2012–13 South Pacific cyclone season

2012–13 South Pacific cyclone season
Season summary map
First system formed November 6, 2012
Last system dissipated May 1, 2013
Strongest storm1 Sandra – 930 hPa (mbar), 185 km/h (115 mph) (10-minute sustained)
Total disturbances 22
Total depressions 10
Tropical cyclones 5
Severe tropical cyclones 4
Total fatalities 17 total
Total damage $161 million (2012 USD)
1Strongest storm is determined by lowest pressure
South Pacific tropical cyclone seasons
2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15
Related articles

The 2012–13 South Pacific cyclone season was a below average tropical cyclone season, with six tropical cyclones occurring within the basin between 160°E and 120°W. The season officially ran from November 1, 2012 to April 30, 2013, however the last tropical disturbance was last noted on May 1, as it moved into the subtropics. During the season, tropical cyclones were officially monitored by the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS), Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) and New Zealand's MetService. The United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) and other national meteorological services including Météo-France and NOAA also monitored the basin during the season. During the season there were 22 significant tropical disturbances assigned a number and a F suffix by the FMS's Regional Specialized Meteorological Center in Nadi, Fiji (RSMC Nadi), including Severe Tropical Cyclone Sandra which moved into the basin from the Australian region on March 9. The BoM, MetService and RSMC Nadi all estimated sustained wind speeds over a period of 10-minutes and used the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale, while the JTWC estimated sustained winds over a 1-minute period, which are subsequently compared to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHS).

Seasonal forecasts

Source/Record Tropical
Cyclone		 Severe
Tropical Cyclone		 Ref
Record high: 1997–98: 16 1982–83:10 [1]
Record low: 2003–04: 3 2008–09: 0 [1]
Averages: 7.9 3.5 [2]
NIWA 9-12 4 [3]
RSMC Nadi 7-10 4-6 [2]
Region Chance of
above average		 Average
number		 Actual
activity
Southern Pacific 53% 15 7
Western South Pacific 35% 8 4
Eastern South Pacific 55% 11 3
Source:BOM's Seasonal Outlooks for Tropical Cyclones.[4]

Ahead of the cyclone season, RSMC Nadi, TCWC Wellington, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM), the New Zealand National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) and various other Pacific Meteorological services, all contributed towards the Island Climate Update tropical cyclone outlook that was released during October 2012.[3] The outlook took into account the ENSO neutral conditions and near normal sea surface temperature anomalies that had been observed across the Pacific.[3] As a result, the outlook called for a near average number of tropical cyclones for the 2012–13 season, with nine to twelve named tropical cyclones predicted to occur between 135°E and 120°W compared to an average of 10.[3] At least two of the tropical cyclones were expected to become category 3 severe tropical cyclones, while one might intensify into a category 4 severe tropical cyclone.[3] The outlook also noted within past analogues, category 5 severe tropical cyclones had not been prominent for ENSO neutral seasons, but the most recent analogue suggested that this type of event was possible.[3]

In addition to contributing towards the outlook, RSMC Nadi and the BoM issued their own seasonal forecasts for the South Pacific region.[2][4] The BoM issued 3 seasonal forecasts for the South Pacific region between 142.5°E and 120°W, one for the Western Southern Pacific region between 142.5°E and 165°E and one for the Eastern Southern Pacific region between 165°E and 120°W.[4] They noted that the current neutral ENSO conditions would historically suggest the South Pacific region as a whole would experience near average tropical cyclone activity during the coming season.[4] However, because of the warmer than average sea surface temperatures that were experienced in the central equatorial Pacific between July — September 2012, the western Southern Pacific had a 65% chance for average to below average tropical cyclone activity.[4] For the Eastern part of the region, the BoM predicted that it had a 55% chance of above average tropical cyclones, while for the overall region, they predicted that the region would experience a near average amount of tropical cyclones with a 53% chance of having an above average number of tropical cyclones.[4] Within their outlook RSMC Nadi predicted that between seven and ten tropical cyclones, would occur within the basin compared to an average of around 7.4 cyclones.[2] At least four of the tropical cyclones were expected to become category 3 severe tropical cyclones, while two-three might intensify into a category 4 or 5 severe tropical cyclones.[2] They also reported that the tropical cyclone genesis trough was expected to be located near the International Dateline.[2] This was based on the ENSO Neutral conditions, and the existence of the warm pool of sea surface and sub surface temperature anomalies near the dateline.[2]

