Damien Hirst

Damien Hirst

Hirst in a still from the movie The Future of Art
Born Damien Steven Hirst
(1965-06-07) 7 June 1965
Bristol, England
Nationality British
Education Jacob Kramer College, Leeds; Goldsmiths
Known for Conceptual art, installation art, painting
Notable work The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living, For the Love of God
Movement Young British Artists
Awards Turner Prize
Patron(s) Charles Saatchi
Damien Hirst's voice
Recorded May 2013 from the BBC Radio 4 programme Desert Island Discs
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Damien Steven Hirst[1] (born 7 June 1965) is an English artist, entrepreneur, and art collector. He is the most prominent[2] member of the group known as the Young British Artists (or YBAs), who dominated the art scene in the UK during the 1990s.[3] He is internationally renowned,[4] and is reportedly the United Kingdom's richest living artist, with his wealth valued at £215m in the 2010 Sunday Times Rich List.[5][6] During the 1990s his career was closely linked with the collector Charles Saatchi, but increasing frictions came to a head in 2003 and the relationship ended.[7]

Death is a central theme in Hirst's works.[8][9] He became famous for a series of artworks in which dead animals (including a shark, a sheep and a cow) are preserved—sometimes having been dissected—in formaldehyde. The best known of these being The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living, a 14-foot (4.3 m) tiger shark immersed in formaldehyde in a vitrine (clear display case). He has also made "spin paintings," created on a spinning circular surface, and "spot paintings", which are rows of randomly coloured circles created by his assistants.

In September 2008, he took an unprecedented move for a living artist[10] by selling a complete show, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, at Sotheby's by auction and bypassing his long-standing galleries.[11] The auction exceeded all predictions, raising £111 million ($198 million), breaking the record for a one-artist auction[12] as well as Hirst's own record with £10.3 million for The Golden Calf, an animal with 18-carat gold horns and hooves, preserved in formaldehyde.[11]

In several instances since 1999, sources for certain of Hirst's works have been challenged and contested as plagiarised, both in written articles by journalists and artists, and, in one instance, through legal proceedings which led to an out-of-court settlement.[13]

In April 2016, a study by published in Analytical Methods claimed Hirst's preserved carcasses leaked formaldehyde gas above legal limits at Tate Modern.

Life and career

Early life

Damien Hirst was born in Bristol and grew up in Leeds. His father was reportedly a motor mechanic, who left the family when Hirst was 12.[14] His mother, Mary Brennan, of Irish Catholic descent, worked for the Citizens Advice Bureau, and has stated that she lost control of her son when he was young.[14] He was arrested on two occasions for shoplifting.[14] However, Hirst sees her as someone who would not tolerate rebellion: she cut up his bondage trousers and heated one of his Sex Pistols vinyl records on the cooker to turn it into a fruit bowl[15] (or a plant pot[16]). He says, "If she didn't like how I was dressed, she would quickly take me away from the bus stop." She did, though, encourage his liking for drawing, which was his only successful educational subject.[15]

His art teacher at Allerton Grange School "pleaded"[15] for Hirst to be allowed to enter the sixth form,[15] where he took two A-levels, achieving an "E" grade in art.[14] He was refused admission to Jacob Kramer School of Art when he first applied, but attended the college after a subsequent successful application to the Foundation Diploma course.[14]

He went to an exhibition of work by Francis Davison, staged by Julian Spalding at the Hayward Gallery in 1983.[17] Davison created abstract collages from torn and cut coloured paper which, Hirst said, "blew me away", and which he modelled his own work on for the next two years.[17]

He worked for two years on London building sites, then studied Fine Art at Goldsmiths, University of London[14] (1986–89), although again he was refused a place the first time he applied. In 2007, Hirst was quoted as saying of An Oak Tree by Goldsmiths' senior tutor, Michael Craig-Martin: "That piece is, I think, the greatest piece of conceptual sculpture. I still can't get it out of my head."[18] While a student, Hirst had a placement at a mortuary, an experience that influenced his later themes and materials.

Warehouse shows

In July 1988, in his second year at Goldsmiths College, Hirst was the main organiser of an independent student exhibition, Freeze, in a disused London Port Authority administrative block in London's Docklands. He gained sponsorship from the London Docklands Development Corporation. The show was visited by Charles Saatchi, Norman Rosenthal and Nicholas Serota, thanks to the influence of his Goldsmiths lecturer Michael Craig-Martin. Hirst's own contribution to the show consisted of a cluster of cardboard boxes painted with household paint.[19] After graduating, Hirst was included in New Contemporaries show and in a group show at Kettles Yard Gallery in Cambridge. Seeking a gallery dealer, he first approached Karsten Schubert, but was turned down.

In 1990 Hirst, along with his friend Carl Freedman and Billee Sellman, curated two enterprising "warehouse" shows, Modern Medicine and Gambler, in a Bermondsey former Peek Freans biscuit factory they designated "Building One".[20][21] Saatchi arrived at the second show in a green Rolls Royce and, according to Freedman, stood open-mouthed with astonishment in front of (and then bought) Hirst's first major "animal" installation, A Thousand Years, consisting of a large glass case containing maggots and flies feeding on a rotting cow's head.[22] They also staged Michael Landy's Market.[21] At this time, Hirst said, "I can’t wait to get into a position to make really bad art and get away with it. At the moment if I did certain things people would look at it, consider it and then say 'f off'. But after a while you can get away with things."[17]

In 1991 his first solo exhibition, organised by Tamara Chodzko – Dial, In and Out of Love, was held in an unused shop on Woodstock Street in central London; he also had solo exhibitions at the Institute of Contemporary Arts, and the Emmanuel Perrotin Gallery in Paris. The Serpentine Gallery presented the first survey of the new generation of artists with the exhibition Broken English, in part curated by Hirst. At this time Hirst met the up-and-coming art dealer, Jay Jopling, who then represented him.

