Calochortus
Calochortus | |
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Sego Lily (Calochortus nuttallii | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
(unranked): | Angiosperms |
(unranked): | Monocots |
Order: | Liliales |
Family: | Liliaceae |
Subfamily: | Calochortoideae |
Genus: | Calochortus Pursh |
Type species | |
Calochortus elegans Pursh[1] | |
Synonyms[2] | |
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Calochortus /ˌkæləˈkɔːrtəs, -loʊ-/[3][4] is a genus of North American plants in the lily family. The group includes herbaceous, perennial and bulbous species, all native to North America (primarily the Western United States).[5][6]
The genus Calochortus includes mariposas (or mariposa lilies) with open wedge-shaped petals, globe lilies and fairy lanterns with globe-shaped flowers, and cat's ears and star tulips with erect pointed petals. The word Calochortus is derived from Greek and means "beautiful grass".[5]
Description
Calochortus produce one or more flowers on a stem that arises from the bulb, generally in the spring or early summer. Unlike most other Liliaceae, Calochortus petals differ in size and color from their sepals.[7] Flowers can be white, yellow, pink, purple, bluish, or streaked. The insides of the petals are often very 'hairy'. These hairs, along with the nectaries, are often used in distinguishing species from each other.[5]
- Calochortus albus white globelily - CA, Baja California
- Calochortus amabilis short lily - CA
- Calochortus ambiguus doubting mariposa lily - UT AZ NM Sonora
- Calochortus amoenus purple globelily - CA
- Calochortus apiculatus pointedtip mariposa lily - British Columbia, Alberta, WA OR ID MT WY
- Calochortus argillosus - CA
- Calochortus aureus golden mariposa lily - UT CO AZ NM
- Calochortus balsensis - Oaxaca, Guerrero
- Calochortus barbatus yellow globe lily - from Chihuahua to Oaxaca
- Calochortus bruneaunis Bruneau mariposa lily - CA OR NV UT ID MT
- Calochortus catalinae Santa Catalina mariposa lily — (threatened by development) CA
- Calochortus cernuus - Morelos
- Calochortus ciscoensis - UT
- Calochortus clavatus clubhair mariposa lily - CA
- Calochortus clavatus var. avius -rare,
- Calochortus clavatus var. gracilis
- Calochortus clavatus ssp. clavatus
- Calochortus clavatus ssp. pallidus
- Calochortus clavatus ssp. recurvifolius — rare
- Calochortus coeruleus beavertail grass - CA
- Calochortus concolor goldenbowl mariposa lily - CA, Baja California
- Calochortus coxii Cox's mariposa lily - OR
- Calochortus dunnii Dunn's mariposa lily — rare - CA, Baja California
- Calochortus elegans northwestern mariposa lily; star tulip - CA OR WA ID MT
- Calochortus elegans var. elegans elegant mariposa lily
- Calochortus elegans var. nanus
- Calochortus elegans var. oreophilus elegant mariposa lily
- Calochortus elegans var. selwayensis Selway mariposa lily
- Calochortus eurycarpus white mariposa lily - OR WA NV ID MT WY
- Calochortus excavatus Inyo mariposa lily — (threatened by groundwater development) - CA
- Calochortus exilis - Hidalgo
- Calochortus fimbriatus late-blooming mariposa lily — rare - CA
- Calochortus flexuosus winding mariposa lily - CA NV UT CO AZ NM Baja California, Sonora
- Calochortus foliosus - Michoacán
- Calochortus fuscus - Mexico
- Calochortus greenei Green's mariposa lily — rare - CA OR
- Calochortus ghiesbreghtii - Mexico, Guatemala
- Calochortus gunnisonii Gunnison's mariposa lily - ID MT WY SD NE CO UT AZ NM
- Calochortus gunnisonii var. gunnisonii
- Calochortus gunnisonii var. perpulcher
- Calochortus hartwegii - Aguascalientes, Nayarit, Jalisco
- Calochortus howellii Howell's mariposa lily - OR
- †Calochortus indecorus Sexton Mountain mariposa lily - OR - extinct
- Calochortus invenustus plain mariposa lily - CA NV
- Calochortus kennedyi desert mariposa lily - CA NV AZ Sonora, Chihuahua
- Calochortus kennedyi var. kennedyi
- Calochortus kennedyi var. munzii
- Calochortus leichtlinii smokey mariposa - CA NV OR
- Calochortus longibarbatus longbeard mariposa lily - CA OR WA
- Calochortus longibarbatus var. longibarbatus — (threatened by grazing)
- Calochortus longibarbatus var. peckii
- Calochortus luteus yellow mariposa lily - CA
- Calochortus lyallii Lyall's mariposa lily - WA, British Columbia
- Calochortus macrocarpus sagebrush mariposa lily - CA NV OR WA ID MT, British Columbia
- Calochortus macrocarpus var. macrocarpus
- Calochortus macrocarpus var. maculosus Nez Perce mariposa lily
- Calochortus marcellae - Nuevo León, Coahuila, Tamaulipas
- Calochortus mendozae - Querétaro, San Luis Potosí
- Calochortus minimus Sierran mariposa lily - CA
- †Calochortus monanthus Shasta River mariposa lily — CA (presumed extinct)
- Calochortus monophyllus yellow startulip - CA OR
- Calochortus nigrescens - Oaxaca
- Calochortus nitidus broadfruit mariposa lily - WA OR ID
- Calochortus nudus naked mariposa lily - CA OR
- Calochortus nuttallii sego lily, (state flower of Utah) - ND SD NE MT ID CO UT NV AZ NM
- Calochortus obispoensis San Luis mariposa lily - CA
- Calochortus palmeri Palmer's mariposa lily - CA
- Calochortus palmeri var. munzii Munz's mariposa lily
- Calochortus palmeri var. palmeri — rare
- Calochortus panamintensis Panamint Mountain mariposa lily — rare ca NV
