Dambisa Moyo

Dambisa Moyo
Born (1969-02-02) 2 February 1969
Lusaka, Zambia
Alma mater American University (BS, MBA)
Harvard University (MPA)
St Antony's College, Oxford (DPhil)
Occupation Economist, author
Known for Economic theories on
macroeconomics, international development, global affairs
Notable work Dead Aid (2009)
How the West Was Lost (2011)
Winner Take All (2012)

Dambisa Moyo (born 2 February 1969)[1] is a Zambian-born international economist and author who analyzes the macroeconomy and global affairs. With post-graduate degrees in business, public administration, and economics from American University, Harvard, and Oxford, Moyo currently serves on the boards of Barclays Bank, the financial services group, SABMiller, the global brewer, and Barrick Gold, the global miner.[2] She worked for two years at the World Bank and eight years at Goldman Sachs before becoming an author and international public speaker. She has written three New York Times bestselling books: Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa (2009), How the West Was Lost: Fifty Years of Economic Folly – And the Stark Choices that Lie Ahead (2011), and Winner Take All: China's Race for Resources and What It Means for the World (2012).

Biography

Early life and education

Dambisa Moyo was born in 1969 in Lusaka, the capital of Zambia[3] and studied Chemistry at the University of Zambia. She finished her degree in the U.S. via a scholarship to American University in Washington, D.C.[3] Moyo received a BS in Chemistry from American University in 1991, and an MBA in Finance from the university in 1993.[4][5]

She acquired a Master of Public Administration (MPA) degree at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government in 1997.[4][6] In 2002 she received a DPhil in Economics from St Antony's College, Oxford University.[7] Her Oxford studies were in macroeconomics, and her doctoral dissertation was on savings rates in developing countries.[7][8][9]

Career

World Bank and Goldman Sachs

Following her MBA from American University, Moyo worked at the World Bank from May 1993 to September 1995.[10] She was a consultant in the Europe and Central Asia department and the Africa department,[11] and co-authored the World Bank's annual World Development Report.[10]

After pursuing her MPA and PhD degrees at Harvard and Oxford, Moyo joined Goldman Sachs as a research economist and strategist in 2001.[12] She was at the company until November 2008, working mainly in debt capital markets, hedge funds coverage, and global macroeconomics.[11][13] Part of her tenure at Goldman Sachs was spent advising developing countries on the issuing of bonds on the international market.[14] She was also Head of Economic Research and Strategy for Sub–Saharan Africa.[10]

Board memberships

After leaving Goldman Sachs, Moyo joined the board of directors of the international brewer SABMiller in 2009.[15] She is chairman of the company's Corporate Accountability and Risk Assurance Committee (CARAC), which oversees the entire company's responsibilities in relation to corporate accountability, including sustainable development, corporate social responsibility, corporate social investment, and ethical commercial behavior.[16] In 2010 Moyo joined the board of directors of Barclays Bank.[11] She sits on three of the board's committees: the Audit Committee; the Conduct, Operational and Reputational Risk Committee; and the Financial Risk Committee.[17] In 2011 she joined the board of directors of the international mining company Barrick Gold. She sits on the board's Audit Committee; Corporate Governance and Nomination Committee; and Corporate Responsibility Committee.[18][19] In 2015 Moyo joined the board of directors of data storage company Seagate Technology.[20]

Moyo is a former board member of the charity Lundin for Africa,[21][22] and a former patron of Absolute Return for Kids (ARK).[23][24] She is also a former board member of Room to Read.[25][26]

Writing and public speaking

Moyo's first book, Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa, was published in early 2009 and was a New York Times bestseller.[27] Dead Aid catapulted Moyo into the public eye and made her a sought-after speaker, pundit, and author. In 2009 she was named a World Economic Forum Young Global Leader,[28] one of TIME's 100,[29][30] and one of Oprah Winfrey's "20 remarkable visionaries".[31]