Career in contemporary art

In 1991, Charles Saatchi had offered to fund whatever artwork Hirst wanted to make, and the result was showcased in 1992 in the first Young British Artists exhibition at the Saatchi Gallery in North London. Hirst's work was titled The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living and was a shark in formaldehyde in a vitrine, and sold for £50,000. The shark had been caught by a commissioned fisherman in Australia and had cost £6,000.[23] The exhibition also included In a Thousand Years. As a result of the show, Hirst was nominated for that year's Turner Prize, but it was awarded to Grenville Davey.

Hirst's first major international presentation was in the Venice Biennale in 1993 with the work, Mother and Child Divided, a cow and a calf cut into sections and exhibited in a series of separate vitrines. He curated the show Some Went Mad, Some Ran Away in 1994 at the Serpentine Gallery in London, where he exhibited Away from the Flock (a sheep in a tank of formaldehyde). On 9 May, Mark Bridger, a 35-year-old artist from Oxford, walked into the gallery and poured black ink into the tank, and retitled the work Black Sheep. He was subsequently prosecuted, at Hirst's wish, and was given two years' probation. The sculpture was restored at a cost of £1,000. When a photograph of Away from the Flock was reproduced in the 1997 book by Hirst I want to spend the rest of my life everywhere, with everyone, one-to-one, always, forever, now, the vandalism was referenced by allowing the tank to be obscured by pulling a card, reproducing the effect of ink being poured into the tank; this resulted in Hirst being sued by Bridger for violating his copyright on Black Sheep.[24]

In 1995, Hirst won the Turner Prize. New York public health officials banned Two Fucking and Two Watching featuring a rotting cow and bull, because of fears of "vomiting among the visitors". There were solo shows in Seoul, London and Salzburg. He directed the video for the song "Country House" for the band Blur. No Sense of Absolute Corruption, his first solo show in the Gagosian Gallery in New York was staged the following year. In London the short film, Hanging Around, was shown—written and directed by Hirst and starring Eddie Izzard. In 1997 the Sensation exhibition opened at the Royal Academy in London. A Thousand Years and other works by Hirst were included, but the main controversy occurred over other artists' works. It was nevertheless seen as the formal acceptance of the YBAs into the establishment.[25]

In 1997, his autobiography and art book, I Want To Spend the Rest of My Life Everywhere, with Everyone, One to One, Always, Forever, Now, was published. With Alex James of the band Blur and actor Keith Allen, he formed the band Fat Les, achieving a number 2 hit with a raucous football-themed song Vindaloo, followed up by Jerusalem with the London Gay Men's Chorus. Hirst also painted a simple colour pattern for the Beagle 2 probe. This pattern was to be used to calibrate the probe's cameras after it had landed on Mars. He turned down the British Council's invitation to be the UK's representative at the 1999 Venice Biennale because "it didn't feel right".[26] He threatened to sue British Airways claiming a breach of copyright over an advert design with coloured spots for its low budget airline, Go.[27]

2000s

In 2000, Hirst's sculpture Hymn (which Saatchi had bought for a reported £1m) was given pole position at the show Ant Noises (an anagram of "sensation") in the Saatchi Gallery. Hirst was then sued himself for breach of copyright over this sculpture (see Appropriation below).[28] Hirst sold three more copies of his sculpture for similar amounts to the first.[29] In September 2000, in New York, Larry Gagosian held the Hirst show, Damien Hirst: Models, Methods, Approaches, Assumptions, Results and Findings. 100,000 people visited the show in 12 weeks and all the work was sold.

On 10 September 2002, on the eve of the first anniversary of the 9/11 World Trade Center attacks, Hirst said in an interview with BBC News Online:

"The thing about 9/11 is that it's kind of like an artwork in its own right. It was wicked, but it was devised in this way for this kind of impact. It was devised visually... You've got to hand it to them on some level because they've achieved something which nobody would have ever have thought possible, especially to a country as big as America. So on one level they kind of need congratulating, which a lot of people shy away from, which is a very dangerous thing."[30]

The next week, following public outrage at his remarks, he issued a statement through his company, Science Ltd:

"I apologise unreservedly for any upset I have caused, particularly to the families of the victims of the events on that terrible day."[31]

Hirst gave up smoking and drinking in 2002, although the short-term result was that his wife Maia "had to move out because I was so horrible." He had met Joe Strummer (former lead singer of The Clash) at Glastonbury in 1995, becoming good friends and going on annual family holidays with him. Just before Christmas 2002, Strummer died of a heart attack. This had a profound effect on Hirst, who said, "It was the first time I felt mortal." He subsequently devoted a lot of time to founding a charity, Strummerville, to help young musicians.[15]

In April 2003, the Saatchi Gallery opened at new premises in County Hall, London, with a show that included a Hirst retrospective. This brought a developing strain in his relationship with Saatchi to a head[7] (one source of contention had been who was most responsible for boosting their mutual profile). Hirst disassociated himself from the retrospective to the extent of not including it in his CV.[7] He was angry that a Mini car that he had decorated for charity with his trademark spots was being exhibited as a serious artwork.[7] The show also scuppered a prospective Hirst retrospective at Tate Modern.[7] He said Saatchi was "childish"[15] and "I'm not Charles Saatchi's barrel-organ monkey ... He only recognises art with his wallet ... he believes he can affect art values with buying power, and he still believes he can do it."[7]

In September 2003, he had an exhibition Romance in the Age of Uncertainty at Jay Jopling's White Cube gallery in London, which made him a reported £11m,[15] bringing his wealth to over £35m. It was reported that a sculpture, Charity, had been sold for £1.5m to a Korean, Kim Chang-Il, who intended to exhibit it in his department store's gallery in Seoul.[32] The 22-foot (6.7m), 6-ton sculpture was based on the 1960s Spastic Society's model, which is of a girl in leg irons holding a collecting box. In Hirst's version the collecting box is shown broken open and is empty.

