royal Opera House", The Times, 11 May 1973, p. 11 (Baker and Harper), Finch, Hilary. "Bartók's mystery Castle", The Times, 7 April 1981, p. 15 (Tomlinson), and Mann, William. "A Sutherland jubilee", The Times, 6 December 1977, p. 15 (Van Allan)
  95. 1 2 3 4 Clements, Andrew. "A great musician – but that was not enough", The Guardian, 21 June 2002
  96. ↑ Seckerson, Edward. "Midsummer magic in the air", The Independent, 11 October 1993
  97. ↑ Canning, Hugh. "Triumph of the spirit – Opera", The Sunday Times, 4 December 1994
  98. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fay, Stephen. "Book review: Torn curtain – Never Mind the Moon by Jeremy Isaacs", The Independent on Sunday, 21 November 1999
  99. ↑ Milnes Rodney. Will the Garden ever bloom again? The Times, 10 January 1996
  100. ↑ Thomas, David. "All's well in Tony's house – Where chaos and darkness once reigned, all now seems sweetness and light – and profit". The Daily Telegraph, 29 August 2004
  101. ↑ Canning, Hugh. "A force to be reckoned with", The Sunday Times, 7 May 1995
  102. ↑ McKee, Victoria. "Viva Verdi: a tale of two festivals", The Independent, 9 June 1995
  103. ↑ Seckerson, Edward. "Opera – Simon Boccanegra", The Independent, 6 July 1995
  104. ↑ Blyth, Alan and David Nice. "Obituary: Sir Edward Downes: Leading conductor of Verdi at Covent Garden, and a stalwart champion of Prokofiev ", The Guardian, 15 July 2009
  105. ↑ Clark, Andrew. "A back-to-basics ' Ring'", The Financial Times, 6 October 1998
  106. ↑ Lebrecht, pp. 417–419
  107. ↑ "Report on funding and management at the Royal Opera House", Select Committee on Culture, Media and Sport, 1998
  108. ↑ Williams, Alexandra. "Arts: Ex-chairman damns Opera House report", The Independent, 12 December 1997
  109. ↑ "Kaiser the rescuer takes off for Kennedy", The Evening Standard, 13 December 2000
  110. ↑ Whitworth, Damian and Dalya Alberge. "Opera buffs round off gala night with a takeaway", The Times, 15 July 1997
  111. ↑ Canning, Hugh. "Back in business", The Sunday Times, 12 December 1999
  112. ↑ Alberge, Dalya. "Royal Opera opens with dark farce", The Times, 24 November 1999
  113. ↑ "Opera development", Royal Opera House, retrieved 27 August 2011
  114. ↑ "Jette Parker Young Artists Programme", Royal Opera House, retrieved 19 December 2012
  115. ↑ "Recently on stage", Royal Opera House, retrieved 28 August 2011
  116. ↑ "The Tempest", Royal Opera House Collections Online, retrieved 28 August 2011
  117. ↑ "The Minotaur", Royal Opera House Collections Online, retrieved 28 August 2011
  118. ↑ "1984", Royal Opera House Collections Online, retrieved 28 August 2011
  119. ↑ "Sophie's Choice", Royal Opera House Collections Online, retrieved 28 August 2011
  120. ↑ " Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk", Royal Opera House Collections Online, retrieved 30 August 2011
  121. ↑ "Sweeney Todd", Royal Opera House Collections Online, retrieved 30 August 2011
  122. ↑ Morrison, Richard. "Ring of triumph for the ill-omened Norse gods", The Times, 3 October 2007
  123. ↑ "Parsifal", Royal Opera House Collections Online, retrieved 30 August 2011
  124. ↑ "Colin Davis", Royal Opera House Collections Online, retrieved 30 August 2011
  125. ↑ " Pelléas et Mélisande – 11 May 2007", Royal Opera House Collections Online, retrieved 30 August 2011
  126. ↑ Canning, Hugh. "Raising the roof", The Sunday Times, 14 March 2010
  127. ↑ Arnott Sarah "Taking high culture to the mass market", The Independent, 12 August 2010
  128. 1 2 Thorncroft, Antony. "Scene must change swiftly at the beggar's opera", The Financial Times, 20 June 1998
  129. ↑ Clark, Ross. "Access all arias: You can fly to Continental Europe and see an opera for less than the price of a ticket at Covent Garden", The Daily Telegraph, 16 June 2001
  130. ↑ "History", Royal Opera House, retrieved 17 December 2012
  131. ↑ Clements, Andrew. "Miss Fortune", The Guardian, 13 March 2012
  132. ↑ Clements, Andrew. "Les Troyens – Review", The Guardian, 26 June 2012
  133. ↑ Service, Tom. "Royal Opera House Director", The Guardian, 18 March 2011
  134. ↑ Woolman, Natalie. "John Fulljames to take up new Royal Opera post", The Stage, 10 June 2011
  135. ↑ Merrifield, Nicola. " Closure of ROH2 'will not limit new work' says director Kevin O’Hare", The Stage, 13 September 2012]
  136. ↑ ROH2, Royal Opera House, retrieved 12 December 2014
  137. ↑ "Robert le diable by Laurent Pelly", Royal Opera House, retrieved 12 December 2014
  138. ↑ "Eugene Onegin", Royal Opera House, retrieved 12 December 2014
  139. ↑ "La donna del lago", Royal Opera House, retrieved 12 December 2014
  140. ↑ "Written on Skin", Royal Opera House, retrieved 12 December 2014
  141. ↑ "The Firework-Maker's Daughter", Royal Opera House, retrieved 12 December 2014
  142. ↑ "The Importance of Being Earnest", Royal Opera House, retrieved 12 December 2014
  143. ↑ "Les Vêpres siciliennes", Royal Opera House, retrieved 12 December 2014
  144. ↑ "Parsifal", Royal Opera House, retrieved 12 December 2014
  145. ↑ "Don Giovanni", Royal Opera House, retrieved 12 December 2014
  146. ↑ "Die Frau ohne Schatten", Royal Opera House, retrieved 12 December 2014
  147. ↑ "Manon Lescaut", Royal Opera House, retrieved 12 December 2014
  148. ↑ "Through His Teeth", Royal Opera House, retrieved 12 December 2014
  149. ↑ "Quartett", Royal Opera House, retrieved 12 December 2014
  150. ↑ Welsh National Opera announces London residency at the Royal Opera House", Welsh National Opera, retrieved 12 December 2014
  151. ↑ Ashley, Tim "An exquisite evening", The Guardian review, 26 March 2014
  152. ↑ Ashley Tim. "L' Ormindo by Francesco Cavalli", The Guardian, 27 March 2014, p. 38; and Battle, Laura. "Cavalli by candle light", The Financial Times, 29 March 2014, p. 11
  153. ↑ Jeal, Erica. " L’Ormindo review – a ravishing candlelit revival", The Guardian, 4 February 2015, p. 34
  154. ↑ "Tony Hall", Royal Opera House, retrieved 17 December 2012

Sources

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Royal Opera House Covent Garden.

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Thursday, January 28, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.