Cuyahoga River
| Cuyahoga River | |
|---|---|
|
Cuyahoga River watershed with its upstream branches | |
| Basin | |
| Main source |
41°26′26″N 81°09′07″W / 41.44056°N 81.15194°W[1] Confluence of East Branch Cuyahoga River[2] and West Branch Cuyahoga River[3] near Pond Road and Rapids Road, Burton, Geauga County, Ohio |
| Source elevation | 1,093 feet (333.1 m)[2][3] |
| River mouth |
41°30′13″N 81°42′44″W / 41.50361°N 81.71222°WCoordinates: 41°30′13″N 81°42′44″W / 41.50361°N 81.71222°W Lake Erie at Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, Ohio[1] 571 feet (174.0 m)[1] |
| Watershed area | 809 square miles (2,100 km2)[4] |
| Countries | United States |
| Physiognomy | |
| Length | 84.9 miles (136.6 km)[5] |
The Cuyahoga River[6] (/ˌkaɪ.əˈhɒɡə/ KY-ə-HOG-ə, or /ˌkaɪ.əˈhoʊɡə/ KY-ə-HOH-gə)[7][8][9][10] is a river in the United States, located in Northeast Ohio, that feeds into Lake Erie. The river is famous for having been so polluted that it "caught fire" in 1969. The event helped to spur the environmental movement in the US.
The name "Cuyahoga" is believed to mean "crooked river" from the Mohawk Indian name "Cayagaga," although the Senecas called it "Cuyohaga," or "place of the jawbone." [11][12]
Course
The Cuyahoga watershed begins its 100-mile (160 km) journey in Hambden, Ohio, flowing southward to the confluence of the East Branch Cuyahoga River and West Branch Cuyahoga River in Burton, where the Cuyahoga River officially begins.[1] It continues on its 84.9 miles (136.6 km) journey flowing southward to Akron and Cuyahoga Falls, where it turns sharply north and flows through the Cuyahoga Valley National Park in northern Summit County and southern Cuyahoga County. It then flows through Independence, Valley View, Cuyahoga Heights, Newburgh Heights and Cleveland to its northern terminus, emptying into Lake Erie. The Cuyahoga River and its tributaries drain 813 square miles (2,110 km2) of land in portions of six counties.
The river is a relatively recent geological formation, formed by the advance and retreat of ice sheets during the last ice age. The final glacial retreat, which occurred 10,000–12,000 years ago, caused changes in the drainage pattern near Akron. This change in pattern caused the originally south-flowing Cuyahoga to flow to the north. As its newly reversed currents flowed toward Lake Erie, the river carved its way around glacial debris left by the receding ice sheet, resulting in the river's winding U-shape. These meanderings stretched the length of the river (which was only 30 miles (50 km) when traveled directly) into a 100-mile (160 km) trek from its headwaters to its mouth. The depth of the river (except where noted below) ranges from 3 to 6 ft (1 to 2 m).
History
Moses Cleaveland, a surveyor charged with exploring the Connecticut Western Reserve, first arrived at the mouth of the Cuyahoga in 1796 and subsequently located a settlement there, which became Cleveland, Ohio.
The river was one of the features along which the "Greenville Treaty Line" ran beginning in 1795, per the Treaty of Greenville that ended the Northwest Indian War in the Ohio Country, effectively becoming the western boundary of the United States and remaining so briefly.