Risk forecasts

Both the Island Climate Update and RSMC Nadi's tropical cyclone outlooks assessed the risk of a tropical cyclone affecting a certain island or territory.[2][3] As the tropical cyclone genesis trough of low pressure was expected to be located near the Dateline, normal or above normal activity was expected for areas near the dateline.[2][3] The Island Climate Update Outlook predicted that most of the countries to the west of the International Date Line, including Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia Tonga and Fiji were expected to experience near normal or slightly above normal activity.[3] At least one or more severe tropical cyclones were expected to occur anywhere across the southwest Pacific during the season.[3] RSMC Nadi's outlook predicted that New Caledonia, Southern Tonga, Tokelau, Tuvalu, Solomon Islands, Fiji and Vanuatu had an average risk of being affected by a tropical cyclone.[2] Wallis and Futuna, Samoa, Northern Tonga, Niue, Cook Islands and French Polynesia were predicted to face an above average chance of being affected by a tropical cyclone.[2] RSMC Nadi also predicted that there was a potential risk in the chances of severe tropical cyclones, affecting the region this year when compared to the previous season.[2] There was a high chance of Tokelau being affected by a tropical cyclone while there was a moderate to high risk for severe tropical cyclones to affect New Caledonia, the Cook Islands, the Samoan Islands and the Solomon Islands.[2] Wallis and Futuna, Tuvalu, Niue and Vanuatu were predicted to have a moderate risk while Fiji and Tonga were thought to have a low to moderate risk of being impacted by a severe tropical cyclone.[2]

Seasonal summary

Cyclone Evan

The first tropical disturbance of the season developed on November 6, to the southwest of Suva, Fiji which moved towards the southeast over the next day before it was last noted during the next day as it moved out of the tropics.[5][6] Tropical Disturbance 02F subsequently developed on November 18 to the northeast of Port Vila, Vanuatu and over the next few days slowly moved to the west-southwest while gradually developing further. The system almost developed into a weak tropical cyclone as it moved along the Vanuatu Islands causing some locally heavy rain, minor damage and flash flooding, before it was last noted November 24 as it moved out of RSMC Nadi's area of responsibility.[7] After 02F left the tropics, the basin remained quiet until early December when the Australian monsoon pushed eastwards along the South Pacific Convergence Zone, and a Madden Julian Oscillation caused an increase in tropical cyclone activity.[7][8] On December 9, RSMC Nadi started to monitor the precursor systems to Tropical Depression 03F and Severe Tropical Cyclone Evan.

Storms

Tropical Depression 02F

Tropical depression (Australian scale)
Duration November 18 – November 24
Peak intensity 45 km/h (30 mph) (10-min)  1001 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Disturbance 02F developed within a trough of low pressure to the north-east of the Santa Cruz Islands during November 18.[9][10] Over the next few days the system moved slowly and gradually developed further in an area of low vertical wind shear and was declared a tropical depression during November 20.[9][11] The system subsequently turned towards the south-southeast and impacted Vanuatu, before it moved into an area of unfavourable conditions for further development, including high vertical wind shear and lower sea surface temperatures during November 22.[12][13][14] As a result, convection surrounding the system significantly decreased and detached from the systems low level circulation center.[14] The system was subsequently last noted by the FMS during November 24, as it approached the subtropics as a former tropical depression.[15][16] There was no damage recorded when the depression impacted Vanuatu between November 20–22.[17][18] A rainfall total of 91 mm (3.6 in) was recorded at the Whitegrass Observation Station on Tanna Island during November 21, while a total of 108 mm (4.3 in) was recorded on Aneityum Island during November 22.[17][18] The trough of low pressure associated with 02F, brought strong winds over Western and Southern parts of Fiji during November 22, with Ono-i-lau recording the highest sustained winds of 50 km/h (31 mph) and gusts of up to 77 km/h (48 mph).[19]

Tropical Depression 03F

Tropical depression (Australian scale)
Subtropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration December 9 – December 17
Peak intensity Winds unknown  997 hPa (mbar)

During December 9, RSMC Nadi reported that Tropical Depression 03F had developed in an area of high vertical windshear, about 600 km (375 mi) to the northeast of Avarua on the Cook Island of Rarotonga.[20] It was classified as a Subtropical system by the SSHS as it reached peak intensity on December 13 but failed to be a tropical cyclone. 03F then dissipated on December 17 near a subtropical ridge.