- Calochortus persistens Siskiyou mariposa lily — rare - CA OR
- Calochortus plummerae Plummer's mariposa lily — rare - CA
- Calochortus pringlei - Morelos, Puebla, Jalisco, Oaxaca
- Calochortus pulchellus Mount Diablo globelily - CA
- Calochortus raichei Cedars mariposa lily - CA
- Calochortus simulans San Luis Obispo mariposa lily - CA
- Calochortus spatulatus - Mexico
- Calochortus splendens splendid mariposa lily - CA, Baja California
- Calochortus striatus alkali mariposa lily - CA NV
- Calochortus subalpinus alpine pussy ears, Cascade mariposa lily, cat's ear lily - WA OR
- Calochortus superbus superb mariposa - CA
- Calochortus syntrophus Callahan's mariposa lily - CA
- Calochortus tiburonensis Tiburon mariposa - CA
- Calochortus tolmiei Tolmie's star-tulip, hairy pussy ears - CA OR WA
- Calochortus umbellatus Oakland mariposa lily - CA
- Calochortus umpquaensis Umpqua mariposa lily - OR
- Calochortus uniflorus mariposa 'Cupido' - CA OR
- Calochortus venustulus - Mexico
- Calochortus venustus butterfly mariposa, white mariposa - CA
- Calochortus vestae Vesta's mariposa, Coast Range mariposa - CA
- Calochortus weedii Weed's mariposa - CA, Baja Calilfornia
- Calochortus westonii Shirley Meadow star-tulip, Weston's mariposa - CA
Distribution and habitat
The genus Calochortus includes approximately 70 species distributed from southwestern British Columbia, through California and Mexico, to northern Guatemala and eastwards to New Mexico, Nebraska and the Dakotas. Calochortus is the most widely dispersed genus of Liliaceae on the North American Pacific Coast.[7] Of these, 28 species are endemic to California.[12]
In 1998, T.B. Patterson conducted a phylogenetic analysis of the genus, dividing it into seven main clades. The study indicated highly localized speciation, so that different clades were strongly linked to specific habitats, as follows:[13]
- Mariposas: dry grasslands, open chaparral, semideserts
- Star-tulips: wet meadows
- Cat’s ears: montane woodlands
- Fairy lanterns: oak woodlands, closed forests.
Uses
- Culinary
The bulbs of many species were eaten by Native Americans. [14] They bulbs were eaten raw or gathered in the fall and boiled, and the flower buds when young and fresh. [14] They were eaten by the Mormon settlers during the first winter or two as new immigrants in the Great Salt Lake Valley, due to crop failures.
Native Americans also used Calochortus ceremonially and as a traditional medicinal plant. [14]
- Cultivation
Some Calochortus species are cultivated as ornamental plants by specialty nurseries and botanic gardens to sell. [15] The bulbs are planted for their flowers, in traditional, native plant, and wildlife gardens; in rock gardens; and in potted container gardens for those needing unwatered Summer dormancy.
Notes
- ↑ Tropicos, Calochortus Pursh
- 1 2 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ↑ "Calochortus". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. Retrieved 2016-01-22.
- ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
- 1 2 3 Flora of North America, Vol. 26 Page 119 Calochortus Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 240. 1814.
- ↑ Pursh, Frederick Traugott. 1813. Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, A systematic arrangement and description of the plants of North America. Containing, besides what have been described by preceding authors, many new and rare species, collected during twelve years travels and residence in that country 1: 240 in English and Latin
- 1 2 Dale, Nancy; Flowering Plants of the Santa Monica Mountains, Capra Press, 1986; pg. 28
- ↑ Gerritsen, Mary E and Parsons, R. Calochortus. Mariposa Lilies and Their Relatives. Timber Press, 2007.
- ↑ Biota of North America Program 2034 county distribution maps
- ↑ Espejo Serena, A. & López-Ferrari, A.R. (1994). Las Monocotiledóneas Mexicanas una Sinopsis Florística 1(3): 1-74. Consejo Nacional de la Flora de México, México D.F..
- ↑ Gerritsen, M.E. & Parsons, R. (2007). Calochortus: Mariposa lilies & their relatives: 1-232. Timber press, Inc. Portland, U.S.A.
- ↑ USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service, Plant Profile for Calochortus Pursh; Data contributed by John K. Kartesz and USDA-NRCS National Plant Data Center
- ↑ P. L. Fiedler & R. K. Zebell, Flora of North America; 18. Calochortus Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 240. 1814.
- 1 2 3 University of Michigan at Dearborn, Native American Ethnobotany: Calochortus
- ↑ Telos Rare Bulbs Nursery database: Calochortus
References
- "Calochortus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- Treatment from the Jepson Manual (TJM93)
- Gerritsen, Mary E and Parsons, R. Calochortus. Mariposa Lilies and Their Relatives. Timber Press, 2007.
- Pacific Bulb Society
External links
- Media related to Calochortus at Wikimedia Commons
- Data related to Calochortus at Wikispecies
- Calflora Database: Calochortus — all species native to California.
- photos by Mark Egger, Flickriver search for Calochortus many photos of many species
- Jepson Manual (TJM93): Key to California Calochortus species
- Genus overview, Key to North American species
- Gallery of Photos. US and Mexican Calochortus Species and Natural Hybrids
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