Devo

This article is about the band. For other uses, see Devo (disambiguation).
Devo

Devo on stage, wearing their trademark bright yellow costumes

Devo at Forecastle Festival, in 2010
Left to right: Gerald Casale (bass), Mark Mothersbaugh (vocals), Bob Casale (keyboards), and Bob Mothersbaugh (guitar)
Background information
Origin Kent and Akron, Ohio, U.S.
Genres
Years active
  • 1973–1991
  • 1996–present
Labels
Associated acts
Website clubdevo.com
Members Gerald Casale
Mark Mothersbaugh
Bob Mothersbaugh
Josh Freese
Past members Bob Casale (deceased)
Bob Lewis
Rod Reisman
Fred Weber
Jim Mothersbaugh
Alan Myers (deceased)
David Kendrick

Devo (/ˈdiːvoʊ/, originally /diːˈvoʊ/)[7] is an American rock band that formed in 1973, consisting of members from Kent and Akron, Ohio. Their classic line-up consisted of two sets of brothers, the Mothersbaughs (Mark and Bob) and the Casales (Gerald and Bob), along with Alan Myers. The band had a No. 14 Billboard chart hit in 1980 with the single "Whip It" and has maintained a cult following throughout its existence.

Devo's music and stage show mingle kitsch science fiction themes, deadpan surrealist humor, and mordantly satirical social commentary. Their often discordant pop songs feature unusual synthetic instrumentation and time signatures that have proven influential on subsequent popular music, particularly new wave, industrial, and alternative rock artists. Devo was also a pioneer of the music video, creating many memorable clips for the LaserDisc format, with "Whip It" getting heavy airplay in the early days of MTV.

History

Early years

The name Devo comes "from their concept of 'de-evolution' — the idea that instead of continuing to evolve, mankind has actually begun to regress, as evidenced by the dysfunction and herd mentality of American society."[8] In the late 1960s, this idea was developed as a joke by Kent State University art students Gerald Casale and Bob Lewis, who created a number of satirical art pieces in a devolution vein. At this time, Casale had also performed with the local band 15-60-75 (The Numbers Band). They met Mark Mothersbaugh around 1970, a talented keyboardist who had been playing with the band Flossy Bobbitt.[9] Mothersbaugh brought a more humorous feel to the group, introducing them to material like the pamphlet "Jocko Homo Heavenbound",[10] which includes an illustration of a winged devil labelled "D-EVOLUTION" and would later inspire the song "Jocko Homo". The "joke" about de-evolution became serious following the Kent State shootings of May 4, 1970. This event would be cited multiple times as the impetus for forming the band Devo.

The first form of Devo was the "Sextet Devo" which performed at the 1973 Kent State performing arts festival.[9][11] It included Casale, Lewis and Mothersbaugh, as well as Gerald's brother Bob Casale on guitar, and friends Rod Reisman and Fred Weber on drums and vocals, respectively. This performance was filmed and a part was included on the home video The Complete Truth About De-Evolution. This line-up performed only once. Devo returned to perform in the Student Governance Center (featured prominently in the film) at the 1974 Creative Arts Festival with a line-up including the Casale brothers, Bob Lewis, Mark Mothersbaugh, and Jim Mothersbaugh on drums.

The band continued to perform, generally as a quartet, but with a fluid line-up including Mark's brothers Bob Mothersbaugh and Jim Mothersbaugh. Bob played electric guitar, and Jim provided percussion using a set of home-made electronic drums. Their first two music videos, "Secret Agent Man" and "Jocko Homo" featured on The Truth About De-Evolution, were filmed in Akron, and Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, the hometown of most members. This line-up of Devo lasted until 1976 when Jim left the band. Bob Lewis would sometimes play guitar during this period. In concert, Devo would often perform in the guise of theatrical characters, such as Booji Boy and The Chinaman. Live concerts from this period were often confrontational, and would remain so until 1977. A recording of an early Devo performance from 1975 with the quartet line-up appears on DEVO Live: The Mongoloid Years, ending with the promoters unplugging Devo's equipment.[8]

Following Jim Mothersbaugh's departure, Bob Mothersbaugh found a new drummer, Alan Myers, who played on a conventional, acoustic drum kit. Casale re-recruited his brother Bob Casale, and the line-up of Devo remained the same for nearly ten years.

The front and back covers of Devo's first release, the 45rpm single "Mongoloid" b/w "Jocko Homo" (1977), released on the band's Booji Boy Records

1975–1980

Devo gained some fame in 1976 when the short film The Truth About De-Evolution directed by Chuck Statler[12] won a prize at the Ann Arbor Film Festival. This attracted the attention of English singer David Bowie, who began work to get the band a recording contract with Warner Music Group. In 1977, Devo were asked by Neil Young to participate in the making of his film Human Highway.[13] Released in 1982, the film featured the band as "Nuclear garbagemen." The band members were asked to write their own parts and Mark Mothersbaugh scored and recorded much of the soundtrack, his first of many.[14]

In March 1977, Devo released their first single "Mongoloid" b/w "Jocko Homo", the B-side of which came from the soundtrack to The Truth About De-Evolution, on their independent label "Booji Boy". This was followed by a cover of the Rolling Stones' "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction".