Charity was exhibited in the centre of Hoxton Square, in front of the White Cube. Inside the gallery downstairs were 12 vitrines representing Jesus's disciples, each case containing mostly gruesome, often blood-stained, items relevant to the particular disciple. At the end was an empty vitrine, representing Christ. Upstairs were four small glass cases, each containing a cow's head stuck with scissors and knives. It has been described as an "extraordinarily spiritual experience" in the tradition of Catholic imagery.[33] At this time Hirst bought back 12 works from Saatchi (a third of Saatchi's holdings of Hirst's early works), through Jay Jopling, reportedly for more than £8 million. Hirst had sold these pieces to Saatchi in the early 1990s for rather less, his first installations costing under £10,000.[7]

On 24 May 2004, a fire in the Momart storage warehouse destroyed many works from the Saatchi collection, including 17 of Hirst's, although the sculpture Charity survived, as it was outside in the builder's yard. That July, Hirst said of Saatchi, "I respect Charles. There's not really a feud. If I see him, we speak, but we were never really drinking buddies."[15]

Hirst designed a cover for the Band Aid 20 charity single featuring the "Grim Reaper" in late 2004. The image showed an African child perched on his knee. This was not to the liking of the record company executives and was replaced by reindeer in the snow standing next to a child.

In December 2004, The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living was sold by Saatchi to American collector Steve Cohen, for $12 million (£6.5 million), in a deal negotiated by Hirst's New York agent, Gagosian.[34] Cohen, a Greenwich hedge fund manager, then donated the work to The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Sir Nicholas Serota had wanted to acquire it for the Tate Gallery, and Hugo Swire, Shadow Minister for the Arts, tabled a question to ask if the government would ensure it stayed in the country.[35] Current export regulations do not apply to living artists.

Hirst exhibited 30 paintings at the Gagosian Gallery in New York in March 2005. These had taken 3½ years to complete. They were closely based on photos, mostly by assistants (who were rotated between paintings) but with a final finish by Hirst.[36]

In February 2006, he opened a major show in Mexico, at the Hilario Galguera Gallery, called The Death of God, Towards a Better Understanding of Life without God aboard The Ship of Fools. The exhibition attracted considerable media coverage as Hirst's first show in Latin America. In June that year, he exhibited alongside the work of Francis Bacon (Triptychs) at the Gagosian Gallery, Britannia Street, London. Included in the exhibition was the seminal vitrine, A Thousand Years (1990), and four triptychs: paintings, medicine cabinets and a new formaldehyde work entitled The Tranquility of Solitude (For George Dyer), influenced by Bacon.

For the Love of God by Damien Hirst (2007)

A Thousand Years, one of Hirst's most provocative and engaging works, contains an actual life cycle. Maggots hatch inside a white minimal box, turn into flies, then feed on a bloody, severed cow's head on the floor of a claustrophobic glass vitrine. Above, hatched flies buzz around in the closed space. Many meet a violent end in an insect-o-cutor; others survive to continue the cycle.[37] A Thousand Years was admired by Bacon, who in a letter to a friend a month before he died, wrote about the experience of seeing the work at the Saatchi Gallery in London. Margarita Coppack notes that "It is as if Bacon, a painter with no direct heir in that medium, was handing the baton on to a new generation." Hirst has openly acknowledged his debt to Bacon, absorbing the painter's visceral images and obsessions early on and giving them concrete existence in sculptural form with works like A Thousand Years.[38]

Hirst gained the European record for the most expensive work of art by a living artist—his Lullaby Spring in June 2007,[39] when a 3-metre-wide steel cabinet with 6,136 pills sold for 19.2 million dollars to Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani, the Emir of Qatar.[40]

In June 2007, Beyond Belief, an exhibition of Hirst's new work, opened at the White Cube gallery in London. The centre-piece, a Memento Mori titled For the Love of God, was a human skull recreated in platinum and adorned with 8,601 diamonds weighing a total of 1,106.18 carats.[41] Approximately £15,000,000 worth of diamonds were used. It was modelled on an 18th-century skull, but the only surviving human part of the original is the teeth. The asking price for For the Love of God was £50,000,000 ($100 million or 75 million euros). It didn't sell outright,[42] and on 30 August 2008 was sold to a consortium that included Hirst himself and his gallery White Cube.[42]

In November 2008, the skull was exhibited at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam next to an exhibition of paintings from the museum collection selected by Hirst. Wim Pijbes, the museum director, said of the exhibition, "It boosts our image. Of course, we do the Old Masters but we are not a 'yesterday institution'. It's for now. And Damien Hirst shows this in a very strong way."[43]

Hirst's representation of the British Union Flag formed the arena centrepiece for the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in London.[44]

January 2013, Damien Hirst became the third British artist to design the BRIT Awards statue using his signature NEO-Pop art style inspired by his 2000 LSD "spot painting."[45]

In October 2014, Hirst exhibited big scale capsules, pills and medicines at the Paul Stolper Gallery titled: ‘Schizophrenogenesis’[46][47]

Works

The Physical Impossibilities of Death in the Mind of Someone Living

This lengthy-titled artwork features a large Tiger Shark suspended in formaldehyde, the most well-known of his series ‘Natural History’. This series, let alone this piece as a whole, is said to “contain some of the artist’s most widely recognized and important works”.The tank in which the shark is floating creates the illusion of the animal being cut into three pieces due to the container looking like three separate blocks. The work itself is very simplistic, featuring only the shark in this watery substance, which at first glance looks clear like glass. The piece itself is fairly old, being created in 1991. Because of this, the formaldehyde substance preserving the shark has slowly eaten away at the animal’s body, showing signs of age decay.[48]

Hirst’s shark piece, at first glance, offers almost no direct connection to the ideas of death or macabre things. Because of this, some critics argue that the minimalistic qualities of the work, coinciding with the ‘stereotypical’ death theme, are too bland for such a prestige artist. One critic writes:.[49][50] However, when investigated further, the sculpture is said to be representational of our mind, specifically our memory, or lack thereof. The shark itself, as big and majestic as it is, is an illusion of our own self, specifically our emotions in the form of old memories. Coinciding with this, the shark itself is a sublime, hierarchical creature. Another art critic, Luke White, addresses this issue as well saying that “...[they] perceived them merely as ugly and dangerous, but by the end of the century, they found them instead exhilarating, fascinating, and sublime” (White). Sharks throughout centuries have been seen as transcendent, awe-inspiring creatures. Knowing that this creature is the embodiment of sublimitude as well as a metaphorical representation of our mind helps to relay the importance of how special our thoughts really are.[51]