The book consolidated her career of traveling worldwide investigating and analyzing economic conditions and writing about her conclusions. By 2015 she had travelled to more than 75 countries, examining the political, economic, and financial workings of emerging economies.[32][33] She became a regular columnist and contributor to many financial networks and multinational business publications, as well as a speaker at conferences and other venues worldwide. She has written and lectured on topics ranging from global markets, the impact of geopolitics on the economy, the future of the job market, the outlook for growth in China, and the past and future paths of interest rates.[32][34][35]

Moyo's second book, How the West Was Lost: Fifty Years of Economic Folly – And the Stark Choices that Lie Ahead, was published in January 2011 and was also a New York Times bestseller.[36] Her third book, Winner Take All: China's Race for Resources and What It Means for the World, was published in June 2012 and was also a New York Times bestseller.[37]

Moyo is a member of the World Economic Forum's (WEF) Global Agenda Council on Global Economic Imbalances,[38] and spoke at the 2005 annual WEF conference in Davos.[10] In 2009 she spoke at the Council on Foreign Relations[39] the American Enterprise Institute,[40][41] and was one of the two debaters on the winning side of the 2009 Munk Debate, where the subject was foreign aid.[42] She was a participant at the annual Bilderberg Conference in 2010,[43] while in 2011 she spoke at the Peterson Institute for International Economics[44][45] and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).[46] In 2013 she was a participant at the U.S. Federal Reserve's Jackson Hole Economic Symposium,[47] spoke at the Aspen Institute[48][49] and the Ambrosetti Forum.[50] She is also a member of the Bretton Woods Committee.[51]

Awards and honors

Publications

Books

Dead Aid

Moyo's first book, Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There is Another Way for Africa (2009) argues that government-to-government foreign aid has harmed Africa and should be phased out.[62] It became a New York Times bestseller,[27] and has been published in Chinese, English, French, German, Greek, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch.

The Financial Times summarized the book's argument, stating "Limitless development assistance to African governments, [Moyo] argues, has fostered dependency, encouraged corruption and ultimately perpetuated poor governance and poverty."[63] The book suggests that official development assistance (ODA), as opposed to humanitarian aid, perpetuates the cycle of poverty and hinders economic growth in Africa.[64][65][66] The book offers developing countries proposals for financing development instead of relying on foreign government-to-government aid.[66]Harvard professor and historian Niall Ferguson wrote the foreword to Dead Aid. Rwandan president Paul Kagame wrote that "Dead Aid has given us an accurate evaluation of the aid culture today."[67][68][69]

In a review of the book, economist Paul Collier stated, "Aid is not a very potent instrument for enhancing either security or accountability. Our obsession with it has detracted from the more important ways in which we can promote development: peacekeeping, security guarantees, trade privileges, and governance."[70] The pro-aid organization ONE Campaign disagreed with the book, stating that it calls to "cut-off all aid".[71] Moyo has pointed out in a number of interviews that this is a misrepresentation of her ideas and that she is not criticizing humanitarian aid,[72] and the Financial Times noted that ONE's campaign "at least partially backfired".[63] The economist Jeffrey Sachs said more foreign aid is needed to improve conditions for Africa,[73] but Moyo pointed out that when Sachs was her lecturer at Harvard it was he himself who taught that "the path to long-term development would only be achieved through private sector involvement and free market solutions".[74]

In a 2013 interview Bill Gates was asked for his views on Dead Aid's illustration that aid to African governments has not alleviated poverty but has instead kept the African economy crippled rather than supporting sustainable African business. He claimed to have read the book and stated "books like that – they're promoting evil".[75][76] Responding on her website, Moyo stated "To cast aside the arguments I raised in Dead Aid at a time when we have witnessed the transformative economic success of countries like China, Brazil and India, belittles my experiences, and those of hundreds of millions of Africans".[77]

How the West Was Lost

Moyo's second book, How the West Was Lost: Fifty Years of Economic Folly – And the Stark Choices that Lie Ahead (2010), gives an account of the decline of the economic supremacy of the West over the past 50 years, and posits that the world's most advanced economies are squandering their economic lead.[65] In her opinion, Moyo examines how America’s flawed decisions and blinkered policy choices around capital, labor, and technology have resulted in an economic and geopolitical seesaw that is poised to tip in favor of the emerging world.

