Deportations from the German-occupied Channel Islands

In breach of International Law, and in breach of the terms of surrender signed in July 1940, Nazi German forces, on direct instructions from Adolf Hitler deported and interned 2,100 Channel Island civilian residents, who had committed no crimes.[1]:212

Bekanntmachung 1942 deportation Jersey

Prelude

The Channel islands comprising the Bailiwick of Jersey and Bailiwick of Guernsey which also comprised Alderney and Sark fell under German control on 30 June 1940.

Prior to this, the lightning Blitzkrieg resulting in the fall of France gave the British government and the Island governments just enough time to evacuate those who wished to leave the Islands. 25,000 left, leaving 66,000 in the Islands. 41,101 in Jersey, Guernsey had 24,429 and Sark 470. Alderney had just 18.[2]:10

The British Government had decided on 15 June to demilitarise and abandon the Islands so all military personnel, weapons and equipment had been taken to England.[3]:50

Through the second half of 1940 and into 1941 the Islanders gradually settled into a “working relationship with the German occupiers. A small number of people, who had access to boats, decided to flee the Islands, some dying in the attempt. There were some forms of minor resistance, although generally the Occupying forces were polite, reasonable and not as oppressive as British newspapers portrayed them.

Provocation

In June 1941 Persia, current day Iran, was a neutral country with Germany as its largest trade partner. The Soviet Union was on its northern border. Britain, had recently encamped in Iraq to the west following an anti British coup by Nazi sympathisers. On 22 June Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of Soviet territory started.

Worried about the large expat German community in Iran undertaking espionage and subversion activities, on 19 July a joint Soviet/British demand was made to Persia to expel all German citizens, it was rejected on 29 July. Renewing the demand on 16 August Persia realized the risk of not complying with the demand that had been coordinated with the Americans at a conference 9–12 August 1941. Too late, neutral Persia demanded the Germans leave as Anglo Soviet forces invaded the country on 25 August.[4]:56

In September, the German legation and women and children from the expat community were permitted to travel to Europe. As were the other Axis legations.[4]:65 German men of fighting age (18-45) were rounded up, most preferring British to Soviet control. A few went into Soviet hands and were shipped to Siberia, the British then separated out Jewish Germans who could remain in Persia, the remaining men were sent to India for internment,[4]:65 some ended up in camps in Australia.

German reaction

Hitler was furious,[3] if a little two faced, to complain of an invasion of a neutral country and the internment of German men. His immediate reaction was to find out what reprisals were possible.

Adolf Hitler

The German Foreign office response was that British people in the Channel Islands were effectively interned as they could not leave without permission. A rough estimate from Jersey indicated about 2,000 men in the Island had been born in the United Kingdom. This was short of the 8,000 that were needed if a ratio of 10:1 was to be applied. More accurate lists of men were demanded,[1]:2 including a list of Persian citizens, surprisingly one, a 69 year old Persian man, was found. The demand for lists was expanded to include women and children. By 10 November lists were submitted by the Island authorities:

German officials tried several diplomatic routes to get the Germans in Persia released, trading them for British trapped in Sweden and threatening to intern British including those in the Channel Islands. Hitler thinking of holding them in the Pripet Marshes, on a ratio of 10 British for each German interned.[1]:3 Britain’s response was to inform the Germans that any action against civilians in the Channel Islands would be against the Hague convention. The Wehrmacht was unhappy with the use of the Pripet Marshes, an operational area where they did not want American protecting power officials to visit. The Foreign Ministry worried that a proposal to confiscate property of internees could be repeated against German internees in Britain.

As final figures of Iranian Germans became known, the ratio of 10:1 meant 5,000 had to be found, however there were under 2,000 men in the age group 18-45. By 11 November, following the census undertaken in the Islands in August 1941, the Germans knew there were 8,166 Channel Island citizens born in the United Kingdom and had identified the men and possibly women, who could be deported with their property confiscated and distributed to real Channel Islanders. A camp near Cologne to take 6,000 had been prepared and shipping readied to transport them.[1]:3–5

This unpalatable order to the Wehrmacht with the lists of people, were put to one side when the Fuhrers order of 20 October 1941 about fortifying the Island mentioned that a further order would give deportation instructions[1]:5 and no further order was received.

