Cyclura cychlura figginsi

Exuma Island iguana
Exuma Island iguana
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Sauropsida
Order: Squamata
Family: Iguanidae
Genus: Cyclura
Species: C. cychlura
Subspecies: C. cychlura figginsi
Trinomial name
Cyclura cychlura figginsi
Barbour, 1923[2]

The Exuma Island iguana (Cyclura cychlura figginsi) is a critically endangered subspecies of northern Bahamian rock iguana that is found on the Exuma island chain in the Bahamas with a wild population of 1,300 animals, it is listed on the IUCN Red List.[1]

Taxonomy

The Exuma Island iguana, Cyclura cychlura figginsi, is endemic to the Exuma Cays, it is a subspecies of the northern Bahamian rock iguana (Cyclura cychlura).[1][3] Its generic and specific names (Cyclura) and (Cychlura) are derived from the Ancient Greek cyclos (κύκλος) meaning "circular" and ourá (οὐρά) meaning "tail", after the thick-ringed tail characteristic of all Cyclura.[4] Its subspecific name is a Latinized version of American biologist J.D. Figgins' last name.

Anatomy and morphology

The Exuma Island iguana is the smallest of the three subspecies of C. cychlura. It attains a total length of close to 1 m (3.3 ft).[1] Its coloration is dark-gray to black, with white or orange tinged scales on the head and snout depending upon which cay the iguana is from.[5]

This species, like other species of Cyclura, is sexually dimorphic; males are larger than females, and have more prominent dorsal crests as well as larger femoral pores on their thighs, which are used to release pheromones.[6][7]

Habitat and distribution

This subspecies is found on at least seven small cays throughout the central and southern Exuma island chain of the Bahamas: Bitter Guana Cay, Gaulin Cay, White Bay Cay, Noddy Cay, North Adderly Cay, Leaf Cay, and Guana Cay.[5] The entire population on Leaf Cay was translocated to Pasture Cay in 2002.[8] The Exuma Island iguana utilizes a variety of habitats from sandy beaches and xeric limestone devoid of vegetation to dry forests. The iguanas use limestone crevices or sand burrows for retreats at night and in adverse weather conditions.[5]

Behavior

Exuma Island iguanas exhibit an unusual social system for the genus Cyclura; they display neither territorial nor hierarchical behavior.[5] Adult iguanas have been observed basking in large groups without showing any signs of aggression toward one another.[5][7] Scientists such as W.M. Carey believe that this lack of a social structure allows the population to remain dense under conditions of limited resources because hierarchical social systems on small cays retard genetic variation by restricting prime nesting sites, food supplies, and retreats to a few dominant males.[9]

Diet and longevity

The Exuma Island iguana, like most Cyclura species is primarily herbivorous, consuming leaves, flowers, berries, and fruits from over 100 plant species.[5][6] Favored food plants include seaside rock shrub (Rachicallis americana), darling plum (Reynosia septentrionalis), pride of big pine (Strumpfia maritima), joewood (Jacquinia keyensis), black torch (Erithalis fruticosa), seagrape (Coccoloba uvifera), silver thatch palm (Coccothrinax argentata), white stopper (Eugenia axillaris), bay cedar (Suriana maritima), and the rotting fruit of seven-year apple (Casasia clusiifolia).[1] A study in 2000 by Dr Allison Alberts of the San Diego Zoo revealed that seeds passing through the digestive tracts of Cycluras germinate more rapidly than those that do not.[10][11] This is an adaptive advantage because it allows the seeds to sprout before the end of very short rainy seasons.[11] The Exuma Island iguana is also an important means of distributing these seeds to new areas (particularly when females migrate to their nesting areas) and, as the largest native herbivores of their island's ecosystem, they are essential for maintaining the balance between climate and vegetation.[5][11] They actively forage for the feces of the zenaida dove (Zenaida aurita) and white-crowned pigeon (Patagioenas leucocephala).[5] The longevity record in captivity for an Exuma Island iguana is twenty-three years, six months.[12]

Mating

Mating occurs in May, and a clutch of three eggs is usually laid in June or July, in nests excavated in the sand. Females are known to guard these nest sites until they lay their eggs, after which they abandon them.[5]

Conservation

Endangered status

It is estimated that the current population size is less than 1,300 animals and has declined by at least 20% over the past 50 years.[1]

