de Havilland Venom

DH 112 Venom
Privately owned Venom FB.50 in flight.
Role Fighter-bomber
National origin United Kingdom
Manufacturer de Havilland Aircraft Company
First flight 2 September 1949
Introduction 1952 (1952)
Retired 1983 (1983) Swiss Air Force
Primary users Royal Air Force
Royal Swedish Air Force
Swiss Air Force
Venezuelan Air Force
Number built 1,431 (including Sea Venom/Aquilon)[1]
Variants de Havilland Sea Venom/Aquilon

The de Havilland DH 112 Venom was a British postwar single-engined jet aircraft developed from the de Havilland Vampire.[2] It served with the Royal Air Force as a single-seat fighter-bomber and two-seat night fighter. The Venom was an interim between the first generation of British jet fighters – straight-wing aircraft powered by centrifugal flow engines such as the Gloster Meteor and the Vampire and later swept wing, axial flow-engined designs such as the Hawker Hunter and de Havilland Sea Vixen. The Venom was successfully exported, and saw service with Iraq, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland and Venezuela.

The Sea Venom was a navalised version for carrier operation.

Design and development

de Havilland Venom FB 1

The Venom's lineage lay in the aircraft it was intended to replace, the Vampire, which had been the second jet aircraft to enter service with the RAF.[note 1] In 1948, de Havilland proposed a development of the Vampire with a thin wing and more powerful engine as a high altitude fighter, the Vampire FB 8. In most respects, the Venom was quite similar to the Vampire, sharing the distinctive twin-boom tail and composite wood/metal structure, although the Venom differed in parts. The idea was adopted and a Vampire F 1 was converted by fitting the new de Havilland Ghost engine, which was more powerful than the de Havilland Goblin used on the Vampire. As the DH 112, the Venom filled an Air Ministry requirement for a fast, manoeuvrable and capable fighter-bomber to replace its progenitor.

The first Venom prototype flew on 2 September 1949,[3] and the first Venom variant, a single-seat fighter-bomber, entered service in 1952 as the FB 1.[4] A total of 375 of these would be built. It was armed with four 20 mm (.79 in) Hispano Mk V autocannons in the nose and could carry either two 1,000 lb (approx 450 kg) bombs[note 2] or eight RP-3 60 lb (27 kg) air-to-ground rocket projectiles – the heavier bombs being an improvement over the Vampire FB 5. It was powered by a single 4,850 lbf (21.6 kN) thrust Ghost 48 Mk.1 engine.

Venom NF.3 showing the clear view canopy and revised tail surfaces of this mark.

The next Venom, the NF.2 night fighter, first flew on 22 August 1950 and entered service in 1953, having been delayed after some minor problems with the type.[5] To accommodate the necessary two man crew (pilot and navigator/radar operator) it was structurally different – the two crew were positioned side-by-side and an airborne interception radar was fitted in the nose. It replaced the Vampire NF 10, and was followed by NF 3, which was the last night fighter variant of the Venom, first flying in 1953 and entering service in 1955. The night fighter Venoms had a relatively brief career with the Royal Air Force, having been only an interim solution, and was withdrawn in 1957 and replaced by the Gloster Javelin twin-engined all-weather fighter.

Venom FB.4 with revised tail surfaces. This aircraft served Nos. 28 and 60 Squadrons of the RAF.

The final Venom for the RAF was the single-seat FB.4 which first flew on 29 December 1953.[6] It entered service in 1955 and 250 were built. It was powered by a single 4,850 lbf (21.6 kN) thrust de Havilland Ghost 103 turbojet engine. It also received an ejector seat and some modifications to its structure along with powered ailerons.[7][8][9]

Main production of the Venom was by de Havilland, augmented by numbers of FB.1, FB.4 and NF.51 built by Fairey Aviation at Manchester (Ringway) Airport.[10]

Operational history

Venom FB.1 built by Fairey Aviation in 1954
RAF Venom NF.2 night fighter at the Farnborough air show in 1952

The RAF fighter-bomber Venoms saw service during the Malayan Emergency which took place between 1948 and 1960, although they did not begin operations until the mid-1950s with Nos. 45 and 60 Squadrons RAF. While there, the Venom supported operations against Communist guerrillas as part of Operation Firedog, the codename for Royal Air Force operations in Malaya. Venoms were lent to the Royal New Zealand Air Force for use in the same conflict where they operated with No. 14 Squadron RNZAF.[11]

The Venom also saw service during the Suez Crisis being operated by Nos. 6, 8 and 249 Squadrons RAF flying from RAF Akrotiri, Cyprus. The Anglo-French invasion, codenamed Operation Musketeer, took place in response to the nationalisation of the Suez Canal by Egypt's leader, General Nasser. The air war began on 31 October 1956 signalling the beginning of the Suez War. The Venoms launched a number of sorties, attacking a variety of military installations on the ground. They also saw much action in the Middle East, supporting operations against terrorists in Aden and Oman, losing some aircraft in the process. Venoms additionally saw service during the Mau Mau insurgency in Kenya.