The formaldehyde surrounding the shark, Hirst says, is the process of death and decay. Though formaldehyde is used as a preservation means, over time, the object being preserved will soon wilt, flake, and wrinkle. Because the sculpture itself was made in 1991, the shark is very much rotting and deformed due to the formaldehyde taking its toll on the corpse. With the corpse rotting away, it symbolizes that no matter how well we take care of ourselves or how timeless we think we are, our mind will start to fade away and we slowly will begin to forget. [48]

Beautiful Inside My Head Forever

Beautiful Inside My Head Forever was a two-day auction of Hirst's new work at Sotheby's, London, taking place on 15 and 16 September 2008.[11]

It was unusual as he bypassed galleries and sold directly to the public.[52] Writing in The Independent, Cahal Milmo said that the idea of the auction was conceived by Hirst's business advisor of 13 years, Frank Dunphy, who had to overcome Hirst's initial reluctance about the idea.[53] Hirst eventually defended the concept and refuted the accusation that he was only interested in making money. "People always worry that money somehow tarnishes art, but I always thought it was disgusting that people like Van Gogh never made any money. It’s important to make sure that the art takes precedence over the money. Most people worry that somehow you lose your integrity. Frank said to me a long time ago: 'Always have to make sure that you use the money to chase the art and not the art to chase the money.' And I think that’s true; you have to look at that very carefully."[54]

The sale raised £111 million ($198 million) for 218 items.[12] The auction exceeded expectations,[12] and was ten times higher than the existing Sotheby's record for a single artist sale,[55] occurring as the financial markets plunged.[55] The Sunday Times said that Hirst's business colleagues had "propped up"[55] the sale prices, making purchases or bids which totalled over half of the £70.5 million spent on the first sale day:[55] Harry Blain of the Haunch of Venison gallery said that bids were entered on behalf of clients wishing to acquire the work.[55]

Cartrain

Main article: Cartrain

In December 2008, Hirst contacted the Design and Artists Copyright Society (DACS) demanding action be taken over works containing images of his skull sculpture For the Love of God made by a 16-year-old graffiti artist, Cartrain, and sold on the internet gallery 100artworks.com. On the advice of his gallery, Cartrain handed over the artworks to DACS and forfeited the £200 he had made; he said, "I met Christian Zimmermann [from DACS] who told me Hirst personally ordered action on the matter."[56] In June 2009, copyright lawyer Paul Tackaberry compared the two images and said, "This is fairly non-contentious legally. Ask yourself, what portion of the original–and not just the quantity but also the quality–appears in the new work? If a 'substantial portion' of the 'original' appears in the new work, then that's all you need for copyright infringement... Quantitatively about 80% of the skull is in the second image."[57]

Cartrain walked into Tate Britain in July 2009 and removed a pack of "very rare Faber Castell 1990 Mongol 482 series pencils" from Damien Hirst's pharmacy installation. Cartrain had then made a "fake" police appeal poster stating that the pencils had been "stolen" and that if anyone had any information they should call the police on the phone number advertised. Cartrain was arrested for £500,000 worth of theft.[58]

Painting

In October 2009, Hirst revealed that he had been painting with his own hand in a style influenced by Francis Bacon for several years. No Love Lost, his show of these paintings at the Wallace Collection in London received "one of the most unanimously negative responses to any exhibition in living memory".[59] Tom Lubbock of The Independent called Hirst's work derivative, weak and boring:[60] "Hirst, as a painter, is at about the level of a not-very-promising, first-year art student."[60] Rachel Campbell-Johnston of The Times said it was "shockingly bad".[60] A 2012 exhibition of paintings by Hirst at the White Cube gallery in Bermondsey, entitled "Two Weeks One Summer", provoked in The Guardian the comment that Hirst "can kid himself he is an Old Master and have the art world go along with the fantasy".[61]

Work philosophy

Although Hirst participated physically in the making of early works, he has always needed assistants (Carl Freedman helped with the first vitrines), and now the volume of work produced necessitates a "factory" setup, this has led to questions about authenticity, as was highlighted in 1997, when a spin painting that Hirst said was a "forgery" appeared at sale, although he had previously said that he often had nothing to do with the creation of these pieces.

Hirst said that he only painted five spot paintings himself because, "I couldn't be fucking arsed doing it"; he described his efforts as "shite"—"They're shit compared to ... the best person who ever painted spots for me was Rachel. She's brilliant. Absolutely fucking brilliant. The best spot painting you can have by me is one painted by Rachel." He also describes another painting assistant who was leaving and asked for one of the paintings. Hirst told her to, "'make one of your own.' And she said, 'No, I want one of yours.' But the only difference, between one painted by her and one of mine, is the money.'"[62] By February 1999, two assistants had painted 300 spot paintings. Hirst sees the real creative act as being the conception, not the execution, and that, as the progenitor of the idea, he is therefore the artist:

"Art goes on in your head," he says. "If you said something interesting, that might be a title for a work of art and I'd write it down. Art comes from everywhere. It's your response to your surroundings. There are on-going ideas I've been working out for years, like how to make a rainbow in a gallery. I've always got a massive list of titles, of ideas for shows, and of works without titles."[15]

Hirst is also known to volunteer repair work on his projects after a client has made a purchase. For example, this service was offered in the case of the suspended shark purchased by Steven A. Cohen.[63][64][65]

Appropriation and plagiarism claims

In 1999, chef Marco Pierre White said Hirst's Butterflies on Mars had plagiarised his own work, Rising Sun, which he then put on display in the restaurant Quo Vadis in place of the Hirst work.[66]

Spiritus Callidus #2 by John Lekay, 1993, crystal skull

In 2000, Hirst was sued for breach of copyright over his sculpture, Hymn, which was a 20-foot (6.1 m), six ton, enlargement of his son Connor's 14" Young Scientist Anatomy Set, designed by Norman Emms, 10,000 of which are sold a year by Hull-based toy manufacturer Humbrol for £14.99 each.[28] Hirst paid an undisclosed sum to two charities, Children Nationwide and the Toy Trust in an out-of-court settlement,[28] as well as a "good will payment" to Emms.[66] The charitable donation was less than Emms had hoped for. Hirst also agreed to restrictions on further reproductions of his sculpture.[28]