September 1942

A Swiss attempt to get an exchange of injured soldiers and civilians resulted in September in Hitler being reminded of the British civilians. Discovering that his orders had not been complied with, he reissued the order. In the Islands everything moved very quickly, the order arriving in Jersey on 15 September, the same day a meeting was held with the Bailiff and Parish officials, a notice appeared in the local paper and because the island authorities refused to serve the notices, soldiers, accompanied by parish officials to show them where to go, went that evening to serve deportation orders on the first batch of people.[5]:xv

People were told that luggage was limited to what people could carry. Warm clothes, good shoes, eating utensils and three days of food. No time was allowed to arrange personal or business affairs. Valuables were deposited in banks and pets given away or put down. Several young girls married that day, by special licence, their local fiancés, so escaping deportation. Others attempted suicide, some sadly succeeded in Sark, Jersey and in Guernsey.[5]:xv

Some bargaining took place to allow a few people to remain and others to take their places, most church ministers were English and a deal was agreed to allow sufficient to remain, people who were useful to the German government for their work they were doing, were also spared as were some sick and aged.[6]:182-5

In Guernsey, many notices were delivered on 18 September with a probability of leaving on 21 or 23 September, giving time for a party with a band and much singing in a café called “Home from Home”.[7]:59 The Germans also had to move very fast, locating shipping, trains and suitable camps.

Ships and trains

Hoping to ship out 1,200 people on 16 December, the Germans were disappointed when only 280 men women and children left Jersey on the first ship. The streets were lined with people, crying and waving. The Island gave them food to take with them. The German sailors put them into life jackets. As the ship sailed, patriotic songs were sung.[5]:ix

Two days later several ships in Jersey were ready and 600 more people were ordered to report. One ship was rejected by the Island authorities as it had just discharged a load of coal and was filthy. Colonel Knackfuss agreed. Only 346 people sailed. Those who were not shipped out returned to their houses to await the next ship, some sadly finding that their houses had been stripped bare in their absence. The crowds attending to wave goodbye were larger than before and their patriotic singing antagonized the Germans. Fights broke out and arrests were made.[1]:13

Ships left Guernsey on 26 and 27 September. 825 left,[8]:56 including nine people from Sark amongst the deported. Guernsey borrowed two field kitchens from the Germans and cooked the “evacuees” as the Germans referred to them, a meal. The ships departed after curfew.[7]:63–69 A third batch of 560 left Jersey on 29 September 1942. The Jersey sailing resulted in more crowds, singing and yet another fight with even more arrests.[1]:15

Unusually for the Germans, rather than put the people in the ubiquitous 40 hommes et 8 chevaux wagons, they were given second class train carriages to travel in as well as being given rations. It took three days to reach the destination.

On 21 January 1943 a question was asked of the Home Secretary in the House of Commons about deportations from Guernsey. No information was made public.[9]

February 1943

A British commando raid on Sark in October 1942, Operation Basalt, resulted in another batch of deportations in February 1943 with people taken from all three Islands. Although about 1,000 were eligible under the criteria set out in orders, the numbers were trimmed down by the Germans to just 201.[1]:28–37

Included in this group were three Jews from Guernsey and five from Jersey.[10] Seven being sent to Biberach or Laufen, the 8th to Buchenwald concentration camp. They all survived the war.

Camps

Dorsten

Stalag VI-J is a POW camp located in Dorsten in the industrial Ruhr, amongst factories, the barrage balloons around the camp gave clear indication it was in a bombing target area. The Guernsey internees and some from Jersey spent six weeks in this transit camp until overcrowding in Biberach was solved. Single men were sent to Laufen and Biberach and Wurzach received the families. Dorsten ceased to be used after 12 November 1942.[11]

Biberach

Biberach town

Oflag V-B was located at Biberach an der Riß in countryside in southern Germany with a view of the Bavarian Alps. It was renamed "Ilag V-B" when it changed use to a civilian internment camp. The camp was also known by the name Lager Lindele.

The first two batches of people from Jersey arrived in the Hitler Youth summer camp. Comprising 23 barrack huts surrounded by barbed wire and watch towers. Each hut contained 84 people in rooms holding up to 18. Men living in different barracks to the women and children. Two hospital huts, storerooms, canteen, cookhouse, washing facilities and shower block, police and prison camp. A school was set up in the hut that contained German officers. Sanitary conditions were improved in late 1942 after complaints were made. The camp was crowded however as they later learnt, in Bergen Belsen similar huts held 500 each, not 84.[1]:52–55

In October/November 1942 single men were sent to Laufen, and a number of families went to Wurzach, releasing space for families from Dorsten. 1,011 internees remained, 429 men, 437 women and 145 children all but 20 Channel Islanders.[1]:57 The number of internees would rise with the February deportation intake, then later some ill treated Jews and finally a group of 200 Arabs. A number of these late arrivals died from previous ill treatment, despite assistance being given.