The book became a New York Times bestseller, debuting at No. 6.[36] It also debuted at No. 4 in the Washington Post,[78] and No. 2 in the Wall Street Journal's and Nielsen BookScan's business bestsellers.[79]

In a review, Paul Collier stated that "her diagnosis of the recent disasters in financial markets is succinct and sophisticated", and "I applaud her brave alarum against our economic and social complacency: her core concerns are sufficiently close to painful truths to warrant our attention."[80] Dominic Lawson wrote in The Sunday Times, "This argument … can rarely have been made more concisely.... Moyo is a very serious lady indeed."[81] The Guardian stated, "How the West Was Lost is more interesting, wider in scale and more important than Dead Aid."[82]

In contrast, Alan Beattie of the Financial Times wrote, "The challenges it identifies are for the most part real, if not original. But the huge flaws of the emerging economies are ignored."[83] The Economist said "these arguments need much better supporting material than the book provides".[84]

Winner Take All

Moyo's third book, Winner Take All: China's Race for Resources and What It Means for the World (2012), examines the commodity dynamics that the world will face over the next several decades, according to Moyo. In particular, it explores the implications of China's rush for natural resources across all regions of the world. Noting that the scale of China’s resource campaign for hard commodities (metals and minerals) and soft commodities (timber and food) is one of the largest in history, Moyo presents her research and conclusions concerning the financial and geopolitical implications of a world of diminishing resources.[85] Winner Take All continues where How the West Was Lost left off, and Moyo argues that China is already well on the way to gaining the upper hand in world economic dominance.[34]

Winner Take All became a New York Times bestseller, debuting at No. 13,[37] as well as entering the Wall Street Journal's and Nielsen BookScan's business bestsellers at No. 4[86] and the Publishers Weekly nonfiction bestseller list at No. 11.[87]

A review in the Financial Times stated that "If Dambisa Moyo is right, the demands of the world's most populous state are bad news for the rest of us.... One cannot accuse Moyo of failing to do her homework."[88] The Independent concluded, "This is not an elegantly written book.... But she does go to the heart of the issue: what China does over resources is profoundly important, and that deserves our attention."

The Telegraph commented "Moyo thinks [China’s impact on the global commodity market] will go on and on, powered by an unstoppable Chinese economy. Perhaps she is right, but the grounds for doubting whether the future will be a straight line from the past deserve a hearing."[89] The Guardian wrote, "for all Moyo's insistence that a crisis is inevitable and that China will be the only gainer, we are in uncertain territory here."[90]

Additional publications and lectures

Moyo is a frequent public speaker and columnist. She has written for international financial and economic journals and other periodicals and publications, and has lectured worldwide at some of the world's financial and economic summits, forums and conferences, as well as at numerous venues including TEDTalks and BBC's HARDtalk.[32][35] She is also a commentator on networks such as CNBC, CNN, Bloomberg, BBC, and Fox Business. She was one of the seven judges of the 2015 Financial Times and McKinsey Best Business Book Award.[91][92] Some of her recent articles include:

Personal life

Moyo resides in New York City.[104][105] She is an avid runner, and has run several marathons and half marathons.[2] She travels extensively for board meetings, for lecturing and personal appearances.[32][33][106]