In 2006, a graphic artist and former research associate at the Royal College of Art, Robert Dixon, author of 'Mathographics', alleged that Hirst's print Valium had "unmistakable similarities" to one of his own designs. Hirst's manager contested this by explaining the origin of Hirst's piece was from a book The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Geometry (1991)—not realising this was one place where Dixon's design had been published.[66][67]

In 2007, artist John LeKay said he was a friend of Damien Hirst between 1992 and 1994 and had given him a "marked-up duplicate copy" of a Carolina Biological Supply Company catalogue, adding "You have no idea how much he got from this catalogue. The Cow Divided is on page 647 – it is a model of a cow divided down the centre, like his piece." This refers to Hirst’s work Mother and Child, Divided—a cow and calf cut in half and placed in formaldehyde.[67] LeKay also claimed Hirst had copied the idea of For the Love of God from LeKay's crystal skulls made in 1993, and said, "I would like Damien to acknowledge that 'John really did inspire the skull and influenced my work a lot.'"[67] Copyright lawyer Paul Tackaberry reviewed images of LeKay's and Hirst's work and saw no basis for copyright infringement claims in a legal sense.[57]

In 2010, in The Jackdaw, Charles Thomson said there were 15 cases where Hirst had plagiarised other work.[68] Examples cited were Joseph Cornell who had created a similar piece to Hirst's Pharmacy in 1943; Lori Precious who had made stained-glass window effects from butterfly wings from 1994, a number of years before Hirst; and John LeKay who did a crucified sheep in 1987.[68] Thomson said that Hirst's spin paintings and installation of a ball on a jet of air were not original, since similar pieces had been made in the 1960s.[68][69] A spokesperson for Hirst said the article was "poor journalism" and that Hirst would be making a "comprehensive" rebuttal of the claims.[70]

Hirst's own collection

In November 2006, Hirst was curator of In the darkest hour there may be light, shown at the Serpentine Gallery, London, the first public exhibition of (a small part of) his own collection.[71] Now known as the 'murderme collection', this significant accumulation of works spans several generations of international artists, from well-known figures such as Francis Bacon, Jeff Koons, Tracey Emin, Richard Prince, and Andy Warhol, to British painters such as John Bellany, John Hoyland, and Gary Hume,[72] and artists in earlier stages of their careers Rachel Howard,[73] David Choe, Ross Minoru Laing, Nicholas Lumb, Tom Ormond, and Dan Baldwin.[74]

Hirst is currently restoring the Grade I listed Toddington Manor, near Cheltenham, where he intends to eventually house the complete collection.[75]

In 2007, Hirst donated the 1991 sculptures "The Acquired Inability to Escape" and "Life Without You" and the 2002 work "Who is Afraid of the Dark?" (fly painting), and an exhibition copy from 2007 of "Mother and Child Divided" to Tate from his own personal collection of works.[76]

In 2010, Hirst was among the unsuccessful bidders to take over the Magazine Building, a 19th-century structure in Kensington Gardens, which reopened in 2013 as the Serpentine Sackler Gallery after its conversion by Zaha Hadid.[77] In March 2012, he outlined plans to open a gallery in Vauxhall, London specifically designed to exhibit his personal collection, which includes five pieces by Francis Bacon. Located in a former theater carpentry and scenery production workshops redesigned by Caruso St John, the space runs the length of Newport Street in Vauxhall and will include six galleries, office space and a restaurant.[77] It is due to open in October 2015.[78]

Commenting on his collection, Hirst has said "As a human being, as you go through life, you just do collect. It was that sort of entropic collecting that I found myself interested in, just amassing stuff while you’re alive."[79]

Restaurant ventures

Hirst had a short-lived partnership with chef Marco Pierre White in the restaurant "Quo Vadis". His best-known restaurant involvement was Pharmacy, located in Notting Hill, London, which closed in 2004. Although one of the owners, Hirst had only leased his art work to the restaurant, so he was able to retrieve and sell it at a Sotheby's auction, earning over £11 million. Some of the work had been adapted, e.g. by signing it prior to the auction.[80]

Hirst is a co-owner of the seafood restaurant, 11 The Quay, in the English seaside town of Ilfracombe.[81]

Charitable work

Hirst is a supporter of the indigenous rights organisation, Survival International.[82] On September 2008, Hirst donated the work, Beautiful Love Survival, at the Sotheby’s London sale, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, to raise money for this organisation.[83][84] Later, he also contributed his writing to the book, We Are One: A Celebration of Tribal Peoples, released in October 2009, in support of Survival. The book explores the existence of, and threats to, indigenous cultures around the world.[85][86]

Personal life

Between 1992 and 2012, Hirst lived with his Californian girlfriend, Maia Norman, by whom he has three sons: Connor Ojala, (born 1995, Kensington and Chelsea, London), Cassius Atticus (born 2000, North Devon) and Cyrus Joe (born 2005, Westminster, London).[87] Since the birth of Connor, he has spent most of his time at his remote farmhouse near Combe Martin, Devon. Hirst and Norman were never married,[88] although Hirst had referred to Norman as his "common-law wife".[89] The artist owns a large compound in Baja, Mexico, which serves as a part-time residence and art studio. The studio employs several artists who carry out Hirst's projects.

Hirst has admitted serious drug and alcohol problems during a ten-year period from the early 1990s: "I started taking cocaine and drink... I turned into a babbling fucking wreck."[62] During this time he was renowned for his wild behaviour and eccentric acts, including for example, putting a cigarette in the end of his penis in front of journalists.[90] He frequented the high profile Groucho Club in Soho, London, and was banned on occasion for his behaviour.