Severe Tropical Cyclone Evan

Main article: Cyclone Evan
Category 4 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 4 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Duration December 9 – December 19
Peak intensity 185 km/h (115 mph) (10-min)  943 hPa (mbar)

On December 9, RSMC Nadi started to monitor a weak tropical depression, that had developed within the South Pacific Convergence Zone, about 700 km (435 mi) to the northeast of Suva, Fiji.[20][21] Over the next two days, the depression gradually developed further in an area of low vertical windshear and favourable sea surface temperatures, as it was steered eastwards by an upper level ridge of high pressure.[21][22][23] During December 11, the JTWC started to issue warnings and designated the system as Tropical Cyclone 04P, after 1-minute sustained winds had become equivalent to a tropical storm.[23] RSMC Nadi then reported early the next day that the system had become a category one tropical cyclone and named it Evan, while it was located about 410 km (255 mi) to the west of Pago Pago on the American Samoan island of Tutuila.[24][25]

The cyclone struck Samoa on December 13 with category 2 strength winds of more than 110 km/h (70 mph), causing widespread damage in the capital, Apia. Most of the roads out of Apia have reportedly been cut off by floodwaters. The system is expected to head south towards Fiji.[26] On December 13, Tropical Cyclone Evan battered Samoa and American Samoa with wind gusts up to 175 km/h (130 mph), before roaring over Fiji as a Category 4 storm on December 17, with winds reaching up to 230 km/h (145 mph). It then weakened to a Tropical Depression on October 19 as its remnants became exposed. Its remnants continued to move southerly direction which gave heavy rains and strong winds to New Zealand on December 21 and 22 and fully dissipated on late on December 23.

Evan killed at least 14 people on Samoa and left behind severe damage. The US Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa David Huebner confirmed the United States had provided NZ$ 60,000 to the Samoan Red Cross for relief operations. New Zealand authorities sent NZ$ 50,000 on December 15, as well as the P-3 Orion plane to search for the missing fishermen.[27] Two days later the New Zealand Foreign Affairs Minister Murray McCully announced an additional NZ$ 550,000 was to be made available to the Samoan government, as well as the Samoan Red Cross and any agencies on the ground that might need it. Five additional New Zealand Red Cross workers were also sent to support local efforts. As the legislators prepared to receive initial assessments of the economic damage wrecked by Evan, the bill was expected to be at least NZ$ 200,000,000, and possibly rise as high as 300 million.[28][29][30][31][32]

Severe Tropical Cyclone Freda

Category 4 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 3 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Duration December 26 – January 4
Peak intensity 185 km/h (115 mph) (10-min)  940 hPa (mbar)

On December 26, RSMC Nadi reported that Tropical Disturbance 05F had developed within an area of low to moderate vertical windshear about 1075 km (670 mi) to the north of Port Vila, Vanuatu.[33][34] During that day as the system moved towards the west, convection surrounding the centre and the general organization of the system increased, before RSMC Nadi reported that the system had developed into a tropical depression.[35] During December 27, the depression started to move towards the southwest and the southern Solomon Islands, as convection surrounding the centre and the general organization of the system continued to increase.[36] The system then passed near the Southern Solomon Islands early the next day, before the JTWC designated the depression as Tropical Cyclone 06P and initiated advisories on it as the system had become equivalent to a tropical storm.[37][38] Later that day RSMC Nadi reported that the depression had become a category one tropical cyclone and named it Freda, as it continued to move towards the southwest and passed over Rennell Island.[39][40] During December 29, Freda continued to move towards the south-southwest, crossed 160°E and briefly moved into the Australian region, before it started to move towards the south-southeast along the western edge of the subtropical ridge of high pressure and moved back into the South Pacific basin.[40][41] During that day the system developed an 20 km (10 mi) wide eye while significantly intensifying further, with RSMC Nadi reporting by 1800 UTC that Freda had become a category 3 severe tropical cyclone with 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 150 km/h (95 mph).[42][43]