Bibliography

References

  1. Moyo showed a copy of an official document with her date and place of birth as part of a lecture she gave at TEDGlobal 2013, Edinburgh, Scotland. Moyo, Dambisa (June 2013). "Is China the new idol for emerging economies?". TED. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 Moyo, Dambisa. "What Leaders Can Learn from a Long Run". Wall Street Journal. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  3. 1 2 Moyo, Dambisa. "Preface". Excerpted from DEAD AID: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009. Reprinted in the Wall Street Journal, 20 March 2009.
  4. 1 2 Curley, Robert. "Moyo, Dambisa". In: Britannica Book of the Year 2013. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 2013. p. 97.
  5. Dambisa F. Moyo BSc, MPA, MBA, Ph.D. – Executive Profile at Bloomberg.
  6. Anderson, Lindsay Hodges. "Alumna Argues Aid in Africa is Failing, Needs to be Reassessed". Harvard Kennedy School News & Events. HKS.Harvard.edu. 1 April 2009.
  7. 1 2 Dambisa Moyo. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  8. Pereira, Eva. "Dambisa Moyo: An Economist With A Vision" Forbes. 19 March 2011.
  9. Successful Candidates for the Degrees of D.Phil., M.Litt., M.Sc., and Diploma in Law with Titles of Their Theses, Volume 54. University of Oxford, 2002. p. 56.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Dambisa Moyo. UN Leaders Programme. United Nations. May 2009. Accessed 11 July 2015.
  11. 1 2 3 "Barclays Board change". Newsroom.Barclays.com. 22 April 2010. Accessed 11 July 2015.
  12. Elmhirst, Sophie. "The NS Interview: Dambisa Moyo, economist". New Statesman. 5 March 2010. Accessed 11 July 2015.
  13. "Global Economics Paper No: 134". GoldmanSachs.com. 1 December 2005. Accessed 11 July 2015.
  14. Solomon, Deborah. "The Anti-Bono". New York Times. 19 February 2009. Accessed 11 July 2015.
  15. Board of Directors – Dambisa Moyo. SABMiller. SABMiller.com. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
  16. Sustainability – Governance and monitoring. SABMiller. SABMiller.com. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  17. Dambisa Moyo. Barclays.com. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
  18. Board of Directors. Barrick Gold. Barrick.com. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
  19. "One-on-one with Dambisa Moyo, Barrick Gold's newest Board member". Barrick Beyond Borders. Barrick Gold. 26 August 2011. Accessed 11 July 2015.
  20. Dr. Dambisa Moyo Elected To Seagate Board Of Directors. Seagate Technology. Seagate.com. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  21. LUNDIN FOR AFRICA Annual Report 2008. p. 8.
  22. LUNDIN FOR AFRICA Annual Report 2009. p. 8.
  23. Annual Review 2009. Absolute Return for Kids (ARK). p. 44.
  24. Annual Review 2010. Absolute Return for Kids (ARK). p. 40.
  25. "ROOM TO READ WELCOMES ECONOMIST AND AUTHOR DAMBISA MOYO TO ITS BOARD OF DIRECTORS". Room to Read. Media.RoomToRead.org. 4 March 2009.
  26. Room to Read Annual Report 2008. p. 30.
  27. 1 2 Best Sellers – Hardcover Nonfiction. New York Times. 12 April 2009.
  28. 1 2 Young Global Leader Honorees 2009. World Economic Forum. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  29. 1 2 Wolfowitz, Paul. "The 2009 TIME 100: Dambisa Moyo". TIME. 30 April 2009. Accessed 11 July 2015.
  30. 1 2 The 2009 TIME 100 – Full List. TIME. 2009. Accessed 11 July 2015.
  31. 1 2 "The Power of Going Against the Grain: Dambisa Moyo, Economist and provocateur". In: O's First-Ever Power List. O, The Oprah Magazine. September 2009. Accessed 11 July 2015.
  32. 1 2 3 4 Dambisa Moyo. Speakers.com. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  33. 1 2 GLOBAL SHIFTS IN ECONOMICS, POLITICS AND BUSINESS: WHAT’S IT GOING TO TAKE TO BE SUCCESSFUL IN OUR FUTURE WORLD?: Dambisa Moyo, Ph.D., International economist and author. Insight Lecture Series. Rockefeller University. 17 November 2014.