Environmental concerns
The Cuyahoga River, at times during the 20th century, was one of the most polluted rivers in the United States. The reach from Akron to Cleveland was devoid of fish. A 1968 Kent State University symposium described one section of the river:
From 1,000 feet [300 m] below Lower Harvard Bridge to Newburgh and South Shore Railroad Bridge, the channel becomes wider and deeper and the level is controlled by Lake Erie. Downstream of the railroad bridge to the harbor, the depth is held constant by dredging, and the width is maintained by piling along both banks. The surface is covered with the brown oily film observed upstream as far as the Southerly Plant effluent. In addition, large quantities of black heavy oil floating in slicks, sometimes several inches thick, are observed frequently. Debris and trash are commonly caught up in these slicks forming an unsightly floating mess. Anaerobic action is common as the dissolved oxygen is seldom above a fraction of a part per million. The discharge of cooling water increases the temperature by 10 to 15 °F [5.6 to 8.3 °C]. The velocity is negligible, and sludge accumulates on the bottom. Animal life does not exist. Only the algae Oscillatoria grows along the piers above the water line. The color changes from gray-brown to rusty brown as the river proceeds downstream. Transparency is less than 0.5 feet [0.15 m] in this reach. This entire reach is grossly polluted.[13]
At least 13 fires have been reported on the Cuyahoga River, the first occurring in 1868.[14] The largest river fire in 1952 caused over $1 million in damage to boats, a bridge, and a riverfront office building.[15] On June 22, 1969, a river fire captured the attention of Time magazine, which described the Cuyahoga as the river that "oozes rather than flows" and in which a person "does not drown but decays".[16] The fire did eventually spark major changes as well as the article from Time, but in the immediate aftermath very little attention was given to the incident and it was not considered a major news story in the Cleveland media. Furthermore, the conflagration that sparked Time's outrage was in June 1969, but the pictures they displayed on the cover and as part of the article were from the much more dangerous and costly 1952 fire. No pictures of the 1969 fire are known to exist, as local media did not arrive on the scene until after the fire was under control. The 1969 fire caused approximately $50,000 in damage, mostly to an adjacent railroad bridge.[14]
The 1969 Cuyahoga River fire helped spur an avalanche of water pollution control activities, resulting in the Clean Water Act, Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, and the creation of the federal Environmental Protection Agency and the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA). As a result, large point sources of pollution on the Cuyahoga have received significant attention from the OEPA in recent decades. These events are referred to in Randy Newman's 1972 song "Burn On," R.E.M.'s 1986 song "Cuyahoga," and Adam Again's 1992 song "River on Fire." Great Lakes Brewing Company of Cleveland named its Burning River Pale Ale after the event.
Water quality has improved and, partially in recognition of this improvement, the Cuyahoga was designated one of 14 American Heritage Rivers in 1998.[17] Despite these efforts, pollution continues to exist in the Cuyahoga River due to other sources of pollution, including urban runoff, nonpoint source problems, combined sewer overflows,[18] and stagnation due to water impounded by dams. For this reason, the Environmental Protection Agency classified portions of the Cuyahoga River watershed as one of 43 Great Lakes Areas of Concern. The most polluted portions of the river now generally meet established aquatic life water quality standards except near dam impoundments. The reasons for not meeting standards near the dam pools are habitat and fish passage issues rather than water quality. River reaches that were once devoid of fish now support 44 species. The most recent survey in 2008 revealed the two most common species in the river were hogsuckers and spotfin shiners, both moderately sensitive to water quality. Habitat issues within the 5.6 miles (9.0 km) navigation channel still preclude a robust fishery in that reach. Recreation water quality standards (using bacteria as indicators) are generally met during dry weather conditions, but are often exceeded during significant rains due to nonpoint sources and combined sewer overflows.
Modifications
The lower Cuyahoga River has been subjected to numerous changes. Originally, the Cuyahoga river met Lake Erie approximately 4,000 feet (1.2 km) west of its current mouth, forming a shallow marsh. The current mouth is man-made, and it lies just west of present-day downtown Cleveland, which allows shipping traffic to flow freely between the river and the lake. Additionally, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers periodically dredges the navigation channel of the otherwise shallow river to a depth of 27 feet (8.2 m), along the river's lower 5 miles (8.0 km), from its mouth up to the Mittal Steel Cleveland Works steel mills, to accommodate Great Lakes freighter traffic which serves the bulk (asphalt, gravel, petroleum, salt, steel, and other) industries located along the lower Cuyahoga River banks in Cleveland's Flats district. The Corps of Engineers has also straightened river banks and widened turning basins in the Federal Navigation Channel on the lower Cuyahoga River to facilitate maritime operations.
Ice-breaking
The United States Coast Guard sometimes conducts fall and spring ice-breaking operations along Lake Erie and the lower Cuyahoga River to prolong the Great Lakes shipping season, depending on shipping schedules and weather conditions.