During December 30, Freda continued to intensify further, before RSMC Nadi reported that Freda had peaked as a category 4 severe tropical cyclone with 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 185 km/h (115 mph).[40][44] The JTWC subsequently followed suit and reported that Freda had peaked with 1-minute sustained windspeeds of 205 km/h (125 mph) which made it equivalent to a category 3 hurricane on the SSHS.[45] After it had peaked, Freda started to quickly weaken as it continued to move towards the south-southeast, as vertical windshear over the system increased and caused convection over Freda's northern semicircle to gradually wear away.[46] By 0000 UTC on January 1, the JTWC reported that Freda had become equivalent to a category one hurricane, while RSMC Nadi had reported that the system had weakened into a category 2 tropical cyclone.[45][47] Throughout that day, Freda continued to weaken before at 1800 UTC after deep convection had become displaced to the east of the low level circulation center, RSMC Nadi reported that the cyclone had weakened into a tropical depression.[48] During the next day the JTWC issued their final advisory on the system after the low level circulation center had become fully exposed before the remnant tropical depression crossed the northern part of New Caledonia's Grande Terre Island.[40][49][50] After crossing New Caledonia's biggest island, Freda started to move towards the southeast between Grande Terre and the Loyalty Islands, while the JTWC reported that Freda had become a subtropical cyclone, as it was positioned under a strong subtropical westerly flow.[45][51] The remnant depression was subsequently last noted during January 4, as it dissipated about 630 km (390 mi) to the southwest of Nadi, Fiji.[45][52]

As of December 29, the storm has hit the Solomon Islands with strong winds and heavy rain. The cyclone was full force on Rennell Island and the country's major island of Makira, which so far was the hardest hit. Winds of up to 130 kilometres per hour were expected in Rennell and Bellona Islands. Freda is expected to affect the country until early Monday morning.[53] On December 30, New Caledonia was being warned to prepare for the arrival of Freda on January 2. The category four system was weakening as it headed south-south east at about 13 kilometres per hour. On December 30, Freda moved across the southern Solomon Islands.[54] As Cyclone Freda weakened, it struck New Caledonia as a tropical storm at about 0000 UTC on January 2, 2013.[55]

At the height of the storm one man drowned in New Caledonia, while another person was left missing after attempting to cross a swollen river while around 3200 people were without power.[56]

Tropical Depression 08F

Tropical depression (Australian scale)
Duration January 9 – January 15
Peak intensity 45 km/h (30 mph) (10-min)  999 hPa (mbar)

On January 9, RSMC Nadi reported that Tropical Disturbance 08F had developed about 270 km (170 mi) to the northeast of Wallis Island.[57]

Severe Tropical Cyclone Garry

Category 3 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 2 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Duration January 14 – January 27
Peak intensity 150 km/h (90 mph) (10-min)  965 hPa (mbar)

On January 14, RSMC Nadi reported that Tropical Disturbance 09F had developed about 615 km (380 mi) to the southeast of Honiara on the Solomon Island of Guadalcanal.[58] Tropical Cyclone Garry was forecast to intensify as a Category 1 with 1-min sustained winds of 65 knots briefly according to the JTWC. However, it intensified to a Category 2 with 1-min sustained winds of 85 knots according to the JTWC.

Tropical Depression 11F

Tropical depression (Australian scale)
Duration January 26 – January 30
Peak intensity 55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min)  995 hPa (mbar)

On January 26, RSMC Nadi reported that Tropical Depression 11F had developed within an area of high vertical windshear about 614 km (380 mi) to the southeast of Suva, Fiji.[59][60]

Tropical Cyclone Haley

Category 1 tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration February 7 – February 11
Peak intensity 75 km/h (45 mph) (10-min)  990 hPa (mbar)

On February 7, RSMC Nadi reported that Tropical Disturbance 14F had developed under an upper level ridge of high pressure in an area of low vertical windshear, about 450 km (280 mi) to the east of the Cook Island: Suwarrow.[61] A few days later, it strengthened to Tropical Cyclone Haley.[62] On February 11, RSMC Nadi issues its final advisory for ex-Tropical Cyclone Haley having agreed that it would move South-East and weaken further.[63] By February 11, Haley weakened into a tropical depression, with the low level circulation center becoming fully exposed, with most of the convection displaced to the far east due to wind shear from the west, overall decreasing its organization.[64]

Tropical Disturbance 15F

Tropical disturbance (Australian scale)
Duration February 21 – February 24
Peak intensity Winds unknown  1004 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Disturbance 15F developed on February 21 about 200 miles (320 km) west of Nadi, Fiji.[65]

The system was last noted on February 24, as the low level circulation had become exposed.[66]

Tropical Disturbance 16F

Tropical disturbance (Australian scale)
Duration February 28 – March 7
Peak intensity Winds unknown  998 hPa (mbar)

On February 28, RSMC Nadi started to monitor a tropical disturbance that had developed, about 390 km (240 mi) to the south of Honiara on the Solomon Island of Guadalcanal.[67]

The system was last noted on March 7, while located about 160 km (100 mi) to the south-west of Suva, near the Fijian island of Matuku.[68]