Net worth

In 2008 art by Hirst sold at his auction, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, raised $198 million (US). It is said to be the largest amount raised by any living artist to date.[91] Hirst is reputed to be the richest living artist to date.[6] In 2009, the annually collated chart of the wealthiest individuals in Britain and Ireland, Sunday Times Rich List, placed Hirst at joint number 238 with a net worth of £235m.[92] Hirst's wealth was valued at £215m in the 2010 Sunday Times Rich List, hence Damien Hirst is Britain’s wealthiest artist.[5]

His property portfolio was estimated in 2015 by the The Mail on Sunday at £150 million, and included Grade I listed properties such as Toddington Manor, Gloucestershire and premises in Hanover Terrace, London. [93]

Critical responses to conceptual work

Positive

Hirst has been praised in recognition of his celebrity and the way this has galvanised interest in the arts, raising the profile of British art and helping to (re)create the image of "Cool Britannia." In the mid-1990s, the then-Heritage Secretary, Virginia Bottomley recognised him as "a pioneer of the British art movement", and even sheep farmers were pleased he had raised increased interest in British lamb.[94] Janet Street-Porter praised his originality, which had brought art to new audiences and was the "art-world equivalent of the Oasis concerts at Earl's Court".[94]

Andres Serrano is also known for shocking work and understands that contemporary fame does not necessarily equate to lasting fame, but backs Hirst: "Damien is very clever ... First you get the attention ... Whether or not it will stand the test of time, I don't know, but I think it will."[94] Sir Nicholas Serota commented, "Damien is something of a showman ... It is very difficult to be an artist when there is huge public and media attention. Because Damien Hirst has been built up as a very important figure, there are plenty of sceptics ready to put the knife in."[94]

Tracey Emin said: "There is no comparison between him and me; he developed a whole new way of making art and he's clearly in a league of his own. It would be like making comparisons with Warhol."[95] Despite Hirst's insults to him, Saatchi remains a staunch supporter, labelling Hirst a genius[94] and stating:

General art books dated 2105 will be as brutal about editing the late 20th century as they are about almost all other centuries. Every artist other than Jackson Pollock, Andy Warhol, Donald Judd and Damien Hirst will be a footnote.[96]

Negative

There has been equally vehement opposition to Hirst's work. Norman Tebbit, commenting on the Sensation exhibition, wrote "Have they gone stark raving mad? The works of the 'artist' are lumps of dead animals. There are thousands of young artists who didn't get a look in, presumably because their work was too attractive to sane people. Modern art experts never learn."[97] The view of the tabloid press was summed up by a Daily Mail headline: "For 1,000 years art has been one of our great civilising forces. Today, pickled sheep and soiled beds threaten to make barbarians of us all." The Evening Standard art critic, Brian Sewell, said simply, "I don't think of it as art ... It is no more interesting than a stuffed pike over a pub door. Indeed there may well be more art in a stuffed pike than a dead sheep."[97]

The Stuckist art group was founded in 1999 with a specific anti-Britart agenda by Charles Thomson and Billy Childish;[98] Hirst is one of their main targets. They wrote (referring to a Channel 4 programme on Hirst):

The fact that Hirst's work does mirror society is not its strength but its weakness – and the reason it is guaranteed to decline artistically (and financially) as current social modes become outmoded. What Hirst has insightfully observed of his spin-paintings in Life and Death and Damien Hirst is the only comment that needs to be made of his entire oeuvre: "They're bright and they're zany – but there's **** all there at the end of the day."[97]
A Dead Shark Isn't Art, Stuckism International Gallery 2003[99]

In 2003, under the title A Dead Shark Isn't Art, the Stuckism International Gallery exhibited a shark which had first been put on public display two years before Hirst's by Eddie Saunders in his Shoreditch shop, JD Electrical Supplies. Thomson asked, "If Hirst’s shark is recognised as great art, then how come Eddie’s, which was on exhibition for two years beforehand, isn’t? Do we perhaps have here an undiscovered artist of genius, who got there first, or is it that a dead shark isn’t art at all?"[99] The Stuckists suggested that Hirst may have got the idea for his work from Saunders' shop display.[100]

In a 2008 Channel 4 documentary called The Mona Lisa Curse, art critic Robert Hughes claimed that Hirst's work was "tacky" and "absurd". Hughes said it was "a little miracle" that the value of £5 million was put on Hirst's Virgin Mother (a 35-foot bronze statue), which was made by someone "with so little facility".[101] Hughes called Hirst's shark in formaldehyde "the world's most over-rated marine organism" and attacked the artist for "functioning like a commercial brand", making the case that Hirst and his work proved that financial value was now the only meaning that remained for art.[101]

Julian Spalding, British art critic and author of the book Con Art – Why You Should Sell Your Damien Hirsts While You Can,[102] has said "It's often been proposed, seriously, that Damien Hirst is a greater artist than Michelangelo because he had the idea for a shark in a tank whereas Michelangelo didn't have the idea for his David," and "The emperor has nothing on. When the penny drops that these are not art, it's all going to collapse. Hirst should not be in the Tate. He's not an artist. What separates Michelangelo from Hirst is that Michelangelo was an artist and Hirst isn't."[103][104]

Hirst's 2012 retrospective at the Tate Gallery, while setting records for attendance, also received many complaints. "Members of the public wrote to the state-funded gallery accusing it of wasting taxpayers' money by showcasing art that was 'repetitive', 'meaningless' and 'almost universally awful'. "[105]

In 2011 the Anonymous Arts Group made a dot painting with a hidden meaning that lampoons Hirsts work [106]

Artwork

His works include:

References

  1. ↑ Nicholson, Octavia. "Hirst, Damien (Steven)", Oxford Art Online (subscription). Retrieved 9 November 2008.
  2. ↑ "Glossary: Young British Artists (YBA)", Tate. Retrieved on 14 July 2009.
  3. ↑ "Hirst generation missing from Turner prize 2000 shortlist", The Guardian, 14 June 2000. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
  4. ↑ "Great interviews of the 20th century", The Guardian, 13 September 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
  5. 1 2 Richard Brooks, "It’s the fame I crave, says Damien Hirst," The Times, 28 March 2010
  6. 1 2 Graham-Dixon, Andrew. "Artworld insanity", The Sunday Telegraph, p. 28, 21 September 2008.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Hirst Buys His Art back from Saatchi", The Guardian, 27 November 2003. Retrieved 20 March 2006.
  8. ↑ "Damien Hirst (born 1965)", National Galleries of Scotland (click "biography"). Retrieved 22 March 2010.
  9. ↑ Brooks, Richard. "Damien Hirst's earliest painting goes on sale", The Sunday Times, 6 April 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2010.
  10. ↑ Barker, Godfrey; Jury, Louise."Even his fag ends sell as Hirst art auction hits £100 million", Evening Standard, 16 September 2008. Retrieved on 22 July 2009.
  11. 1 2 3 Akbar, Arifa. (16 September 2008). "A formaldehyde frenzy as buyers snap up Hirst works", The Independent. Retrieved 16 September 2008.
  12. 1 2 3 Parsons, Neal. (16 September 2008). "Update 1-Hirst's London art sale defies economic blues". Reuters. Retrieved 16 September 2008.
  13. ↑ Dyer, Clare. "Hirst pays up for Hymn that wasn't his", The Guardian, 19 May 2000. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Shockaholic" on BBC site. Retrieved 19 March 2006.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "I Knew It Was Time to Clean up My Act" Daily Telegraph, 26 July 2004. Retrieved 20 March 2006.
  16. ↑ Hattenstone, Simon. "Damien Hirst: 'Anyone can be Rembrandt' ", The Guardian, 14 November 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
  17. 1 2 3 Spalding, Julian. "Why it's OK not to like modern art", The Times (2nd page online), 8 May 2003. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
  18. ↑ "Michael Craig-Martin: out of the ordinary", The Daily Telegraph, 24 November 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
  19. ↑ The Freeze catalogue 1988
  20. ↑ Rainbird, Sean. "'Are We as a Society Going to Carry on Treating People This Way?' Michael Landy’s Scrapheap Services", Tate Gallery, Spring 2004. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
  21. 1 2 Archer, Michael. "Oranges and Lemons and Oranges and Bananas", Acme, 2001. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
  22. ↑ "Market News:Counter", The Daily Telegraph, 17 March 2003. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
  23. ↑ "Saatchi mulls £6.25m shark offer", BBC. Retrieved 23 February 2007.
  24. ↑ Willcock, John (14 September 1998). "Who's Suing Whom: The case of the pickled sheep". The Independent (London). Retrieved 11 June 2012.
  25. ↑ Beckett, Andy. "Shock art to shop art", The Guardian, p. T.002, 28 August 1997.
  26. ↑ The Guardian 6 October 2001. Retrieved 19 March 2006.
  27. ↑ Negus, Keith; Pickering, Michael J. (2004). Creativity, Communication and Cultural Value. Sage. p. 65. ISBN 9781847871503.
  28. 1 2 3 4 "Hirst Pays up in Toy Row" on BBC site. Retrieved 19 March 2006.
  29. ↑ "Charles Saatchi Could Have Bought Four Davids for the Price of Tracey Emin's Bed", The Daily Telegraph, 7 January 2006. Retrieved 20 March 2006.
  30. ↑ Allison, Rebecca. (11 September 2002). "9/11 wicked but a work of art, says Damien Hirst", The Guardian. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
  31. ↑ "Hirst apologies for 11 Sept Comments" BBC website. Retrieved 26 March 2006.
  32. ↑ 9 September 2003. 'Holy Cow! Hirst Turns to Religion'. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 20 March 2006.
  33. ↑ Dorment, Richard. (10 September 2003). 'Damien Bares His Soul'. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 20 March 2006.
  34. ↑ exhibit-E.com (1 May 1956). "Larry Gagosian website". Gagosian.com. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
  35. ↑ Hugo Swire web site. Retrieved 18 February 2006.
  36. ↑ Science Photo Library press release, 15 March 2005. Retrieved 20 March 2006.
  37. ↑ Keats, Jonathon (20 July 2012), "Is Damien Hirst The World's Most Misunderstood Artist?" Forbes
  38. ↑ Gagosian Gallery. Retrieved 27 December 2006.
  39. ↑ "Hirst cabinet sets auction record". BBC News. 22 June 2007. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
  40. ↑ "Hirst cabinet sets auction record". BBC. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  41. ↑ "Damien Hirst: Beyond Belief exhibition", White Cube. Retrieved 19 June 2009.
  42. 1 2 Thornton, Sarah. "Damien Hirst is rewriting the rules of the market (2)", 'The Art Newspaper, 17 July 2008. Retrieved 11 August 2008.
  43. ↑ (1 June 2009). "The project team: Communicating Hirst at the Rijksmuseum", Art, Design & Publicity. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  44. ↑ Williams, Richard (13 August 2012). "A raucous but poignant pageant of popular culture closes the Games". The Guardian (London). pp. 2–3. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
  45. ↑ 2013 BRIT Award “Spot” Statue Designed by British Artist Damien Hirst
  46. ↑ Sooke, Alastair. "Inside Damien Hirst's new exhibition with Alastair Sooke". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  47. ↑ Glover, Michael. "Damien Hirst exhibition review: Schizophrenogenesis is a bitter pill to swallow". The Independent. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  48. 1 2 Hirst, Damien. "Natural History". Damien Hirst. Bureau for Visual Affairs. Damien Hirst. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
  49. ↑ “But the famous shark, shackled to its coffeebar-existentialist title – The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living –seems ever more dilapidated, more fairground sideshow, with every dowdy showing. What clichéd menace it may once have theoretically possessed has evaporated”
  50. ↑ Raine, Craig. "Pretty vacant: there are only two good works in the Tate's Damien Hirst retrospective. How far can an artist without skill stretch his talent?". EbscoHost. Literature Resource Center. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
  51. ↑ White, Luke. "Damien Hirst’s Shark: Nature, Capitalism and the Sublime". Tate.org. Tate. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