Guernsey nurse Gladys Skillett, who was five months pregnant at the time of her deportation to Biberach, became the first Channel Islander to give birth while in captivity in Germany.[12] Mothers were not amused to have birth certificates stamped with a swastika.[1]:80

Wurzach-Allgau

Bad Wurzach - Schloss

Now called Bad Wurzach, ‘’’Ilag V-C’’’ was a branch camp of Ilag V-B, about 30 miles south of Biberach and had also previously been an Officers camp, where 618 Channel Islanders were transferred in October 1942 from Biberach. More arrived in November from Dorsten. Accommodated in the Schloss, a large 17th century mansion that had been a Catholic training college. The filthy buildings were scrubbed clean within a week. Containing a hospital, theatre, storerooms, cellars and accommodation for men and women in different communal rooms housing up to 30 with bunk beds. Some families with very small children had a private room.[1]:73–75 A school for the 130 children was set up but suffered from a lack of a qualified teacher.

The Red Cross who visited the camp from time to time were not happy with the accommodation, even though the Germans provided coal for fires when a visit was due, there was overcrowding, damp rats, mice and fleas, but apart from an improvement in sanitation, few changes were possible.[1]:75–76

In late 1944 72 Dutch Jews arrived from Bergen-Belsen, the reason for the transfer is unknown. The deportees now learned first hand about conditions elsewhere.[5]:90

Laufen

Ilag VII in Laufen is located in Bavaria with views of the Alps on the border with Austria and was designated a camp for single men. Previously used as an officers POW camp, its name changed from Oflag to Ilag (Internierungslager) when the civilians arrived. Comprising a Schloss with multiple floors and staircases. Receiving single men aged over 16 from Dorsten and Biberach, the camp senior was initially Frank Stroobant before handing over to Ambrose Sherwill in June 1943.[13]:192 A few American civilians were already in the camp. It was easier for men to adapt to camp life, however there was more trouble in this camp caused by hunger and boredom.[7]:74–82

Laufen Schloss

Not receiving any Red Cross parcels before Christmas 1942, they were surprised when a nearly POW camp donated every person in Laufen with a tin of condensed milk and a packet of biscuits.[7]:87 Letters home mention how cold the weather and castle are.[14]:117

As with the other camps, a fire brigade, canteen, tailors and shoemakers was set up. The YMCA supplied 1,500 books for a library[6]:189 and having 27 teachers, classes were set up in five languages and 33 subjects.[1]:114 Sports and amusements had to be created, on one occasion an individual, using makeup and suitable clothing pretended to be Adolf Hitler, inspecting various camp facilities and awarding the camp doctor with an Iron Cross. It resulted in the discovery that there was a camp “stooge” when a letter addressed to the camp commandant was found informing him of the antics.[7]:92

Stroobant was invited in April 1943 to attend an inspection in the forest of Katyn in Russia where a massacre of 22,000, mainly Polish army and police officers, by Soviet forces had been uncovered. He was the only civilian witness at the event[7]:118–145

Boredom was a major problem, some internees were permitted to undertake paid work outside camp.[13]:195 The moral view of whether work should be done was strongly debated in the camp, but as everyone was an individual, it was up to each person to make their own decision.[7]:82

Other camps

A small number of Islanders spent time in other camps such as Liebenau on the Swiss border, Front Stalag 122 near Paris, Ilag XVIII Spittal. Ilag Westertimke and Stalag VIII-B at Teschen.[1]:38–9

Camp conditions

Guernsey plaque commemorating 1,003 Guernsey and Sark deportees

All camps were run by the military, there were daily inspections and three roll calls daily. Biberach and Wurzach were taken over by the police in December 1942, who understood nursing mothers and children better than the soldiers.[1]:38

Each camp appointed a camp senior, a “Lagerfuerhrer”. Each hut had an elected leader. Everyone else in camp had daily duties, from cleaning to working in the hospital, camp barber, electrician etc. Biberach set up a camp police force to maintain discipline and help during air raids.[1]:59&86

Mainly wooden bunk beds with straw palliasses a pillow and army blankets. Lockers, communal showers, internees locked into huts overnight. In Biberach and Wurzach men, women and children could socialize throughout the day, returning to their own accommodation before lights out.[1]:61

Food was barely adequate, watery soup twice a day and a 1 kg loaf between 5 people each day.[1]:61 Red Cross parcels arriving in mid October 1942 allowed an improvement in nutrition, one parcel per person per week until December 1944 when German transport systems started to collapse. Some cases of food including, milk, fruit, jam, fish an soap was received from the Red Cross in addition to individual parcels.[5]:21 December parcels included a Christmas pudding and marzipan sweets. Books and games began to arrive. A few parcels from the UK and the Islands were received.