Flooding
Some attempts (including dams and dredging) have been made to control flooding along the Cuyahoga River basin. As a result of speculative land development, buildings have been erected on many flat areas that are only a few feet above normal river levels. Sudden strong rain or snow storms can create severe flooding in these low-lying areas.
The upper Cuyahoga River, starting at 1,093 feet (333 m) over 84 miles (135 km) from its mouth, drops in elevation fairly steeply, creating falls and rapids in some places; the lower Cuyahoga River only drops several feet along the last several miles of the lower river to 571 feet (174 m)[1] at the mouth on Lake Erie, resulting in relatively slow-moving waters that can take a while to drain compared to the upper Cuyahoga.
Some tributary elevations above are higher than the Cuyahoga River elevation, because of small waterfalls at or near their confluences; and distances are measured in "river miles" along the river's length from its mouth on Lake Erie.
Dams
Ohio and Erie Canal diversion dam
The Brecksville Dam[lower-alpha 1] at river mile 20 is the first dam upstream of Lake Erie. It affects fish populations by restricting their passage.[19] The EPA is currently attempting to shut down and remove the dam.[20]
Gorge Metropolitan Park Dam
The largest dam is the Gorge Metropolitan Park Dam, also known as the FirstEnergy Dam, on the border between Cuyahoga Falls and Akron. This 57-foot dam has for over 90 years submerged the falls for which the City of Cuyahoga Falls was named; more to the point of water quality, it has created a large stagnant pool with low dissolved oxygen.[21]
The FirstEnergy Dam was built by the Northern Ohio Traction and Light Co. in 1912 to serve the dual functions of generating hydropower for its local streetcar system and providing cooling-water storage for a coal-burning power plant; however, the hydropower operation was discontinued in 1958, and the coal-burning plant was decommissioned in 1991.[22] Some environmental groups and recreational groups want the dam removed.[23] Others contend such an effort would be expensive and complicated, for at least two reasons: first, the formerly hollow dam was filled in with concrete in the early 1990s, and second, because of the industrial history of Cuyahoga Falls, the sediment upstream of the dam is expected to contain hazardous chemicals, possibly including heavy metals and PCBs. The Ohio EPA estimated removal of the dam would cost $5–10 million, and removal of the contaminated sediments $60 million.[24] The dam is licensed through 2041.
Advanced Hydro Solutions (AHS), a company based in Fairlawn, Ohio, filed a notice of intent to use the dam to generate hydropower. The company contends hydropower is a cleaner source of power and the emissions saved by the plant will be the equivalent of taking 10,000 cars off the road.[24] Citing concerns with erosion, dewatering of the scenic river reach below the dam, and use that is inconsistent with the Gorge MetroPark's purpose, opponents to this plan include, in addition to environmental and recreational groups, some governmental agencies, including Summit Metro Parks, the U.S. Department of the Interior, and the Ohio EPA. At public meetings held on July 27, 2005, the proposed project, which would generate enough electricity to power 2000 homes, encountered substantial opposition. On May 25, 2007, AHS suffered a setback in its effort to develop the site. The United States Court of Appeals for the sixth circuit denied its application to conduct tests at the site, refusing to overturn a lower court's ruling that the MetroParks had the right to deny AHS access to conduct the tests.[25] In a letter dated June 14, 2007, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) terminated AHS's application for the Integrated Licensing Permit without prejudice, citing the company's failure to adhere to strict timelines. FERC will allow AHS to refile if it can conduct the required studies and move forward with the project.[26][27] The final decision from the FERC on the project was due in July 2009.[24] On June 12, 2009, AHS dropped its permit and terminated the project.[28]
Dams in Cuyahoga Falls
Two dams in Cuyahoga Falls, the Sheraton and LeFever Dams, were scheduled for demolition in late 2012.[29] This is the result of an agreement between the City of Cuyahoga Falls, which owns the dams, and the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District, which will provide $1 million of funding to remove the dams. This schedule was delayed, in part because of complications with the bidding process, and because of requirements from the Army Corps of Engineers. On December 12, 2012, the ACOE issued a permit, allowing the demolition to proceed.[30] As part of the project, a water trail will be developed.[31] As of early June, 2013, dam removal is scheduled to begin in June and end in July, 2013.[32] This will bring about a mile of the river back to its natural state, remove 35 feet of structures, and expose an equivalent quantity of whitewater for recreation. As of August 20, 2013, both small dams had effectively been totally removed, and there is essentially no impoundment of water now. Cleanup and remediation of the general area within downtown Cuyahoga Falls remains to be completed.
