DUKW

DUKW

A DUKW, in use by American troops in France.
Type Amphibious transport
Place of origin United States
Production history
Manufacturer GMC
Produced 1942–1945
Number built 21,147[1][2]
Specifications
Weight 6.5 short tons (5.9 t) empty[3]
Length 31 ft (9.45 m)[3]
Width 8 ft 27/8 in (2.50 m)[3]
Height 7 ft 1.375 in (2.17 m) without ring mount[3]
Crew 1[3]
Armor none
Main
armament
 Ring mount for machine gun fitted to all DUKWs, 25% equipped with .50 Browning machine guns[3]
Engine GMC 6-cylinder 269 cid
94 hp[3]
Power/weight 14 hp/tonne
Payload capacity 2.5 short tons (2.3 t)[4] or 12 troops
Suspension Leaf
Operational
range
 400 mi (640 km) at 35 mph (56 km/h) on road,
50 nmi (93 km; 58 mi) on water[3]
Speed 50 mph (80 km/h) on road,
5.5 kn (10.2 km/h; 6.3 mph) on water[3]

The DUKW (colloquially known as Duck) is a six-wheel-drive amphibious modification of the 2-ton capacity CCKW trucks used by the U.S. military in World War II. Designed by a partnership under military auspices of Sparkman & Stephens and General Motors Corporation (GMC), the DUKW was used for the transportation of goods and troops over land and water. Excelling at approaching and crossing beaches in amphibious warfare attacks, it was intended only to last long enough to meet the demands of combat. Surviving DUKWs have since found popularity as tourist craft in marine environments.

Designation

The name DUKW comes from the model naming terminology used by GMC:[5]

Decades later, the designation was explained erroneously by writers such as Donald Clarke, who wrote in 1978 that it was an acronym for "Duplex Universal Karrier, Wheeled".[6][7]

Description

Rear view of a DUKW preserved at the Fort Lewis Military Museum, Washington. The propeller tunnel, propeller and rudder can be seen (2009)

The DUKW was designed by Rod Stephens, Jr. of Sparkman & Stephens, Inc. yacht designers, Dennis Puleston, a British deep-water sailor resident in the U.S., and Frank W. Speir, a Reserve Officers' Training Corps Lieutenant from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[8] Developed by the National Defense Research Committee and the Office of Scientific Research and Development to solve the problem of resupply to units which had just performed an amphibious landing, it was initially rejected by the armed services. When a United States Coast Guard patrol craft ran aground on a sand bar near Provincetown, Massachusetts, an experimental DUKW happened to be in the area for a demonstration. Winds up to 60 knots (110 km/h), rain, and heavy surf prevented conventional craft from rescuing the seven stranded Coast Guardsmen but the DUKW had no trouble, and military opposition to the DUKW melted. The DUKW later proved its seaworthiness by crossing the English Channel.

The DUKW prototype was built around the GMC AFKWX, a cab-over-engine (COE) version of the GMC CCKW six-wheel-drive military truck, with the addition of a watertight hull and a propeller. The final production design was perfected by a few engineers at Yellow Truck & Coach in Pontiac, Michigan. The vehicle was built by the GMC division of General Motors, still called Yellow Truck and Coach at the beginning of the war. It was powered by a 270 in3 (4,425 cc) GMC straight-six engine. It weighed 6.5 tons empty and operated at 50 miles per hour (80 km/h) on road and 5.5 knots (10.2 km/h; 6.3 mph) on water.[3] It was 31 feet (9.4 m) long, 8 feet 2.875 inches (2.51 m) wide, 7 feet 1.375 inches (2.17 m) high with the folding-canvas top down[3] and 8.8 feet (2.6 m) high with the top up. 21,137 were manufactured.[1] It was not an armored vehicle, being plated with sheet steel between 1/16 and 1/8 inches (1.6–3.2 mm) thick to minimize weight. A high capacity bilge pump system kept it afloat if the thin hull was breached by holes up to 2 inches (51 mm) in diameter. A quarter of all DUKWs held a .50-caliber Browning heavy machine gun in a ring mount.[9]

The DUKW was the first vehicle to allow the driver to vary the tire pressure from inside the cab, an accomplishment of Speir's device. The tires could be fully inflated for hard surfaces such as roads and less inflated for softer surfaces, especially beach sand. This added to great versatility as an amphibious vehicle. This feature is now standard on many military vehicles.