Entertainment was provided with camp shows, musical events using instruments, sheet music and artists materials provided by the regular visitors of the YMCA and YWCA. Sports days,[5]:43 P.E., football, hockey[15]:220 and cricket matches.[5]:68 Church services on Sundays, and schools for the children were set up. Camp tokens in place of money and new ID cards issued. “Camp art” such as engraving tin mugs, sewing, creating Christmas toys and making sandals out of platted string were popular hobbies.[16] Seeds to plant in gardens were supplied by the Red Cross.[1]:79

Long (up to 10 miles) and short walks outside of the Wurzach camp took place, with up to 150 people, under guard, including the odd visit to a hostelry.[5]:32 At Biberach, people allowed outside on walks would trade Red Cross goods for rabbits, chickens, eggs, cigars and schnapps as well as collecting free food from hedgerows.[1]:62 Laufen walks were more limited.

A post card system of communication to the UK (via the Red Cross) and the Channel Islands (via German “Feldpost” addressed to the “Kanal Inseln”) started in October 1942.[17]:6 Internees were allowed three lettersheets and four postcards a month. Lettersheets could contain as many words as could be fit on the page, very different to ordinary POW’s.[17]:59–62 Each main camp had its censors, Wurzach using Biberach censors.[17]:87 Laufen produced printed Christmas postcards with a drawing of the outside of the Schloss (1943) and in the vaulted canteen (1944).[17]:112–4 Trunks of clothing and goods, left in the Islands arrived in the camps, fairly intact. Individual parcels up to 5 kg in weight could be sent to camps post free,[17]:55 however tobacco in them tended to vanish. The Red Cross also supplied some clothing.

Internees were given 10 marks a month to enable them to buy comforts.[5]:34 Men being allowed out to cut trees for firewood.[5]:86 Cold and damp was a severe problem when temperatures fell to -20C.

Sickness, from the poor food, diphtheria and scarlet fever caused deaths.[5]:55 As did illnesses associated with old age and accidents.[5]:63

Concealed radios in all three camps amongst the internees allowed them to gather news from the BBC overseas service.[1]:120 Other indications, the regular flights of bombers overflying the camps and occasional new arrivals who had seen cities “rather flattened”[5]:72 In Wurzach in August 1944 one man put up a map and indicated the progress of allied armies with red wool, which was regularly inspected by the camp commander.[5]:79 In Laufen in 1945 the German commander asked to be given the secret camp radio as the camp was about to be searched, Sherwill handed it over, the camp was searched and the radio returned to him.[13]:199

In September 1944 125 elderly and infirm people were repatriated on the SS Drottningholm via Sweden to the UK. Following a three-day January trip by the Laufen senior, Ambrose Sherwill to Berlin to meet the Swiss delegation, 24 from Laufen were included in a further 212 being repatriated in April 1945.[1]:172–9 [15]:202–7

Laufen men got to visit a travelling circus and acquired their own cinema projector to show borrowed films.[1]:118 In January 1945 a travelling cinema arrived at Wurzach, many children seeing a moving picture for the first time.[5]:97 Occasional Red Cross letters were received from the Islands, despite their being cut off since August 1944.[5]:114

Once the Red Cross parcels began to arrive in bulk, 2,000-6,000 at Wurzach at a time,[5]:49 those in camps were probably better fed than most people left in the Islands. Some in camps were sending Red Cross parcels on to the Channel Islands as they had sufficient.[17]:56 300 bars of soap and 500 tins of cocoa were sent from Biberach to the island children in March 1944.[8]:59 From August 1944 onwards the invasion of southern France cut the Red Cross parcel supply route which combined with the damage to the railway system reduced the parcel delivery to low numbers.[5]:79 By December 1944 food was in short supply resulting in internees breaking out to look for food at nearby farms.[5]:92

Liberation

Jersey plaque: From the rear of this building 1,186 English born residents were deported to Germany in September 1942. In February 1943 a further 89 were deported from another location in St. Helier.