Munroe Falls Dam
Two other dams, in Kent and in Munroe Falls, though smaller, have had an even greater impact on water quality due to the lower gradient in their respective reaches. For this reason, the Ohio EPA required the communities to mitigate the effects of the dams.
The Munroe Falls Dam was modified in 2005.[33] Work on this project uncovered a natural waterfall.[34] Given this new knowledge about the riverbed, some interested parties, including Summit County, campaigned for complete removal of the dam. The revised plan, initially denied on September 20, 2005, was approved by the Munroe Falls City Council on a week later. The 11.5 foot sandstone dam has since been removed, and in its place now is a natural ledge with a 4.5 foot drop at its greatest point.[35][36]
Kent Dam
The Kent Dam was bypassed in 2004.[37]
Lists
Variant names
According to the United States Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System, the Cuyahoga River has also been known as:[1]
- Cajahage River
- Cayagaga River
- Cayahoga River
- Cayhahoga River
- Cayohoga River
- Cujahaga River
- Cuyohaga River
- Gichawaga Creek
- Goyahague River
- Gwahago River
- River de Saguin
- Rivière Blanche
- Rivière à Seguin
- Saguin River
- Yashahia
- Cayahaga River
- Cayanhoga River
- Cayhoga River
- Coyahoga River
- Cuahoga River
- Guyahoga River
- Gwahoga River
- Kiahagoh River
- White River[38]
Dams
| RM [lower-alpha 2][39] |
Coordinates | Elevation | Locality | County | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20.71 [40] |
41°19′15″N 81°35′15″W / 41.32083°N 81.58750°W[41] | Ohio and Erie Canal diversion dam, built 1825–1827 upstream from  SR 82 Chippewa Road-West Aurora Road bridge,downstream from Station Road-Bridle Trail bridge | |||
| 45.8 [40] |
41°07′23″N 81°29′50″W / 41.12306°N 81.49722°W[42] | 840 feet (260 m)[42] | Summit | Gorge Metropolitan Park Dam, built in 1912, upstream from  SR 8 North Main Street-State Road bridge,downstream from  SR 59 Front Street bridge | |
| 49.9 [40][43] |
41°08′14″N 81°28′53″W / 41.13722°N 81.48139°W[44] | 1,007 feet (307 m)[44] | Cuyahoga Falls | Summit | Cuyahoga Falls Low Head Dam, upstream from Portage Trail bridge, downstream from SR 8/SR 59 bridge |
| 54.8 [43] |
41°9′12″N 81°21′35″W / 41.15333°N 81.35972°W[45] | Kent | Portage | Kent dam, upstream from  SR 59/SR 43 Haymaker Parkway bridge,immediately downstream from West Main Street bridge | |
| 57.97 [5] |
41°10′58″N 81°19′51″W / 41.18278°N 81.33083°W[46] | 1,063 feet (324 m)[46] | Franklin Township | Portage | Lake Rockwell Dam, upstream from Ravenna Road bridge, downstream from  SR 14 Cleveland-East Liverpool Road bridge |
Tributaries
Generally, rivers are larger than creeks, which are larger than brooks, which are larger than runs. Runs may be dry except during or after a rain, at which point they can flash flood and be torrential.