All Venoms in RAF service were withdrawn from first-line service in 1962, having proven their worth in a variety of locations across the world, in peace and war, and in some of the most difficult climates the RAF has ever faced. The last non-RAF Venoms to leave active service were Swiss Air Force Venoms which retired in 1983. About 20 Venoms continue to fly as of 2004, performing at various air shows, while a number of examples are preserved in museums in the United Kingdom and abroad, in non-flying, static display condition.

Variants

Privately owned long nosed Swiss Venom FB.54
Instrument panel of a Swiss Venom

Operators

De Havilland Venom at the Israeli Air Force Museum in Hatzerim
 Iraq
Iraqi Air Force
 Italy
Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare Italiana) received two Venom FB.50s, a plan for Fiat to license-build the aircraft as the G.81 being abandoned.[12]
 New Zealand
Royal New Zealand Air Force
 Sweden
Royal Swedish Air Force
  Switzerland
Swiss Air Force
 United Kingdom
Royal Air Force
 Venezuela
Venezuelan Air Force

Survivors

A Swiss Air Force Venom with its array of armaments at the Flieger-Flab-Museum.

The Venom has been preserved in significant numbers, thanks in part to its longevity with the Swiss Air Force. In the UK, a number of Sea Venoms are preserved, along with examples of the NF 3 and Swiss-built FB.50 and 54. In Sweden, two examples of the NF.51 are preserved. There are many survivors in Switzerland, and other Swiss aircraft are scattered throughout Europe. One such aircraft is preserved in the Israeli Air Force Museum in Hatzerim, although in the colours of the Iraqi Air Force.[13] In Australia, a number of Sea Venom FAW.53s have also survived. Venezuela has the only complete surviving British-built single-seat Venom.

Although the Venom was, for a time, a popular and cheap warbird the number of airworthy aircraft is dwindling. Currently there are two in the UK that fly regularly, along with a single example in Switzerland, that flew from 1988 until 2011, when it went to New Zealand. Another one flew in the USA. All are licence-built Swiss examples.

Specifications (Venom FB 1)

Data from Fighters of the Fifties[14]

General characteristics

Performance

Armament

See also

Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
Related lists

Notes

  1. ↑ The Gloster Meteor was the first jet aircraft to enter service with the RAF, and saw service during the Second World War.
  2. ↑ 1,000 lb was the nominal weight of these Medium Capacity bombs

References

Citations
  1. ↑ Gobel, Greg. "DH Venom / DH Sea Vixen." vectorsite.net, 1 April 2009. Retrieved: 8 November 2009.
  2. ↑ Gunston 1981, p. 52.
  3. ↑ Birtles Air Pictorial July 1971, p.242.
  4. ↑ Birtles Air Pictorial July 1971, p.243.
  5. ↑ Birtles Air Pictorial August 1971, pp. 281–282.
  6. ↑ Birtles Air Pictorial July 1971, p.244.
  7. 1 2 The British Fighter since 1912 pg.363.
  8. 1 2 Aircraft of the Royal Air Force since 1918 pg.235 - 236.
  9. 1 2 Pilot's Notes Venom FB Mk 4: 2nd edition A.P.4335D pg.9 and 37.
  10. ↑ Scholefield, 1998, p. 38
  11. ↑ Birtles Air Pictorial July 1971, pp. 246–247.
  12. ↑ Jackson 1987, p. 481.
  13. ↑ "De Havilland Venom FB50 (DH-112) aircraft." airliners.net. Retrieved: 8 November 2009.
  14. ↑ Gunston 1981
Bibliography
  • Birtles, Philp. "De Havilland Venom:Part 1: Single Seaters in RAF Service". Air Pictorial, July 1971, Vol. 33 No. 7. pp. 242–247.
  • Birtles, Philp. "De Havilland Venom:Part 2: Night-fighters and export machines". Air Pictorial, August 1971, Vol. 33 No. 9. pp. 281–284.
  • Green, William. The World's Fighting Planes. London: Macdonald, 1964.
  • Gunston, Bill. Fighters of the Fifties. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1981. ISBN 0-85059-463-4.
  • Jackson, A.J. De Havilland Aircraft since 1909. London: Putnam, Third edition, 1987. ISBN 0-85177-802-X
  • Scholefield, R.A. Manchester Airport. Sutton Publishing. Stroud. 1998. ISBN 0-7509-1954-X.
  • Winchester, Jim, ed. "De Havilland Sea Vixen." Military Aircraft of the Cold War (The Aviation Factfile). Rochester, Kent, UK: The Grange plc., 2006. ISBN 1-84013-929-3.
  • Thetford, Owen. Aircraft of the Royal Air Force since 1918 pg. 235-236 ISBN 0-85177-810-0
  • Mason, Francis K.The British Fighter since 1912 pg. 363 ISBN 0-85177-852-6

External links

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