Causes of decline

As with other rock iguanas, their habitat is in rapid decline due to development for tourism.[1] In 2004, a large-scale fire caused by a tourist's cigarette was reported on an iguana-inhabited island.[1] In 1999, two Florida men were found guilty of smuggling protected reptile species into the US, including the Exuma Island iguana, White Cay iguana, and the Lesser Antillean iguana.[13] Feral pigs pose a threat to the Exuma Island iguanas, as they dig up eggs from iguana nests and feral dogs prey upon juvenile and adult iguanas.[1] Current population size is estimated at 1,300 and has declined by at least 20% over the past 50 years.[1]

Recovery efforts

Like all Bahamian rock iguanas, this species is protected in the Bahamas under the Wild Animals Protection Act of 1968.[1] Since 1995, Shedd Aquarium has allowed volunteers to help survey populations of Exuma Island iguanas as a form of ecotourism.[13] Shedd maintains an in situ as well as an ex situ captive breeding program in order to aid the recovery of Exuma Island iguanas.[13] In 2002, Shedd Aquarium translocated sixteen Exuma Island iguanas to the Exuma Cays Land and Sea Park in an effort to establish the species in a protected area.[14]

The Bahamian Government sponsors no official captive breeding or conservation program for the Exuma Island iguana.[1]

Gallery

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Knapp, C.R. & Buckner, S.D. 2004 (2004). "Cyclura cychlura ssp. figginsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
  2. ↑ Cyclura cychlura, The Reptile Database
  3. ↑ Hollingsworth, Bradford D. (2004), "The Evolution of Iguanas: An Overview of Relationships and a Checklist of Species", Iguanas: Biology and Conservation (University of California Press), pp. 36–37, ISBN 978-0-520-23854-1
  4. ↑ Sanchez, Alejandro. "Family Iguanidae: Iguanas and Their Kin". Father Sanchez's Web Site of West Indian Natural History Diapsids I: Introduction; Lizards. Kingsnake.com. Retrieved 26 November 2007.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Knapp, Chuck (2004), "Exuma Island iguana: Cyclura cychlura figginsi", IUCN: Iguana Specialist Group
  6. 1 2 De Vosjoli, Phillipe; David Blair (1992), The Green Iguana Manual, Escondido, California: Advanced Vivarium Systems, ISBN 1-882770-18-8
  7. 1 2 Martins, Emilia P.; Lacy, Kathryn (2004), "Behavior and Ecology of Rock Iguanas,I: Evidence for an Appeasement Display", Iguanas: Biology and Conservation (University of California Press), pp. 98–108, ISBN 978-0-520-23854-1
  8. ↑ Knapp, Charles (2002), "Exuma Island iguana (Cyclura cychlura figginsi)" (PDF), West Indian Iguana Specialist Group Newsletter (Zoological Society of San Diego Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species) 5 (1): 7
  9. ↑ Carey, W.M. (1976). Iguanas of the Exumas. Wildlife 18: 59-61.
  10. ↑ Derr, Mark (2000-10-10), "In Caribbean, Endangered Iguanas Get Their Day", New York Times Science Section
  11. 1 2 3 Alberts, Allison; Lemm, Jeffrey; Grant, Tandora; Jackintell, Lori (2004), "Testing the Utility of Headstarting as a Conservation Strategy for West Indian Iguanas", Iguanas: Biology and Conservation (University of California Press), p. 210, ISBN 978-0-520-23854-1
  12. ↑ Iverson, John; Smith, Geoffrey; Pieper, Lynne (2004), "Factors Affecting Long-Term Growth of the Allen Cays Rock Iguana in the Bahamas", Iguanas: Biology and Conservation (University of California Press), p. 184, ISBN 978-0-520-23854-1
  13. 1 2 3 Knapp, Charles R. (2004), "Ecotourism and Its Potential Impacts on Iguana Conservation in the Caribbean", Iguanas: Biology and Conservation (University of California Press), pp. 206–210, ISBN 978-0-520-23854-1
  14. ↑ Knapp, Charles R.; Hudson, Richard (2004), "Translocation Strategies as a Conservation Tool for West Indian Iguanas", Iguanas: Biology and Conservation (University of California Press), pp. 199–204, ISBN 978-0-520-23854-1
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