  34. 1 2 Dambisa Moyo. Speakers Associates. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  35. 1 2 Speaker Brief for Dr. Dambisa Moyo. DambisaMoyo.com. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  36. 1 2 THE NEW YORK TIMES BOOK REVIEW: Print Hardcover Best Sellers. New York Times. 6 March 2011.
  37. 1 2 Best Sellers – Hardcover Nonfiction. New York Times. 24 June 2012.
  38. Global Agenda Council on Global Economic Imbalances 2014–2016. World Economic Forum. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  39. "Is Aid Dead? A Discussion with Dambisa Moyo on Foreign Aid and Development". Council on Foreign Relations. 21 April 2009.
  40. "Does Africa’s Future Depend on Global Financial Institutions?" American Enterprise Institute. 20 April 2009.
  41. AEI – Dambisa Moyo discusses how to incentivize African governments and end aid dependence (video). 20 April 2009.
  42. Foreign Aid: Foreign Aid Does More Harm Than Good …. Munk Debate. 1 June 2009.
  43. Bilderberg Meetings – Sitges, Spain 3–6 June 2010: Final List of Participants. BilderbergMeetings.org.
  44. Event: Dambisa Moyo: America's Hobson's Choice. Peterson Institute for International Economics. 9 March 2011.
  45. Event: Dambisa Moyo: Q&A. Peterson Institute for International Economics. 9 March 2011.
  46. OECD 50th Anniversary Forum –Speakers. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 24–25 May 2011.
  47. The Participants. 2013 U.S. Federal Reserve Jackson Hole Economic Symposium.
  48. McCloskey Speaker Series: A Conversation with International Economist Dambisa Moyo. Aspen Institute. August 2013.
  49. A Conversation with International Economist Dambisa Moyo. (video) Aspen Institute. August 2013.
  50. Morrison, Patt. "The Ambrosetti Forum: Economic brainstorming, Italian-style". Los Angeles Times. 11 September 2013.
  51. The Bretton Woods Committee – Committee Members. Bretton Woods Committee. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  52. "Dambisa Moyo received the Hayek Lifetime Achievement Award 2013". Austrian Economics Center. AustrianCenter.com. 17 October 2013.
  53. "A worthy winner". Austrian Economics Center. AustrianCenter.com. 15 April 2013.
  54. "GQ and Editorial Intelligence's 100 Most Connected Women 2014". GQ. 8 March 2015.
  55. Roberts, Anna. "The 100 most connected women". The Telegraph. 29 September 2014.
  56. "DAMBISA MOYO: Unbequeme Freiheitsfrau". In: Die großen Denker. Handelsblatt. Handelsblatt GmbH, e-published 14 April 2015.
  57. Heckel, Manuel. "An Inconvenient Woman". Handelsblatt Global Edition. No. 108; 4 February 2015. Reprinted: .
  58. "DAMBISA MOYO: Unbequeme Freiheitsfrau". Handelsblatt Online. 29 January 2015.
  59. Muleba, Mwenya. "DAMBISA MOYO Named The Thinkers50 "Thinker of the Month" for April 2015". WM Media Pty. Ltd. 2 April 2015.
  60. Thinker of the Month for April. Thinkers50. Twitter. 1 April 2015.
  61. Dambisa Moyo. Thinkers50. April 2015.
  62. Lawler, Joseph. "Overcoming Aid". The American Spectator. 16 March 2009.
  63. 1 2 Wallis, William. "Foreign aid critic spreads theory far and fast". Financial Times. 23 May 2009.
  64. Majhanovich, Suzanne and Macleans A. Geo-JaJa. Economics, Aid and Education: Implications for Development. Springer Science & Business Media, 2013. pp. 17–18.
  65. 1 2 Gueye, Lika. "The Secrets of Their Success: Damibsa Moyo, Economist and author". Finance & Development. International Monetary Fund. June 2013. pp. 25–26.
  66. 1 2 Wallis, William. "Lunch with the FT: Dambisa Moyo". Financial Times. January 30, 2009.
  67. Kagame, Paul. "Africa has to find its own road to prosperity". Financial Times. 7 May 2009.
  68. Whitney, Jake. "Aiding is Abetting: An interview with Dambisa Moyo". Guernica. April 2, 2009.
  69. NRC Handelsblad in partnership with RNW. "Rwanda wants a life without aid". Radio Netherlands. 6 March 2009.