Severe Tropical Cyclone Sandra

Category 4 severe tropical cyclone (Australian scale)
Category 3 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Duration March 9 (Entered basin) – March 14
Peak intensity 185 km/h (115 mph) (10-min)  930 hPa (mbar)

During March 9, Cyclone Sandra moved into the South Pacific basin from the Australian region as a Category 3 Severe Tropical Cyclone, while located about 700 km (435 mi) to the south of Honiara in the Solomon Islands.[69]

Upon reaching Category 4 and threatening New Caledonia, it hit Lord Howe Island as a Category 2 storm on March 15, despite weakening to Category 1 the day before.[70] The remnants of Sandra bought areas of heavy rain and thunderstorms to drought-stricken parts of New Zealand, with reports of up to 112 mm at Turakina near Whanganui and a tornado in New Plymouth.

Other storms

The following weak tropical disturbances and depressions were also monitored by RSMC Nadi, however all of these systems were either short lived or did not develop significantly. The first tropical disturbance of the season developed on November 6, to the southwest of Suva, Fiji.[5] The system subsequently moved towards the southeast over the next day, before it was last noted during November 7, as it moved out of the tropics.[6][71] Late on December 30, Tropical Depression 06F developed within the South Pacific Convergence Zone, about 515 km (320 mi) to the west of Niue.[72][73] During the next day, the system slowly moved southwards and developed into a tropical depression, before it was last noted later that day as it moved out of the tropics.[74][75][76] On January 7, Tropical Disturbance 07F developed near an upper level low, in area of moderate vertical windshear about 800 km (495 mi) to the northeast of Papeete on Tahiti Island in French Polynesia.[77] Over the next two days the disturbance moved towards the southeast, before it was last noted during January 9, as it was not expected to become a tropical cyclone and convection surrounding the system had become irregular.[78][79]

On January 26, RSMC Nadi reported that Tropical Disturbance 10F had developed within an area of moderate vertical wind shear about 80 km (50 mi) to the east of the Duff Islands.[80] Over the next couple of days the system slowly moved south-eastwards, before the disturbance was last noted by RSMC Nadi on January 28.[81][82] Tropical Disturbance 12F developed on February 2, under an upper level ridge of high pressure in an area of moderate to high vertical windshear, about 285 km (175 mi) to the south of Papeete, on the French Polynesian island of Tahiti.[83] During that day, convection surrounding the system became displaced to the east of the low level circulation center before the final warning was issued later that day.[84][85] As the final warning on 12F was issued, RSMC Nadi reported that Tropical Disturbance 13F had developed under an upper level ridge of high pressure in an area of moderate vertical windshear, about 360 km (225 mi) to the northeast of Suva, Fiji.[85] By February 7, the system's low level circulation center became exposed, with RSMC Nadi issuing their final warning on the system as it had left the tropics.[61]

On March 12, Tropical Disturbance 18F developed within an area of moderate vertical windshear, underneath an upper level ridge of high pressure about 465 km (290 mi) to the north of Suva, Fiji.[86] Over the next few days the system moved towards the southwest as deep convection surrounding the system decreased, before the system was last noted during March 15.[87][88][89] Tropical Disturbance 19F developed on March 14, within an area of moderate vertical windshear about 530 km (330 mi) to the northeast of Port Vila, Vanuatu.[90] Over the next few days, the system moved towards the southwest and affected the Northern islands of Vanuatu, before the disturbance was last noted during March 17.[91] Tropical Disturbance 20F developed on March 27, about 210 km (130 mi) NW of Fiji.[92]

In April no designations were issued until the 20th, when Tropical Disturbance 21F was analysed 165 km (105 mi) south of Rotuma, Fiji.[93]

On April 28, Tropical Disturbance 22F developed within a trough of low pressure, about 485 km (300 mi) to the northeast of Port Vila in Vanuatu.[94][95] Over the next couple of days convection surrounding the system remained poor, as it moved south-eastwards into an area of high vertical windshear.[96] The system was last noted on May 1, to the south of Fiji as it moved into TCWC Wellington's area of responsibility.[95][96]

Season effects

This table lists all the storms that developed in the South Pacific to the east of longitude 160°E during the 2012–2013 season. It includes their intensity on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale, duration, name, landfalls, deaths, and damages. All data is taken from RSMC Nadi and/or TCWC Wellington, and all of the damage figures are in 2012 USD.