The windshields were provided by GM rival Libbey Glass (Ford).

Service history

World War II

A British DUKW carries American airborne troops and supplies across the River Waal at Nijmegen, 30 Sept. 1944

The DUKW was supplied to the U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps and Allied forces. 2,000 were supplied to Britain under the Lend-Lease program[10] and 535 were acquired by Australian forces.[11] 586 were supplied to the Soviet Union, which built its own version, the BAV 485, after the war. (see Developments).

DUKWs were initially sent to the Pacific theatre's Guadalcanal, and were used by an invasion force for the first time during the Sicilian Operation Husky in the Mediterranean. They were used on the D-Day beaches of Normandy and in the Battle of the Scheldt, Operation Veritable and Operation Plunder. Amphibious beachheads were thought to be highly vulnerable to early counterattack as the landing units would deplete their ammunition and the supply system would not yet be established. The principal use was to ferry supplies from ship to shore, and tasks such as transporting wounded combatants to hospital ships or operations in flooded (polder) landscape.

Post-war

After World War II, reduced numbers were kept in service by the United States, Britain, France and Australia, with many stored pending disposal. Australia transferred many to Citizens Military Force units.

The U.S. Army reactivated and deployed several hundred at the outbreak of the Korean War with the 1st Transportation Replacement Training Group providing crew training. DUKWs were used extensively to bring supplies ashore during the Battle of Pusan Perimeter and in the amphibious landings at Incheon.

Ex-U.S. Army DUKWs were transferred to the French military after World War II and were used by the Troupes de marine and naval commandos. Many were used for general utility duties in overseas territories. France deployed DUKWs to French Indochina during the First Indochina War. Some French DUKWs were given new hulls in the 1970s, with the last being retired in 1982.

Britain deployed DUKWs to Malaya during the Malayan Emergency of 1948–60. Many were redeployed to Borneo during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation of 1962–66.

Later military use

The Royal Marines use five of these vehicles for training at 11 (Amphibious Trials and Training) Squadron, 1 Assault Group Royal Marines at Instow, North Devon. Four were manufactured between 1943 and 1945. The fifth is a DUKW hull copy manufactured in 1993 with unused World War II vintage running gear parts.[12] In 1999, a refurbishment programme began to extend their service life to 2014.[12] DUKWs were removed from service in 2012.

The DUKWs were used for safety, allowing all ranks to undertake training drills for boat work for the landing craft ranks, and drivers undertaking wading drills from the Landing Craft Utility.

Principal military users

Civilian use

The "Moby Duck" at a parade in Seattle (2006)

Many were used after WWII by civilian organizations such as the police, fire departments, and rescue units.

The Australian Army lent two DUKWs and crew to Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions for a 1948 expedition to Macquarie Island. Australian DUKWs were used on Antarctic supply voyages until 1970.[11] From 1945 to 1965, the Australian Commonwealth Lighthouse Service supply ship Cape York carried ex-Army DUKWs for supplying lighthouses on remote islands.[13]

Several were used by abalone fishermen in San Luis Obispo County, California to take their catch from the boats directly to market, combining the two steps of off-loading onto smaller craft and transferring to trucks once they reached the beach.

Australian Army Reserve DUKWs were used extensively for rescue and transport during the 1955 Hunter Valley floods.

One of the last DUKWs manufactured in 1945 was loaned to a fire department during the Great Flood of 1993, and in 2005 Duck Riders of Grapevine, Texas deployed the vehicle to help in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. The DUKW maneuvered through flood waters, transporting victims stranded on their rooftops to helicopter pads throughout New Orleans.

A few, such as the "Moby Duck", have been adapted by local groups like Seattle's Seafair Pirates, for parades and other events.

One DUKW is in use by the Technisches Hilfswerk (THW) of Germersheim in Germany, a public organization supplying technical support.[14]

Developments

In the latter 1940s and throughout the 1950s, while Speir, now Project Engineer for the Army's Amphibious Warfare Program, worked on "bigger and better" amphibious vehicles such as the "Super Duck", the "Drake" and the mammoth BARC (Barge, Amphibious, Resupply, Cargo), many DUKWs were made surplus and used as rescue vehicles by fire departments and by Coast Guard stations.