Biberach town was bombed on 12 April, killing German civilians then on 22 April French tanks following up the German retreat passed by without stopping. Next day with German permission, a detainee was permitted to cycle to the French units, commanded by General Leclerc and tell them the town was “open” however when the French arrived, they were fired on and there was a rush to hang out white flags on the barbed wire. The Germans retreated and the camp was liberated on St George’s Day. Officers arrived to interview everyone and issue temporary ID cards.[1]:70–1 On 29 May 1945 1,822 were flown to England, including 160 children under 14.[18]:315

Wurzach was liberated on 28 April 1945 by a French Moroccan armoured unit who were unaware of the internees.[5]:118 Eventually leaving the camp in early June and flying to the UK on 7 June.[5]:139

Laufen was the last to be liberated, on 4 May 1945, by Americans of 40th Armoured Division. Unaware of the camp, they spotted a Union Flag painted on a sheet and came to investigate. Many men spent the next month helping local hospitals look after concentration camp victims. The town of Laufen turned out to wave them goodbye when they drove of to the airfield to fly to England in June.[7]:152–7

Some children had been born in camp and walked out on liberation.[5]:54

It was several months before the authorities in England had issued everyone ration cards, ID cards and travel warrants, with some returning to Guernsey in August.

Deaths

Three had died in Dorsten, twelve in Wurzach. Twenty in Biberach, excluding Jews and others whose deaths were not recorded and ten in Laufen. Ten of the deaths were females and five were children. Up to 20 internees had been allowed to attend each of the funerals in the local churchyards.[1]:210

Dorsten

  • Manning F.M.
  • Skipton B.F.[11]
  • Walters J.P.

Biberach…

  • Boon E.C.
  • Byrch A.P.
  • Cockayne R.C.
  • Cockburn A.B.
  • Jackson S.
  • Law A.
  • Marr F.M.
  • Nathan A.
  • Norman C.
  • Ogier L.I.H.

…Biberach

  • Otter M.E.
  • Pelty A.
  • Rickard C.
  • Streader M.A.
  • Steaphens J.
  • Streader S.
  • Wearing R.
  • Webb W.H.E.
  • Wilkinson G.H.
  • Woth R.C.

Wurzach

  • Arbuckle H.
  • Atyeo C.B.[6]:189
  • Barnes G.
  • Bowden A.M.
  • Brint M.R.
  • Bull S.L.
  • Gould R.[5]:63
  • Harris L.A.
  • Hutton J.
  • Lennox-Thompson J.
  • Miranda A.
  • Todhunter W.P.

Laufen

  • Davies D.[15]:218
  • Dimery A.
  • Dunkley A.[15]:222
  • Guter N.
  • Herrington P.[15]:217
  • Hey N.[15]:223
  • Le Goupillot H.[15]:223
  • Solomon E.
  • Stern A.
  • Weismann A.[15]:214

See also

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Harris, Roger E. Islanders deported part 1. ISBN 978-0902633636.
  2. ↑ Mière, Joe. Never to be forgotten. Channel Island Publishing. ISBN 978-0954266981.
  3. 1 2 Tabb, Peter. A peculiar occupation. Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 978-0711031135.
  4. 1 2 3 Majd, Mohammad Gholi. August 1941: The Anglo-Russian Occupation of Iran and Change of Shahs. University Press of America, 2012. ISBN 9780761859413.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Coles, Joan. Three years behind barbed wire. La Haule Books. ISBN 086120 008 X.
  6. 1 2 3 Chapman, David. Chapel and Swastika: Methodism in the Channel Islands During the German Occupation 1940-1945. ELSP. ISBN 978-1906641085.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Stroobant, Frank. One Man’s War. Guernsey Press 1967.
  8. 1 2 Briggs, Asa. The Channel Islands: Occupation & Liberation, 1940-1945. Trafalgar Square Publishing. ISBN 978-0713478228.
  9. ↑ "GUERNSEY (DEPORTATIONS)". HC Deb 21 January 1943 vol 386 cc288-9.
  10. ↑ "I escaped the Nazi Holocaust". Guernsey Press. 9 July 2005.
  11. 1 2 "Deported from Guernsey to Germany(Biberach) by David Williams". BBC.
  12. ↑ "Gladys Skillett : wartime deportee and nurse". The Times (London). 2010-02-27. Retrieved 2010-03-09.
  13. 1 2 3 Sherwill, Ambrose. A fair and Honest Book. ISBN 978-1-84753-149-0.
  14. ↑ Tremayne, Julia. War on Sark: The secret letters of Julia Tremayne. Webb & Bower (1981). ISBN 978-0906671412.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sherwill, Ambrose. A fair and honest book. Lulu Enterprises. ISBN 978-1847531490.
  16. ↑ "The Art and Artifacts of the Channel Islanders 1942-1945". Archaeological Institute of America. 7 May 2010.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Harris, Roger E. Islanders deported part 2. ISBN 978-0946806034.
  18. ↑ Lamerton, Mark. Liberated by Force 135: the Liberation of the Channel Islands, May 1945. Ex Libris Press. ISBN 978-1903341605.

Bibliography

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