Name Dates active Peak classification Sustained
wind speeds		 Pressure Land areas affected Damage
(USD)		 Deaths Refs
01F November 6 – 7 Tropical disturbance Not Specified 991 hPa (29.26 inHg) Fiji None None
02F November 18 – 24 Tropical depression 45 km/h (30 mph) 1001 hPa (29.56 inHg) Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji None None [17]
03F December 9 – 17 Tropical depression Not Specified 997 hPa (29.44 inHg) Cook Islands None 1
Evan December 9 – 19 Category 4 severe tropical cyclone 185 km/h (115 mph) 943 hPa (27.85 inHg) Samoan Islands, Wallis and Futuna, Fiji
Tonga, New Zealand 		$161 million 14 [17]
Freda December 26 – January 4 Category 4 severe tropical cyclone 185 km/h (115 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Solomon Islands, New Caledonia Unknown 2 [97]
06F December 30 – 31 Tropical depression Not Specified 1005 hPa (29.68 inHg) None None None
07F January 7 – 9 Tropical disturbance Not Specified 1003 hPa (29.62 inHg) French Polynesia None None
08F January 9 – 15 Tropical depression 45 km/h (30 mph) 999 hPa (29.50 inHg) Wallis and Futuna, Fiji, Tonga None None
Garry January 14 – 27 Category 3 severe tropical cyclone 150 km/h (90 mph) 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) Tokelau, Wallis and Futuna
Samoan Islands, Cook Islands 		None None
10F January 26 – 28 Tropical disturbance Not Specified 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) Solomon Islands None None
11F January 26 – 30 Tropical depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 995 hPa (29.38 inHg) None None None
12F February 2 Tropical disturbance Not Specified 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) French Polynesia None None
13F February 3 – 7 Tropical disturbance Not Specified 997 hPa (29.44 inHg) Cook Islands None None
Haley February 7 – 11 Category 1 tropical cyclone 75 km/h (45 mph) 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) Cook Islands None None
15F February 21 – 24 Tropical disturbance Not Specified 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) Fiji None None
16F February 28 – March 7 Tropical disturbance Not Specified 998 hPa (29.47 inHg) New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Fiji None None
Sandra March 9 – 14 Category 4 severe tropical cyclone 185 km/h (115 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island, New Zealand None None
18F March 12 – 15 Tropical disturbance Not Specified 1003 hPa (29.62 inHg) Fiji None None
19F March 14 – 17 Tropical disturbance Not Specified 1006 hPa (29.71 inHg) Vanuatu None None
20F March 27 – 30 Tropical disturbance Not Specified 1004 hPa (29.65 inHg) None None None
21F April 20 – 27 Tropical disturbance Not Specified 1007 hPa (29.74 inHg) None None None
22F April 28 – May 1 Tropical disturbance Not Specified 993 hPa (29.32 inHg) None None None
Season Aggregates
22 systems November 6 – May 1 185 km/h (115 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) $161 million 17

