Crom Cruach
Crom Cruach (Old Irish pronunciation /ˈkɾˠɔmˠ ˈkɾˠuəç/; modern Irish Cromm Crúaich) was a god of pre-Christian Ireland. According to Christian writers, he was propitiated with human sacrifice and his worship was ended by Saint Patrick.
He is also referred to as Crom Cróich, Cenn Cruach/Cróich (/ˈkʲɛnˠː ˈkɾˠuəxˠ/) and Cenncroithi (/ˈkʲɛnˠː ˈkɾˠoθʲɨ/). He is related to the later mythological and folkloric figure Crom Dubh. The festival for Crom Cruach is called Domhnach Crom Dubh, Crom Dubh Sunday.[1]
The references in the dinsenchas ("place-lore") poem in the 12th century to sacrifice in exchange for milk and grain suggest that Crom had a function as fertility god. The description of his image as a gold figure surrounded by twelve stone or bronze figures has been interpreted by some as representing the sun surrounded by the signs of the zodiac, suggesting a function as solar deity.[1]
Name
Crom Cruach's name takes several forms and can be interpreted in several ways. Crom (or cromm) can mean "bent, crooked, stooped". Cenn can mean "head" or "the head, chief". Cruach (or crúach) can be an adjective, "bloody, gory", or a noun, meaning variously "slaughter", "stack of corn", or "pile, heap, mound". Plausible meanings include "bloody crooked one", "crooked stack of corn", "crooked one of the mound", "bloody head", "head of the stack of corn" or "head of the mound".[2]
Literary references
According to an Irish dinsenchas ("place-lore") poem in the 12th century Book of Leinster, Crom Cruach's cult image, consisting of a gold figure surrounded by twelve stone figures, stood on Magh Slécht ("the plain of prostration") in County Cavan, and was propitiated with first-born sacrifice in exchange for good yields of milk and grain. Crom is said to have been worshipped since the time of Érimón. An early High King, Tigernmas, along with three quarters of his army, is said to have died while worshipping Crom on Samhain eve, but worship continued until the cult image was destroyed by St. Patrick with a sledgehammer.[3]
This incident figures prominently in medieval legends about St. Patrick, although it does not appear in his own writings, nor in the two 7th century biographies by Muirchu and Tírechán.[4] In the 9th century Tripartite Life of Saint Patrick the deity is called Cenn Cruach, and his cult image consists of a central figure covered with gold and silver, surrounded by twelve bronze figures. When Patrick approaches it he raises his crozier, the central figure falls face-down, with the imprint of the crozier left in it, and the surrounding figures sink into the earth. The "demon" who inhabits the image appears, but Patrick curses him and casts him to hell.[5] Jocelin's 12th century Life and Acts of St. Patrick tells much the same story. Here the god is called Cenncroithi, interpreted as "the head of all gods", and when his image falls the silver and gold covering it crumble to dust, with the imprint of the crozier left on bare stone.[6]
In the old Irish tale from the Book of Lismore, "The Siege of Druim Damhgaire or Knocklong" (Forbhais Droma Dámhgháire), Crom is associated with Moloch.
Film References
A film was created by the animation studio Cartoon Saloon called "Secret of Kells" telling the story of how the famous "Book of Kells" was created. It displayed Crom Cruach as the antagonist of a young boy named Brenden. He confronts Chrom Cruach to retrieve what the movie calls the "Eye of Crom." After a intricately animated battle Brenden wins, destroying Crom Cruach and retrieving his "eye." The eye turns out to be a magnifying glass, allowing Brenden, who is a skilled artist, to complete the Book of Kells with all of its highly intricately detailed art.
Archaeology
A decorated stone stone known as the Killycluggin Stone (from Irish: Coill an Chlogáin meaning 'the Wood of the Bell-Shaped Stone') has been interpreted by some as the cult image of Crom Cruach. It was found at Killycluggin, County Cavan. It was discovered broken in several pieces and partly buried close to a Bronze Age stone circle, inside which it probably once stood.
The 14th century Book of McGovern, written in Magh Slécht, contains a poem which states that Crom was situated at Kilnavert beside the road and that the local women used to tremble in fear as they passed by. There is still a local tradition in the area that the Killycluggin stone is the Crom stone.
There is another standing stone identified[7] with Crom Crúaich in Drumcoo townland, County Fermanagh. It has the figure of a man walking engraved on it which either represents Saint Patrick or a druid, depending on when it was engraved. A nearby street is named Crom Crúaich Way after it.
See also
References
- 1 2 "Celtic Gods, Crom Cruaich". Magic of Mythology. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
- ↑ Dictionary of the Irish Language Based on Old and Middle Irish Materials, Dublin, 1990
- ↑ E. Gwynn (ed & trans), The Metrical Dindshenchas Vol. 4 poem 7; see also Annals of the Four Masters M3656; Geoffrey Keating, History of Ireland 2.25
- ↑ Ludwig Bieler (ed. & trans.), The Patrician Texts in the Book of Armagh, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1979
- ↑ James O'Leary (ed & trans), "Tripartite Life" Part II, The Most Ancient Lives of St. Patrick, 1880
- ↑ James O'Leary (ed & trans), "The Life and Acts of St. Patrick by Jocelin" Chapter 56, The Most Ancient Lives of St. Patrick, 1880
- ↑ Killinagh Church and Crom Cruaich by Oliver Davies and D. Lowry-Corry, in Ulster Journal of Archaeology, Third Series, Vol. 2 (1939), pp. 98-104
External links
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