Nyíregyháza

Nyíregyháza
City

Main square

Coat of arms
Nyíregyháza

Location of Nyíregyháza

Coordinates: 47°57′11″N 21°43′38″E / 47.95306°N 21.72713°E / 47.95306; 21.72713Coordinates: 47°57′11″N 21°43′38″E / 47.95306°N 21.72713°E / 47.95306; 21.72713
Country  Hungary
County Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg
Area
 • Total 274.46 km2 (105.97 sq mi)
Elevation 116 m (381 ft)
Population (2011)
 • Total 117,852Increase
 • Rank 7th
 • Density 425.92/km2 (1,103.1/sq mi)
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 4400
Area code(s) 42
Website www.nyirhalo.hu
County Hall, Nyíregyháza by Ignác Alpár
Váci Mihály Municipal Cultural Centre, Nyíregyháza by Ferenc Bán
Salt Lake spa Szekely gate

Nyíregyháza (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈɲiːrɛchaːzɒ]) is a city in northeastern Hungary and the county capital of Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg. With a population of 118,000, it is the seventh-largest city in Hungary and is one of the leading cities of Northern Hungary and of the northern part of the Great Hungarian Plain (Alföld). Its development has been ongoing since the 18th century, making it the economic and cultural center of the region. Its zoo, exhibiting more than 300 species including real rarities, is recognized throughout Europe.

Geography

Nyíregyháza is located in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County in the northern Plain region (Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county, Hajdú-Bihar county, and Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County). It is the most important city of Northern Hungary, in all respects the center of the region. It is located in the center of Nyírség as an agricultural town. The boundaries of the city are often understood as a very broad frame, because generally the near suburbs are included in them. It is located at the intersections of routes 4, 41, 36, and 38, therefore the city is easy to reach by road. Sub-Carpathia and Transylvania cannot be reached without passing the city.

History

The first written mentions of Nyíregyháza date back to 1209, although it was then called simply Nyír ('birch'), after the Nyírség, the greater region in which the city lies. A source from 1326 mentions that by then the city already had a church, hence the second part of the name, egyház (meaning 'church'). In the middle of the 15th century the town had about 400 inhabitants. In the 16th century, during the Turkish occupation of Hungary, Nyíregyháza became deserted; it was resettled only in the 1630s – 1640s.

After the War for Independence led by Prince Francis II Rákóczi, the population of the town increased. Most of the new settlers were Slovaks from the area of Békéscsaba. In 1786, Nyíregyháza was granted the right to hold four market days a year; by this time the town was the biggest town of the county with 7,500 inhabitants. In the early 19th century, Nyíregyháza was wealthy enough to become free from its feudal lords, the Dessewffy and Károlyi families. During these prosperous years, the town got a new town hall, a hospital, several schools, and a restaurant by the nearby lake Sóstó ("Salty Lake").

The inhabitants of the town took an active part in the revolution and war for independence in 1848-49, and after the suppression of the revolution several citizens were imprisoned, among them the mayor, Márton Hatzel.

In the second half of the 19th century, Nyíregyháza became more and more urbanized and in 1876 the town became the county seat of Szabolcs County (which is now part of the larger integrated county Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg). In 1858, the railroad line reached Nyíregyháza; several new buildings were built, including a telegraph office, the main post office, and the theater. In 1911, the construction of tramways was finished.

In the Kingdom of Hungary in 1901

After the many trials and tribulations of World War I, Nyíregyháza was under Romanian occupation for ten months. Between the two world wars, the city celebrated the 100th anniversary of becoming free from its feudal landowners.

During World War II, more than 6,000 of the city's Jewish inhabitants were deported, and another 2,000 citizens were sent to Russian labor camps (colloquially called malenky robot). Several buildings were destroyed, too, including the Status Quo Synagogue, whose front wall has been preserved; it is now in Nyíregyháza's Jewish Cemetery.[1]

A monument in the memory of the holocaust victims was constructed in 2004.[2] On 20 November 2011, the monument commemorating the Holocaust in the city was desecrated by unknown people. The local police started an investigation of the event.[3]

From the 1960s, the city grew and developed quickly. Today, Nyíregyháza is one of the most prosperous cities of Hungary, being both an educational center and a popular tourist destination.