Default is standard order from mouth to upstream:[lower-alpha 3]
| RM [lower-alpha 2][39] |
Coordinates | Elevation | Tributary | Municipality | County | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 41°29′32″N 81°42′53″W / 41.49222°N 81.71472°W[47] | 577 feet (176 m)[47] | Old River (Cuyahoga River) | Cleveland | Cuyahoga | near Division Avenue/River Road | |
| 4.46 [40] | 41°28′52″N 81°40′36″W / 41.48111°N 81.67667°W[48] | 581 feet (177 m)[48] | Kingsbury Run (Cuyahoga River) | Cuyahoga | near Independence Road and Rockefeller Avenue | |
| 5.05 [40] | 41°28′10″N 81°40′10″W / 41.46944°N 81.66944°W[49] | 581 feet (177 m)[49] | Morgan Run (Cuyahoga River) | Cuyahoga | near Independence Road and Pershing Avenue | |
| 5.29–5.4 [40] | 41°27′50″N 81°40′45″W / 41.46389°N 81.67917°W[50] | 577 feet (176 m)[50] | Burk Branch (Cuyahoga River) | Cuyahoga | near CW steel mill | |
| 7.2 [40] | 41°26′45″N 81°41′9″W / 41.44583°N 81.68583°W[51] | 577 feet (176 m)[51] | Big Creek (Cuyahoga River) | Cuyahoga | near Jennings Road, Harvard Avenue and Valley Road | |
| 10.84–11.4 [40] | 41°25′00″N 81°38′47″W / 41.41667°N 81.64639°W[52] | 591 feet (180 m)[52] | West Creek (Cuyahoga River) | Cuyahoga | near SR-17 Granger Road, Valley Belt Road, and I-77 | |
| 11.4 [40] | 41°24′57″N 81°38′22″W / 41.41583°N 81.63944°W[53] | 587 feet (179 m)[53] | Mill Creek (Cuyahoga River) | Cuyahoga | near Canal Road and Warner Road | |
| 16.36 [40] | 41°21′54″N 81°36′35″W / 41.36500°N 81.60972°W[54] | 610 feet (190 m)[54] | Tinkers Creek (Cuyahoga River) | Cuyahoga, Summit and Portage | near Canal Road and Tinkers Creek Road | |
| 18.08 | 0 feet (0 m) | from Willow Lake | ||||
| 20.88 [40] | 41°19′7″N 81°35′13″W / 41.31861°N 81.58694°W[55] | 627 feet (191 m)[55] | Chippewa Creek (Cuyahoga River) | Cuyahoga and Summit | near Chippewa Creek Drive and Riverview Road | |
| 24.16 [40] | 41°17′10″N 81°33′50″W / 41.28611°N 81.56389°W[56] | 636 feet (194 m)[56] | Brandywine Creek (Cuyahoga River) | Summit | near Highland Road | |
| 25.72 [40] | 41°16′25″N 81°33′51″W / 41.27361°N 81.56417°W[57] | 646 feet (197 m)[57] | Stanford Run | Summit | near Stanford Road | |
| 41°15′42″N 81°33′29″W / 41.26167°N 81.55806°W[58] | 650 feet (200 m)[58] | Grannys Run (Cuyahoga River) | Summit | near Boston Mills Road and Riverview Road | ||
| 28.79 [40] | 41°14′35″N 81°33′13″W / 41.24306°N 81.55361°W[59] | 689 feet (210 m)[59] | Slipper Run | Summit | near SR-303 Main Street/West Streetsboro Road and Riverview Road | |
| 28.98 [40] | 41°14′34″N 81°32′59″W / 41.24278°N 81.54972°W[60] | 676 feet (206 m)[60] | Boston Run (Cuyahoga River) | Summit | near East Mill Street and West Mill Street | |
| 29.24 [40] | Peninsula Creek | Summit | ||||
| 29.82 [40] | 41°13′58″N 81°32′57″W / 41.23278°N 81.54917°W[61] | 689 feet (210 m)[61] | Haskell Run | Summit | near Akron-Peninsula Road | |
| 30.26 [40] | 41°13′42″N 81°32′59″W / 41.22833°N 81.54972°W[62] | 692 feet (211 m)[62] | Salt Run (Cuyahoga River) | Summit | near Akron-Peninsula Road and Truxell Road | |
| 30.66 [40] | 41°13′34″N 81°33′6″W / 41.22611°N 81.55167°W[63] | 699 feet (213 m)[63] | Dickerson Run (Cuyahoga River) | Summit | near | |