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Climate Services Division; RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (October 26, 2010). Tropical Cyclone Guidance for Season 2010/11 for the Fiji and the Southwest Pacific (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2012. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 RSMC Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre (October 18, 2012). "2012/13 Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook in the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre Nadi – Tropical Cyclone Centre Area of Responsibility" (PDF). Fiji Meteorological Service. p. 2. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Southwest Pacific Tropical Cyclone Outlook: Near average or slightly above average numbers for many islands likely, and increased activity in the late season near Tonga and Niue". New Zealand's National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. October 18, 2012. Archived from the original on March 24, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 National Climate Centre (October 15, 2012). "2012–2013 South Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on January 14, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2013.
  5. 1 2 RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (November 6, 2012). "Tropical Disturbance Summary November 6, 2012 23z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
  6. 1 2 RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. "Marine Weather Bulletin November 7, 2012 18z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
  7. 1 2 Leewai, Kathleen (January 22, 2013). "2012/13 Tropical cyclone season underway". Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme. Archived from the original on February 15, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
  8. ↑ "1st Quarter 2013" (PDF). Pacific ENSO Update 19 (1): 1. February 11, 2013.
  9. 1 2 RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (November 18, 2012). "Tropical Disturbance Summary November 18, 2012 23z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on November 18, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
  10. ↑ Darwin Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre (November 18, 2012). "Weekly Tropical Climate Note". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on November 18, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
  11. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (November 20, 2012). "Tropical Disturbance Summary November 20, 2012 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on November 20, 2012. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
  12. ↑ "Tropical Depression TD 02F" (PDF) (Press release). Fiji Meteorological Service. November 20, 2012. Archived from the original on November 20, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
  13. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (November 22, 2012). "Tropical Disturbance Summary November 22, 2012 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on November 22, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
  14. 1 2 RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (November 22, 2012). "Tropical Disturbance Summary November 22, 2012 23z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on November 22, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
  15. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (November 24, 2012). "Marine Weather Bulletin for Islands Area November 24, 2012 06z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 18, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
  16. ↑ Young, Steve (February 6, 2013). "Global Tropical System Tracks — November 2012". Australian Severe Weather. Archived from the original on December 18, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Progress Report Number 7: For the period November 1, 2012 – February 28, 2013 (PDF) (Severe Weather Forecasting and Disaster Risk Reduction Full Demonstration Project (SWFDDP) Region Sub Project RA V). World Meteorological Organization. April 5, 2013. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
  18. 1 2 Vanuatu Meteorology and Geo‐Hazards Department Annual Report 2013 (Report). Vanuatu Meteorology and Geo-hazards Department. July 21, 2014.
  19. ↑ Climate Services Division (May 28, 2013). Annual Climate Summary 2012 (PDF) (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on August 3, 2013. Retrieved August 3, 2013.
  20. 1 2 RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 9, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Summary December 9, 2012 18z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 9, 2012. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  21. 1 2 Joint Typhoon Warning Center (December 10, 2012). "Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans December 10, 2012 00z". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on December 11, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
  22. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 10, 2012). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory December 10, 2012 18z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 10, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2012.
  23. 1 2 Joint Typhoon Warning Center (December 12, 2012). "Tropical Cyclone 04P (Evan) Warning December 14, 03z". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2012.
  24. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 12, 2012). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory December 12, 00z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2012.
  25. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 12, 2012). "Tropical Cyclone "Evan"" (Press release). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 13, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
  26. ↑ http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-12-13/an-samoa-on-alert-as-cyclone-evan-approaches/4424922
  27. ↑ "Deadly cyclone batters Samoa". Radio NZ. Retrieved December 14, 2012.
  28. ↑ "Eight confirmed missing in Samoa". 3News NZ. December 15, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
  29. ↑ "2 deaths reported as Cyclone Evan rips through Samoan islands". CNN. Retrieved December 13, 2012.
  30. ↑ "Deadly cyclone leaves Samoa a total mess". TVNZ. Retrieved December 14, 2012.
  31. ↑ "NZ steps up assistance for cyclone-ravaged Samoa". TV NZ. December 18, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
  32. ↑ "Counting the cost of Cyclone Evan in Samoa". Radio Australia. December 18, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
  33. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. "Tropical Disturbance Summary December 26, 2012 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 26, 2012. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
  34. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (December 26, 2012). "Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans December 26, 2012 06z". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on December 26, 2012. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
  35. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 27, 2012). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory December 27, 2012 00z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 27, 2012. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
  36. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 27, 2012). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory December 27, 2012 06z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 27, 2012. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
  37. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (December 28, 2012). "Tropical Cyclone 05P (Freda) Warning December 28, 15z". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on December 28, 2012. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
  38. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 28, 2012). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory December 28, 2012 00z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 28, 2012. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
  39. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 28, 2012). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory December 28, 2012 18z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 28, 2012. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
  40. 1 2 3 4 Darwin Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre. "December 2012" (PDF). Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement (Australian Bureau of Meteorology) 31 (12): 2–3. ISSN 1321-4233. Archived from the original on January 24, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
  41. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (December 29, 2012). "Tropical Cyclone 05P (Freda) Warning December 29, 15z". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on December 29, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
  42. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 29, 2012). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory December 29, 2012 18z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 31, 2012. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
  43. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (December 30, 2012). "Tropical Cyclone 05P (Freda) Warning December 30, 03z". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on December 31, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
  44. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 31, 2012). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory December 30, 2012 00z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 31, 2012. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
  45. 1 2 3 4 Joint Typhoon Warning Center (December 31, 2012). "Tropical Cyclone 05P (Freda) Running Best Track Analysis". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
  46. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (December 31, 2012). "Tropical Cyclone 05P (Freda) Warning December 31, 03z". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on December 31, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  47. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (January 1, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory January 1, 2013 00z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on January 1, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  48. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (January 1, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory January 1, 2013 18z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on January 1, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  49. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (January 2, 2013). "Tropical Cyclone 05P (Freda) Warning January 2, 2013 03z". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on January 2, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  50. ↑ "Bilan provisoire du passage de Freda" (in French). Meteo France New Caledonia. January 4, 2013. Archived from the original on January 6, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  51. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (January 2, 2013). "Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans January 2, 2013 22z". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on January 6, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  52. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (January 4, 2013). "Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans January 4, 2013 06z". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on January 5, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  53. ↑ "Cyclone Freda hits Solomon Islands". Radio New Zealand. Retrieved December 29, 2012.