In 1952 the Soviet Union produced the BAV 485 derivative, adding a rear loading ramp. The Zavod imeni Stalina factory built it on the structure of its ZiS-151 truck, and production continued until 1962 with over 2,000 units delivered.

Tourist attractions

Main article: Duck tour
Refurbished DUKW in London

DUKWs are still in use as tourist transport in harbor and river cities across the globe. The first "duck tour" company was started in 1946[15] by Mel Flath in Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin. The company is still in operation under the name Original Wisconsin Ducks.[15]

In fiction

Two DUKWs, Gert and Daisy (named after radio music-hall artistes Elsie and Doris Waters), are central to Ron Dawson's novel, The Last Viking: The Untold Story of the World's Greatest Heist about a modern-day Viking raid by a group of Birmingham gangsters who capture and loot the island of Guernsey on the tenth anniversary of D-Day, with disastrous consequences. The novel is probably unique in featuring two DUKWs in a post-World War II adventure.[16]

A DUKW featured prominently in the ending sequence of the 1987 film Revenge of the Nerds II: Nerds in Paradise.

A DUKW is central to the 2000 AD story Disaster 1990, in which the lead character, London hardman Bill Savage, liberates one from a war museum to survive a futuristic flooded Britain.

Images

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 "DUKW". US Army Transportation Museum. Archived from the original on 2008-07-25.
  2. ↑ Bishop, Chris (2002). The Encyclopedia of Weapons of WWII. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 67. ISBN 1-58663-762-2. Retrieved 2010-03-24.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Friedman, Norman (2002). U.S. amphibious ships and craft: an illustrated design history. Illustrated Design Histories. Naval Institute Press. p. 218. ISBN 1-55750-250-1. Retrieved March 22, 2010.
  4. ↑ Thomson, Harry C. (2003). The Ordnance Department : procurement and supply. Washington, D.C: Center of Military History, U.S. Army. p. 284. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
  5. ↑ Michigan manufacturer and financial record 73. Manufacturer Publishing Co. 1944. p. 104. The first letter represents the model year. In this case it was "D" which was the letter for 1942. The second letter in the combination designates the basic type of vehicle and for the amphibian truck is "U"—meaning utility. The third letter, "K", is the letter given to GMC vehicles which have all wheel drive while the fourth letter, "W", shows that the vehicle has dual rear axles. The code resulted in the combination "DUKW" which quickly and aptly became the nickname "Duck" to the men in the factory and in the Armed Forces alike.
  6. ↑ Clarke, Donald (1978). How it works: the illustrated encyclopedia of science and technology 1. Marshall Cavendish. p. 96.
  7. ↑ Skaarup, Harold A. (2011). Ironsides: Canadian Armoured Fighting Vehicle Museums and Monuments. iUniverse. p. 109. ISBN 1462034640.
  8. ↑ "Miami Shipbuilding Corporation". Foils.org. Retrieved 2013-12-27.
  9. ↑ Fitzsimons, Bernard, general editor. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare (London: Phoebus, 1978), Vol. 8, p.802, "DUKW".
  10. ↑ "Battle Stations II: The 'Duck'". Channel 4.
  11. 1 2 3 "Remember when ... we sent amphibious trucks to the Antarctic?". Defence Materiel Organisation. November 2006. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
  12. 1 2 "UK DUKWS Refurbished for Royal Marines, Upgrade Update". Jane's International Defence Review. Jane's Information Group. 30 July 1999. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
  13. ↑ Johnson, Erika (2006), Cape Rochon – An Island Light 9 (2), Lighthouses of Australia Bulletin
  14. ↑ "Orstverband Gemersheim". Thw-germersheim.de. Retrieved 2013-12-27.
  15. 1 2 "Timeline". Original Wisconsin Ducks. Retrieved 2014-01-15.
  16. ↑ "The Last Viking". The Last Viking. Retrieved 2013-12-27.

References

Technical Manuals

External links

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