| 31.47 [40] | 41°13′3″N 81°33′35″W / 41.21750°N 81.55972°W[64] | 699 feet (213 m)[64] | Langes Run | Summit | ||
| 32.3 [40] | 41°12′30″N 81°33′46″W / 41.20833°N 81.56278°W[65] | 709 feet (216 m)[65] | Robinson Run (Cuyahoga River) | Summit | ||
| 33.08 [40][66] | 41°12′10″N 81°34′11″W / 41.20278°N 81.56972°W[67] | 709 feet (216 m)[67] | Furnace Run (Cuyahoga River) | Summit and Cuyahoga | ||
| 37.16 [40] | 41°9′47″N 81°34′25″W / 41.16306°N 81.57361°W[68] | 728 feet (222 m)[68] | Yellow Creek (Cuyahoga River) | Summit and Medina | ||
| 37.26 [40] | 41°9′42″N 81°34′25″W / 41.16167°N 81.57361°W[69] | 728 feet (222 m)[69] | Woodward Creek (Cuyahoga River) | Summit | ||
| 39.12 [40] | 41°8′24″N 81°33′37″W / 41.14000°N 81.56028°W[70] | 738 feet (225 m)[70] | Sand Run (Cuyahoga River) | Summit | ||
| 39.78 [40] | 41°8′17″N 81°33′5″W / 41.13806°N 81.55139°W[71] | 738 feet (225 m)[71] | Mud Brook (Cuyahoga River) | Summit | ||
| 42.27 [40] | 41°7′9″N 81°31′45″W / 41.11917°N 81.52917°W[72] | 758 feet (231 m)[72] | Little Cuyahoga River | Summit | ||
| 52.1 [43] | 41°8′26″N 81°23′56″W / 41.14056°N 81.39889°W[73] | 1,004 feet (306 m)[73] | Fish Creek (Cuyahoga River) | Stow | Summit and Portage | near North River Road between Marsh Road and Verner Road |
| 53.7 [43] | 41°8′32″N 81°22′24″W / 41.14222°N 81.37333°W[74] | 1,010 feet (310 m)[74] | Plum Creek (Cuyahoga River) | Kent | Portage | near Cherry Street and Mogadore Road |
| 56.8 [43] | 41°10′13″N 81°20′17″W / 41.17028°N 81.33806°W[75] | 1,027 feet (313 m)[75] | Breakneck Creek (Cuyahoga River) | Kent/Franklin Township border | Portage | near River Bend Boulevard and Beechwold Drive |
| 57.6[43]-57.97 [5] | Twin Lakes Outlet | |||||
| 59.95 [5] | 41°11′19″N 81°16′40″W / 41.18861°N 81.27778°W[76] | 1,070 feet (330 m)[76] | Eckert Ditch (Cuyahoga River) | Portage | ||
| 63.45 [5] | 41°14′9″N 81°18′46″W / 41.23583°N 81.31278°W[77] | 1,109 feet (338 m)[77] | Yoder Ditch | Portage | ||
| 65.19 [5] | Bollingbrook, Portage | |||||
| 66.33 [5] | 41°14′31″N 81°15′36″W / 41.24194°N 81.26000°W[78] | 1,096 feet (334 m)[78] | Harper Ditch (Cuyahoga River) | Portage | ||
| 76.64 [5] | 41°16′55″N 81°8′31″W / 41.28194°N 81.14194°W[79] | 1,010 feet (310 m)[79] | Black Creek (Cuyahoga River) | Portage | near SR-700 Welshfield Limaville Road between SR-254 Pioneer Trail and CR-224 Hankee Road | |
| 79.15 [5] | 41°22′35″N 81°9′4″W / 41.37639°N 81.15111°W[80] | 1,093 feet (333 m)[80] | Sawyer Brook (Cuyahoga River) | Geauga | near Main Market Road US-422 and Claridon Troy Road | |
| 83.29 [5] | 41°22′30″N 81°12′13″W / 41.37500°N 81.20361°W[81] | 1,122 feet (342 m)[81] | Bridge Creek (Cuyahoga River) | Geauga | ||
| 84.9 [5] | 41°26′25″N 81°9′6″W / 41.44028°N 81.15167°W[3] | 1,093 feet (333 m)[3] | West Branch Cuyahoga River | Geauga | ||
| 84.9 [5] | 41°26′25″N 81°9′5″W / 41.44028°N 81.15139°W[2] | 1,093 feet (333 m)[2] | East Branch Cuyahoga River | Geauga |
See also
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cuyahoga River. |
Notes
- ↑ The Ohio and Erie Canal diversion dam is located under the Brecksville-Northfield High Level Bridge over the Cuyahoga River valley.