Population

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1870 13,015—    
1890 18,996+46.0%
1900 28,073+47.8%
1910 33,444+19.1%
1920 38,751+15.9%
1930 46,522+20.1%
1941 53,917+15.9%
1949 48,382−10.3%
1960 56,834+17.5%
1970 75,245+32.4%
1980 108,235+43.8%
1990 114,152+5.5%
2001 118,795+4.1%
2011 119,746+0.8%
2015 118,125−1.4%

Tourist sights

Nyiregyháza's Roman Catholic church with the newly built fountain in the foreground
County Hall
Nyíregyháza Zoo

Nyíregyháza also has several museums and exhibitions, showing the city's rich cultural heritage.

International relations

Twin towns — Sister cities

Nyíregyháza is twinned with :

Broadcasting

Near Nyíregyháza, at 47°56′12.17″N 21°45′28.35″E / 47.9367139°N 21.7578750°E / 47.9367139; 21.7578750 (Nyíregyháza Radio Mast), stands the oldest radio mast in Hungary. Built in 1925, it is a 115 metre tall guyed mast radiator, used for broadcasting on 1251 kHz (AM).

Economy

After the change of regime, several foreign-owned companies appeared in the city. In the early 2000s, the largest employers were Hübner Flextronics Ltd. and Hirsch's, but during the period of economic recession, many companies eliminated several thousand employees. Today, the largest public companies are the Lego Manufacturing Kft. and the Michelin Hungaria Abroncsgyártó Kft., providing employment for about 3000 people.

City districts

A part of downtown
  • Alsóbadurbokor
  • Alsópázsit
  • Antalbokor
  • Bálintbokor
  • belváros
  • Borbánya
  • Bujtos
  • Butyka
  • Császárszállás
  • Csernyikbokor
  • Érkert
  • Felsőpázsit
  • Felsősima
  • Füzesbokor
  • Gerhátbokor
  • Hímes
  • Huszártelep
  • Ilonatanya
  • Ipari Park
  • Istvánbokor
  • Jánosbokor
  • Jósaváros
  • Kazárbokor
  • Kertváros
  • Kovácsbokor
  • Kőlapos
  • Korányi-kertváros
  • Lóczibokor
  • Malomkert
  • Mandabokor
  • Mátyásbokor
  • Nádasbokor
  • Nagyszállás
  • Nyírjes I.
  • Nyírjes II.
  • Nyírszőlős
  • Ókistelekiszőlő
  • Oros
  • Örökösföld
  • Polyákbokor
  • Rókabokor
  • Rozsrétbokor
  • Rozsrétszőlő
  • Salamonbokor
  • Sóstógyógyfürdő
  • Sóstóhegy
  • Sulyánbokor
  • Szabadságbokor
  • Szélsőbokor
  • Újkistelekiszőlő
  • Újtelekbokor
  • Vajdabokor
  • Vargabokor
  • Zomboribokor

Religions, Churches

Education

Tertiary Institutions

Secondary Institutions

Basic institutions

Notes

  1. ↑ Grand Rabbi Joseph Leifer of Nyíregyháza is buried in the cemetery. He was the son of the world-renowned Rabbi, Rabbi Mordachai of Nadvorna, and he settled in Nyíregyháza after World War I where he attracted a large following. His grave site is visited annually by thousands of Hasidim.
  2. ↑ http://www.memorialmuseums.org/eng/staettens/view/956/Ny%C3%ADregyh%C3%A1za-Holocaust-Memorial27247
  3. ↑
  4. ↑ "Serwis informacyjny UM Rzeszów - Informacja o współpracy Rzeszowa z miastami partnerskimi". www.rzeszow.pl. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
  5. ↑ "TABEL privind LOCALITÃŢILE ÎNFRĂŢITE cu localităţile din judeţul Satu Mare" (in Romanian). www.prefecturasatumare.ro. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
  6. ↑ Офіційний сайт міста Івано-Франківська. mvk.if.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 7 March 2010.
  7. ↑ "National Commission for Decentralised cooperation". Délégation pour l’Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) (in French). Retrieved 2013-12-26.

Notable residents

Further reading

  • [http://www.caboodle.hu/nc/news/news_archive/single_page/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=8772 Bronze Age settlement and a former Sarmatian burial ground discovered in Nyíregyháza]

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Nyíregyháza.
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