  54. ↑ "Cyclone Freda headed for New Caledonia". Radio Australia. Retrieved December 30, 2012.
  55. ↑ "Tropical cyclone Freda struck New Caledonia as a tropical storm at about 0000 GMT on 2 January.". AlertNet. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
  56. ↑ "One killed as cyclone hits New Caledonia". France 24. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  57. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (January 9, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Summary January 9, 2013 23z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on January 10, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
  58. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. "Tropical Disturbance Summary January 14, 2013 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
  59. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (January 26, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Summary January 26, 2013 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on January 26, 2013. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
  60. ↑ Climate Services Division (February 8, 2012). Fiji Climate Summary: January 2013 Volume 34: Issue 1 (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 9, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
  61. 1 2 RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (February 7, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Summary February 7, 2013 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on February 7, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  62. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (February 9, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory A1". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on February 9, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  63. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (February 11, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory A8". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on February 11, 2013. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  64. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (February 11, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory A8". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on February 11, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
  65. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (February 21, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Summary February 21, 2013 00z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on February 21, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
  66. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (February 24, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Summary February 24, 2013 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on February 25, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
  67. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (February 28, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Summary February 28, 2013 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on March 1, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  68. ↑ http://www.webcitation.org/6F2E8zpNV
  69. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (March 9, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Advisory March 9, 2013 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on March 9, 2013. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
  70. ↑ Siossian, Emma. "Lord Howe Island cleans up after Cyclone Sandra". Weatherzone. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
  71. ↑ Young, Steve (February 6, 2012). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks: November 2012". Australian Severe Weather. Archived from the original on January 13, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
  72. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 30, 2012). "Tropical Disturbance Summary December 30, 2012 23z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 31, 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
  73. ↑ McDavitt, Bob (December 30, 2012). "Weathergram: December 30, 2012". Met BoB. Archived from the original on December 31, 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
  74. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 31, 2012). "Tropical Disturbance Summary December 31, 2012 06z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 31, 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
  75. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (December 31, 2012). "Tropical Disturbance Summary December 31, 2012 23z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on December 31, 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
  76. ↑ Young, Steve (February 12, 2013). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks: December 2012". Australian Severe Weather. Archived from the original on February 16, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
  77. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (January 7, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Summary January 7, 2013 23z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on January 7, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
  78. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (January 9, 2013). "Tropical Weather Outlook January 9, 2013". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 10, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
  79. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (January 9, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Summary January 9, 2013 23z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on January 7, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
  80. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. "Tropical Disturbance Summary January 26, 2013 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on January 26, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
  81. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. "Tropical Disturbance Summary January 27, 2013 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
  82. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. "Tropical Disturbance Summary January 28, 2013 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
  83. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (February 2, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Summary February 2, 2013 01z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on February 2, 2013. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
  84. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (February 2, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Summary February 2, 2013 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on February 3, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
  85. 1 2 RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (February 3, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Summary February 3, 2013 00z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on February 3, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2013.
  86. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (March 12, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Summary March 12, 2013 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on March 12, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  87. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (March 14, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Summary March 14, 2013 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on March 14, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  88. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (March 15, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Summary March 15, 2013 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on March 15, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  89. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (March 15, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Summary March 15, 2013 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on March 15, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  90. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (March 14, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Summary March 14, 2013 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on March 14, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  91. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (March 18, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Summary March 18, 2013 00z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on March 18, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  92. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (March 27, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Summary March 27, 2013 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on March 27, 2013. Retrieved March 28, 2013.
  93. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (April 20, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Summary April 20, 2013 21z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on April 21, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  94. ↑ RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (April 28, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Summary April 28, 2013 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on May 1, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  95. 1 2 Climate Services Division (May 8, 2013). Fiji Climate Summary: April 2013 (PDF) (Report) 34. Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on May 24, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
  96. 1 2 RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (May 1, 2013). "Tropical Disturbance Summary May 1, 2013 09z". Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on May 1, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  97. ↑ "Body of missing New Caledonia teenager found". Radio New Zealand International. January 7, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2013.

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Sunday, March 13, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.