- 1 2 RM stands for "river mile" and refers to the method used by federal and state government agencies to identify locations along a water body. Mileage is defined as the lineal distance from the downstream terminus (i.e. mouth) and moving in an upstream direction.
- ↑ In terms of "importance":
- Little Cuyahoga River and West Branch Cuyahoga River articles,
- followed by the other creeks going from mouth to upstream.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Cuyahoga River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 3 4 "East Branch Cuyahoga River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 3 4 "West Branch Cuyahoga River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- ↑ "Map of Ohio watersheds" (GIF). Ohio Department of Natural Resources.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Upper Cuyahoga River Watershed TMDLs Figure 2. Schematic Representation of the Upper Cuyahoga Watershed" (PDF). Ohio EPA.
- ↑ United States Geological Survey Hydrological Unit Code: 04-11-00-02
- ↑ Feran, Tom (February 13, 2004). "Shooing the hog out of Cuyahoga". The Plain Dealer.
- ↑ Feran, Tom (June 2, 2006). "It's a Cleveland thing, so to speak". The Plain Dealer.
- ↑ Siegel, Robert; Block, Melissa (June 23, 2009). "Letters: Cuyahoga River". All Things Considered (National Public Radio). Retrieved June 23, 2009.
- ↑ McIntyre, Michael K. (June 28, 2009). "How to pronounce 'Cuyahoga' turns into a national debate: Tipoff". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
- ↑ "Encyclopedia of Cleveland History: CUYAHOGA RIVER". ech.case.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-05.
- ↑
- ↑ "The Cuyahoga River Watershed: Proceedings of a symposium commemorating the dedication of Cunningham Hall." Kent State University, November 1, 1968.
- 1 2 Adler, Jonathan H. (2003). "Fables of the Cuyahoga: Reconstructing a History of Environmental Protection" (PDF). Fordham Environmental Law Journal (Case Western Reserve University) 14: 95–98, 103–104. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
- ↑ "Cuyahoga River Area of Concern". Environmental Protection Agency.
- ↑ "The Cities: The Price of Optimism". Time. August 1, 1969. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
- ↑ "Cuyahoga: Ohio's American Heritage River" (PDF). Cuyahoga River Community Planning Organization. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
- ↑ United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cuyahoga River Area of Concern, June 20, 2007. Retrieved June 20, 2007.
- ↑ "Cuyahoga River Area of Concern". Environmental Protection Agency.
- ↑ "Brecksville dam bad for river, good for canal". Cleveland.com.
- ↑ Ohio EPA, Biological and Water Quality Study of the Cuyahoga River and Selected Tributaries, August 15, 1999. Retrieved June 20, 2007.
- ↑ Search Results
- ↑ Kent Environmental Council, Newsletter June 2005. Retrieved June 21, 2007.
- 1 2 3 Downing, Bob (July 28, 2005). "Hydropower plan hits rough water". Akron Beacon Journal.
- ↑ Potter, Mark R (June 3, 2007). "Still no Gorge park access for company". Cuyahoga Falls News-Press.
- ↑ Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Letter to Metro Hydroelectric Company, June 14, 2007. Retrieved June 20, 2007.
- ↑ Bob Downing, Akron Beacon-Journal, Agency Dismisses Company's Park Plans, June 16, 2007. Retrieved June 20, 2007.
- ↑ Downing, Bob (June 12, 2009). "Foes help sink Gorge hydro project". Akron Beacon Journal.
- ↑ Walsh, Ellin (August 2, 2012). "Dismantling of dams along Cuyahoga River to get under way in September". Falls News Press. Retrieved August 6, 2012.
- ↑ Deike, John (December 22, 2011). "Downtown dams will come down". Cuyahoga Falls Patch. Retrieved December 24, 2012.
- ↑ Wiandt, Steve (November 27, 2011). "Downtown dams will come down". Falls News Press. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
- ↑ "Construction zone will soon be set up for removal of two Cuyahoga Falls dams". Cuyahoga Falls News-Press. May 31, 2013. Retrieved June 4, 2013.
