Crimean Offensive

Crimean Offensive Part of the Eastern Front of World War II Red Army Offensives during 1943–1944 Date 8 April – 12 May 1944 Location Crimea, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union Result Soviet victory Belligerents  Soviet Union  Germany  Romania  Bulgaria[1] Commanders and leaders Fyodor Tolbukhin Erwin Jaenecke Strength 462,400 men[2] Unknown Casualties and losses 17,754 killed and missing 67,065 wounded 84,819 overall[2] 57,500 killed and missing 39,200 wounded[3] 61,580 captured 100,000+ overall

The Crimean Offensive (8 April – 12 May 1944), known in German sources as the Battle of the Crimea, was a series of offensives by the Red Army directed at the German-held Crimea. The Red Army's 4th Ukrainian Front engaged the German 17th Army of Army Group A, which consisted of Wehrmacht and Romanian formations. The battles ended with the evacuation of the Crimea by the Germans. German and Romanian forces suffered considerable losses during the evacuation.

Map of Crimea

Setting the stage

During late 1943 and early 1944, the Wehrmacht was pressed back along its entire front line in the east. In October 1943, the 17th Army withdrew from the Kuban bridgehead across the Kerch Strait into the Crimea. During the following months, the Red Army pushed back the Wehrmacht in southern Ukraine, eventually cutting off the land-based connection of 17th Army through the Perekop Isthmus in November 1943.

The Wehrmacht was able to successfully hold on to the Crimea even after it had been cut off by land due to their ability to supply it via the Black Sea. Holding the Crimea was considered important as its loss would negatively affect the attitude of Turkey and put Romanian oilfields under risk of Soviet air attacks.

Aside from Soviet landings across the Kerch Strait and in the north-eastern sector near Sivash at the end of 1943, the Soviet Army largely ignored the Crimea for the next five months.

Von Kleist was removed from command of Army Group A in March, 1944. There was no successor that replaced him. From then on Erwin Jaenicke theoretically controlled both 17th Army and Army Group A, though by this time the army group only consisted of the 17th Army.

Progress of the battle

Soviet soldiers crossing the Sivash Bay into Crimea

An assault across the Perekop Isthmus was launched on 8 April by elements of the 4th Ukrainian Front's 2nd Guards and 51st Armies.^[4] The 17th Army defended but was unable to stop the advance. Kerch was reached by the Separate Coastal Army on 11 April; Simferopol, about 37 mi (60 km) northeast of Sevastopol, followed two days later. The 17th Army was retreating toward Sevastopol by 16 April,^[4] with remaining Axis forces in the Crimea concentrating around the city by the end of the third week of April.

At Sevastopol stands the Seventeenth Army, and at Sevastopol, the Soviets will bleed to death.

— Generaloberst Erwin Jaenicke

The OKH intended to hold Sevastopol as a fortress, as the Red Army had done during the first Crimean campaign in 1941–42. However, the fortifications of the city had never been restored and Sevastopol was not the strong defensive position that it had been in 1941. Fighting broke out in the city outskirts towards the end of April and the city fell on 9 May, less than a month after the start of the offensive. The Axis sea evacuation to Constanța was attacked by Soviet land-based bombers.^[4] The last Axis pockets in the Crimea were destroyed on 12 May.

Consequences

In a meeting with Adolf Hitler in Berchtesgaden, Jaenecke had insisted that Sevastopol should be evacuated and his cut off Army of 235,000 men withdrawn. After the loss of the Crimea, he was held responsible, arrested in Romania and court-martialed. Only the intervention of Heinz Guderian saved his life. He was dismissed from the army on 31 January 1945.

The German and Romanian formations suffered the loss of 57,000 men, many of whom drowned during the evacuation. The sinking of the Totila and Teja on 10 May alone caused up to 10,000 deaths. The table below is based on information from Glantz/House When Titans Clashed.:

Axis losses German: Killed and missing: 31,700[3] Wounded: 33,400 Total: 65,100 Romanian: Killed and missing: 25,800[3] Wounded: 5,800 Total: 31,600 Total: Killed and missing: 57,500 Wounded: 39,200 Total: 96,700

Soviet losses Killed and missing: 17,754 Wounded: 67,065 Total: 84,819 Tanks: 171 Artillery: 521 Aircraft: 179

Formations and units involved

Soviet

• 4th Ukrainian Front
  • 2nd Guards Army
  • 51st Army
  • 4th Air Army
• Black Sea Fleet
• Separate Coastal Army
• Soviet partisans

Axis

German

• Army Group A
  • 17th Army

Romanian

• Romanian Mountain Corps
  • 1st Mountain Division
  • 2nd Mountain Division

References

1. Hayward 1998, pp. 50–51: Allowed German and Italian warships to use Bulgarian ports for operations in the Black Sea.
2. Glantz (1995), p. 298
3. Müller (2005), p. 290
4. Jordan, David; Weist, Andrew (2004). Atlas of World War 2. London, England: Amber Books. pp. 124–125. ISBN 0-7607-5557-4.

• Pickert, W. Vom Kuban-Brueckenkopf bis Sewastopol – Flakartillerie im Verband der 17. Armee'
• Glantz, David M. & House, Jonathan (1995). When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0899-0.
• Ziemke, E.F. 'Stalingrad to Berlin'
• Müller, Rolf-Dieter. Der letzte deutsche Krieg 1939–1945. Stuttgart 2005. ISBN 3-608-94133-9

External sources

• Fortress Crimea – A Romanian View
• Last Stand in Crimea – A Romanian View
• "Operation 60,000" Evacuation from Crimea – a Romanian View
• Retaking the Crimea