  52. ↑ Singh, Anita. "Damien Hirst auction expected to fetch £65 million", The Daily Telegraph, 29 July 2008.
  53. ↑ Milmo, Cahal. "Mr 10 per cent (and he's worth every penny)", The Independent, 18 September 2008. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
  54. ↑ Robecchi, Michele. "Damien Hirst: Diamonds Are Forever, Flash Art, July–September 2010.
  55. 1 2 3 4 5 The Sunday Times. (21 September 2008). "Hirst dealers bolster prices at record sale", The Sunday Times. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
  56. ↑ Akbar, Arifa. (6 December 2008). 'Hirst demands share of artist's £65 copies' The Independent. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
  57. 1 2 Preece, Robert. (June 2009). 'Reality check: When appropriation becomes copyright infringement'. Sculpture magazine/AD&P. Retrieved 19 June 2009.
  58. ↑ "Teenage graffiti artist accused of stealing £500,000 box of pencils in feud with Damien Hirst", The Daily Mail, 5 September 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
  59. ↑ Hudson, Mark. "It couldn't get worse for Damien Hirst", The Daily Telegraph, 14 October 2009.
  60. 1 2 3 "Press views: Damien Hirst's paintings", BBC, 4 October 2009. Retrieved on 25 December 2009.
  61. ↑ Jones, Jonathan (22 May 2012). "Damien Hirst: Two Weeks One Summer – review". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
  62. 1 2 Hirst, Damien and Burn, Gordon (2001). On the Way to Work. Faber
  63. ↑ The New York Times
  64. ↑ "The Art Newspaper". The Art Newspaper. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
  65. ↑ "Dallas News". Dallas News. 2 October 2006. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
  66. 1 2 3 Alberge, Dalya. (14 August 2003). "Spot the difference as artist accuses Hirst of copying", The Times. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
  67. 1 2 3 Alberge, Dalya. (27 June 2007). "My old friend Damien stole my skull idea", The Times. Retrieved 10 December 2007.
  68. 1 2 3 Alberge, Dalya. "Damien Hirst faces eight new claims of plagiarism" The Guardian, 2 September 2010. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  69. ↑ Unattributed reporter, "Damien Hirst faces new plagiarism claims," The Daily Telegraph, 3 September 2010
  70. ↑ "Damien Hirst art works 'inspired by others'", BBC, 2 September 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
  71. ↑ Spears-Meers, Emily. 'High Art Lite in the Darkest Hour', Oxonian Review, 1 March 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
  72. ↑ . Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  73. ↑ Gleadell, Colin. "Market news: Sotheby's, Jamie Reid, Rachel Howard and more...", Daily Telegraph, 30 January 2007. Retrieved 10 January 2008.
  74. ↑ . Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  75. ↑ . Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  76. ↑ . Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  77. 1 2 Gareth Harris (July 22, 2014), Damien Hirst's London art space due to open next spring The Art Newspaper.
  78. ↑ http://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/exhibitions/damien-hirsts-new-gallery-opens-with-abstract-great-john-hoyland-10355064.html
  79. ↑ . Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  80. ↑ "Laplaca on". Artnet.com. 18 October 2004. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
  81. ↑ "The Quay restaurant". damienhirst.com. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
  82. ↑ "Right Livelihood Award: 1989 – Survival International". Rightlivelihood.org. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
  83. ↑ "Damien Hirst donates 'Beautiful Love Survival'". Survival International. 15 September 2008. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
  84. ↑ "Sotheby's – Auctions – Calendar – Damien Hirst – Beautiful Inside My Head Forever (Evening Sale)". Sotheby's. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
  85. ↑ "'We Are One: a celebration of tribal peoples' published this autumn". Survival International. 16 October 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
  86. ↑ "We Are One". Survival International. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
  87. ↑ "Births England and Wales 1984–2006". Findmypast.com. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
  88. ↑ "Damien Hirst 'devastated' after breakdown of 20 year relationship with partner". Telegraph. 10 June 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
  89. ↑ Kate Bernard (6 August 2006). "Kate Bernard talks to Maia Norman, Damien Hirst's other half". The Observer (London). Retrieved 15 August 2010.
  90. ↑ Leith, William. "Avoiding the Sharks", Life: The Observer Magazine, p. 15, 14 February 1999.
  91. ↑ "Hands up for Hirst". The Economist. 11 September 2010.
  92. ↑ "2009 Rich List search", The Times. Retrieved 22 March 2010.
  93. ↑ "Damien Hirst and the art of building a $150m property empire". The Mail on Sunday. 5 July 2015.
  94. 1 2 3 4 5 For Hirst, Channel 4. Retrieved 19 March 2006.
  95. ↑ The Independent on Sunday 12 March 2005. Retrieved 19 March 2006.
  96. ↑ Art Newspaper interview on Saatchi Gallery site. Retrieved 19 March 2006.
  97. 1 2 3 Against Hirst, Channel 4 Retrieved 19 March 2006. Archive link.
  98. ↑ Stuckist anti-Britart manifesto, 4 August 1999. Retrieved 20 March 2006.
  99. 1 2 Alberge, Dalya. (10 April 2003). "Traditionalists mark shark attack on Hirst", The Times. Retrieved 6 February 2008.
  100. ↑ "A Dead Shark Isn't Art" Stuckism International web site. Retrieved 20 March 2006.
  101. 1 2 Thorpe, Vanessa (7 September 2008). "Top critic lashes out at Hirst's 'tacky' art". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 7 September 2008.
  102. ↑ New York Times "What Price a Dead Shark?" 31 March 2012
  103. ↑ The Independent "Sell up now before it's too late, expert tells Damien Hirst fans" 27 March 2012
  104. ↑ BBC News "Julian Spalding attacks Damien Hirst 'con art'" 27 March 2012
  105. ↑ Ben Riley-Smith (28 August 2013). "Damien Hirst Tate retrospective triggered wave of complaints about 'meaningless artwork'". The Telegraph (London).
  106. ↑ http://www.brentfordgallery.co.uk/anonymous.html
  107. ↑ "Cleaner clears up Hirst's ashtray art" The Guardian (London), 19 October 2001. Retrieved 19 October 2001.
  108. ↑ http://www.damienhirst.com/the-dream
  109. ↑ Gerlis, Melanie (16 March 2016). "Damien Hirst, suffragette, spins with a twist". The Art Newspaper (Umberto Allemandi).

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