- ↑ Summit County, Ohio, Munroe Falls Dam. Retrieved June 20, 2007.
- ↑ NewsNet5, Crews Unearth Natural Waterfall, September 13, 2005. Retrieved June 20, 2007.
- ↑ Downing, Bob (September 22, 2005). "Munroe Falls dam to stand, but shorter". Akron Beacon Journal.
- ↑ AP / Cleveland Plain Dealer. Dam removal to return Cuyahoga to natural, free-flowing state. Posted September 29, 2005; retrieved October 6, 2005.
- ↑ City of Kent, Ohio, Cuyahoga River Restoration Project FINAL SUMMARY. Retrieved June 20, 2007.
- ↑ White, Richard (1991). The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815. Cambridge University Press. pp. 188–189, fn 4. ISBN 0-521-37104-X.
- 1 2 "3745-1-26 Cuyahoga river." (PDF). Environmental Protection Agency.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 "Lower Cuyahoga River Watershed TMDLs Figure 2. Schematic of the Lower Cuyahoga River Watershed" (PDF). Ohio EPA.
- ↑ Ohio and Erie Canal diversion dam manually plotted in Google.
- 1 2 "Gorge Metropolitan Park Dam". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009. manually adjusted in Google
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Middle Cuyahoga TMDL,Figure 2. Schematic of the Middle Cuyahoga River" (PDF). Ohio EPA.
- 1 2 "Cuyahoga Falls Low Head Dam". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009. manually adjusted in Google
- ↑ Kent dam manually plotted from Google Maps
- 1 2 "Lake Rockwell Dam". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009. manually adjusted in Google
- 1 2 "Old River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Kingsbury Run (Cuyahoga River)". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Morgan Run". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Burk Branch". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Big Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "West Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Mill Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Tinkers Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Chippewa Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Brandywine Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Stanford Run". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Grannys Run". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Slipper Run". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Boston Run". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Haskell Run". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Salt Run". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Dickerson Run". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Langes Run". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Robinson Run". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- ↑ "Furnace Run". Cuyahoga River Community Planning Organization.
- 1 2 "Furnace Run". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Yellow Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Woodward Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Sand Run". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Mud Brook (Cuyahoga River)". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Little Cuyahoga River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Fish Creek (Cuyahoga River)". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Plum Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Breakneck Creek (Cuyahoga River)". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Eckert Ditch (Cuyahoga River)". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Yoder Ditch". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Harper Ditch (Cuyahoga River)". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Black Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Sawyer Brook". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- 1 2 "Bridge Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
General references
- "Lower Cuyahoga River Watershed TMDLs, Appendix D. Aquatic Life Use Attainment Status for Stations Sampled in the Cuyahoga River Basin July–September, 1999–2000" (PDF). Ohio EPA.
- Keren, Phil (2004). "Removal could be in dam's future". Cuyahoga Falls News-Press.
- Keren, Phil (2005). "Change proposed for Gorge Dam". Cuyahoga Falls News-Press.
- Passell, Lauren (2005). "Metro Parks discuss future of Gorge Dam". Cuyahoga Falls News-Press.
- Akron Beacon Journal Editorial (2005). All Wet. Retrieved July 29, 2005.
- AP / Cleveland Plain Dealer. Dam removal to return Cuyahoga to natural, free-flowing state. Posted September 29, 2005; retrieved October 6, 2005.
- Kuehner, John C (March 2, 2006). "Hydroelectric project has upstream battle". Cleveland Plain Dealer.
- Potter, Mark R (June 3, 2007). "Still no Gorge park access for company". Cuyahoga Falls News-Press.
External links
- Cuyahoga River Community Planning Organization
- Cuyahoga Valley
- Friends of the Crooked River
- National Whitewater River Inventory
- Lower Cuyahoga Gorge (below the Ohio Edison Dam)
- Upper Cuyahoga Gorge (Cuyahoga Falls, above the Dam)
- Kent to Munroe Falls
- Ira Rd. to Peninsula
- Peninsula to Boston Mills
- Cuyahoga River and Cuyahoga River Fire entries from the Encyclopedia of Cleveland History
- Year of the River, The Plain Dealer special section commemorating the 40th anniversary of the 1969 fire
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