  70. Collier, Paul. "Dead Aid, By Dambisa Moyo: Time to turn off the aid tap?" The Independent. 30 January 2009.
  71. "Dead Aid is Dead Wrong". ONE Campaign. 2009.
  72. Chu, Jeff. "Bono, Beware: Dambisa Moyo on Aid, Microfinance, and the Problem of Celebs in Africa". Fast Company. 1 April 2009.
  73. Sachs, Jeffrey. "Aid Ironies". The WorldPost at Huffington Post. 24 May 2009.
  74. Moyo, Dambisa. "Aid Ironies: A Response to Jeffrey Sachs". The WorldPost at Huffington Post. 26 June 2009.
  75. "An Audience With Bill Gates". Q&A. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 28 May 2013.
  76. Nsehe, Mfonobong. "Bill Gates Criticizes Zambian Economist And She Responds With Fire". Forbes. 30 May 2013.
  77. Moyo, Dambisa. "Dr. Dambisa Moyo responds to Bill Gates’ personal attacks". DambisaMoyo.com. 30 May 2013.
  78. Schoppa, Christopher. "BOOK WORLD – February 27, 2011". Washington Post. 26 February 2011.
  79. "Best-Selling Books | Week Ended Feb. 20 With data from Nielsen BookScan". Wall Street Journal. 26 February 2011.
  80. Collier, Paul. "How the West Was Lost by Dambisa Moyo – review". The Guardian. 16 January 2011.
  81. Lawson, Dominic. "How The West Was Lost by Dambisa Moyo". The Sunday Times. 9 January 2011.
  82. Vidal, John. "How the West Was Lost by Dambisa Moyo and Consumptionomics by Chandran Nair – review". The Guardian. 26 February 2011.
  83. Beattie, Alan. "New world disorder". Financial Times. 26 February 2011.
  84. "How the reader was lost". The Economist. 20 January 2011.
  85. Winner Take All: China's Race for Resources and What It Means for the World. DambisaMoyo.com. Retrieved on 12 August 2012.
  86. Best-Selling Books, Week Ended 10 June, With data from Nielsen BookScan. Wall Street Journal. 15 June 2012.
  87. Associated Press. "PUBLISHERS WEEKLY BEST-SELLERS". Huffington Post. 14 June 2012.
  88. Gapper, John. "China crunch". Financial Times. 23 June 2012.
  89. Blair, David. "Winner Take All by Dambisa Moyo: review". The Telegraph. 19 Jun 2012.
  90. Fenby, Jonathan. "Winner Take All: China's Race for Resources and What it Means for Us by Dambisa Moyo – review". The Guardian. The Guardian. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
  91. Hill, Andrew. "Reid Hoffman and Dambisa Moyo join FT/McKinsey book prize judges". Financial Times. 13 April 2015.
  92. Barber, Lionel. "The judges 2015". Financial Times. 13 April 2015.
  93. Moyo, Dambisa. "A Call Against Complacency". ChangeThis. 9 March 2011.
  94. Moyo, Dambisa. "The Resource Shortage Is Real". TIME. 8 June 2012.
  95. Moyo, Dambisa. "Beijing, a Boon for Africa". New York Times. 27 June 2012.
  96. Moyo, Dambisa. "Forget the BRICs; Zambia, Estonia and Pakistan are the place for alpha investors". Quartz. 11 March 2013.
  97. Moyo, Dambisa. "Delivery Lessons from China". Voices on Society. McKinsey & Company. Vol. 5; 15–21 April 2013.
  98. Moyo, Dambisa. "A Grand Unified Economic Theory?" Project Syndicate. 13 November 2013.
  99. Moyo, Dambisa. "For Poor Countries, China Is No Model". Wall Street Journal. 19 September 2014.
  100. Moyo, Dambisa. "Creating a Global Framework for Immigration". Insights & Publications. McKinsey & Company. January 2015.
  101. Moyo, Dambisa. "Not Enough Bad News is Priced into the Financial Markets". Financial Times. 27 March 2015.
  102. Moyo, Dambisa. "Will Technology Support Global Growth?" Global Drucker Forum. 25 May 2015.
  103. Moyo, Dambisa. "Whose job is it to create the new jobs for the tech era?". Financial Times. Financial Times. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  104. Dr. Dambisa Moyo at LinkedIn.
  105. Dambisa Moyo – official Twitter account.
  106. Leve, Ariel. "Economist Dambisa Moyo on the life and death battle for the world's resources". The Telegraph. The Telegraph. Retrieved 7 July 2015.

External links

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