In 1978, the B Stiff EP was released by British independent label Stiff, which included the single "Be Stiff" plus two previous Booji Boy releases.[15] "Mechanical Man", a 4 track 7" EP of demos, an apparent bootleg but rumored to be put out by the band themselves, was also released that year.[16]

Devo in Atlanta, Georgia, December 27, 1978: Bob Casale and Gerald Casale

Recommendations from David Bowie and Iggy Pop enabled Devo to secure a recording contract with Warner Bros. in 1978. After Bowie backed out of the business deal due to previous commitments, their first album, Q: Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo! was produced by Brian Eno and featured re-recordings of their previous singles "Mongoloid" and "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction".[17] On October 14, 1978, Devo gained national exposure with an appearance on Saturday Night Live, a week after the Rolling Stones, performing "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" and "Jocko Homo".

After the band achieved this success, co-founder Bob Lewis asked for accreditation and compensation in 1978 for his contributions to the band. The band refused to negotiate, and sued Lewis in Los Angeles County Superior Court,[18] seeking a declaratory judgment stating that Lewis had no rights to the name or theory of de-evolution. Lewis then filed an action in United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio, alleging theft of intellectual property. During discovery, Lewis produced articles, promotional materials, documentary evidence and an interview[18] recorded at the Akron Art Museum following the premiere of In the Beginning was the End in which Mothersbaugh and other band members credited Lewis with developing the theory of de-evolution. The band quickly settled for an undisclosed sum.

The band followed up with Duty Now for the Future in 1979, which moved the band more towards electronic instrumentation. While not as successful as their first record, it did produce some fan favorites with the songs "Blockhead" and "The Day My Baby Gave Me a Surprize" [sic], as well as a cover of the Johnny Rivers hit "Secret Agent Man". "Secret Agent Man" had been recorded first in 1974 for Devo's first film and performed live as early as 1976. In 1979 Devo traveled to Japan for the first time, and a live show from this tour was partially recorded. Devo appeared on Don Kirshner's Rock Concert in 1979, performing "Blockhead", "Secret Agent Man", "Uncontrollable Urge", and "Mongoloid". Also in 1979 Rhino—in conjunction with LA radio station KROQ—released Devotees, a tribute album. It contained a set of covers of Devo songs interspersed with renditions of popular songs in Devo's style.[19]

Devo actively embraced the parody religion Church of the SubGenius.[20] In concert, Devo sometimes performed as their own opening act, pretending to be a Christian soft-rock group called "Dove (the Band of Love)", which is an anagram of "Devo". They appeared as Dove in the 1980 televangelism spoof film Pray TV. They also recorded music, later released on the album E-Z Listening Disc (1987), with Muzak-style versions of their own songs to play before their concerts.

Devo gained a new level of visibility with 1980's Freedom of Choice. This album included their best-known hit, "Whip It", which quickly became a Top 40 hit. The album moved to an almost completely electronic sound, with the exception of acoustic drums and Bob Mothersbaugh's guitar. The tour for Freedom of Choice was ambitious for the band, including dates in Japan, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, and Canada.[21] The band used a minimalist set including large custom light boxes which could be laid on their back to form a second, smaller stage during the second half of the set. Other popular songs from Freedom of Choice were "Girl U Want", the title track, and "Gates of Steel". The band released popular music videos for "Whip It" and "Girl U Want". Devo made two appearances on the TV show Fridays in 1980, as well as on Don Kirshner's Rock Concert, American Bandstand, and other shows.

1981–1986

In August 1981, the band's DEV-O Live EP spent three weeks at the top of the Australian charts.[22] In 1982, they toured Australia and appeared on the TV show Countdown. Devo enjoyed continued popularity in Australia, where the nationally broadcast 1970s–1980s pop TV show Countdown was one of the first programs in the world to broadcast their video clips. They were given consistent radio support by Sydney-based non-commercial rock station Double Jay (2JJ) and Brisbane-based independent community station Tripple Zed (4ZZZ), two of the first rock stations outside America to play their recordings. The late-night music program Nightmoves aired The Truth About De-Evolution.

In 1981, Devo contributed a cover of "Working in the Coal Mine", recorded during the Freedom of Choice sessions, to the film Heavy Metal. They offered the song to be used in the film when Warner Bros refused to put it on the album. Warner then included it as an independent bonus single accompanying their 1981 release, New Traditionalists. For this album Devo wore self-described "Utopian Boy Scout uniforms" topped with a "New Traditionalist Pomp"—a plastic half-wig modeled on the hairstyle of John F. Kennedy. Among the singles from the album was "Through Being Cool", written as a reaction to their new-found fame from "Whip It" and seen as a response to new fans who had misinterpreted the message behind the hit song. The album's accompanying tour featured the band performing an intensely physical show with treadmills and a large Greek temple set. That same year they served as Toni Basil's backing band on Word of Mouth, her debut album, which included versions of three Devo songs, recorded with Basil singing lead.[23][24]

Oh, No! It's Devo followed in 1982. Produced by Roy Thomas Baker, the album featured a darker, more sinister sound than its predecessors. According to Gerald Casale, the album's sound was inspired by reviewers alternately describing them as both "fascists" and "clowns."[25] The album's tour featured the band performing seven songs in front of a 12-foot high rear-projection screen with synchronized video, an image recreated using blue screen effects in the album's accompanying music videos. Devo also contributed two songs, "Theme from Doctor Detroit" and "Luv-Luv" to the 1983 Dan Aykroyd film Doctor Detroit, and produced a music video for "Theme from Doctor Detroit" featuring clips from the film with live action segments.

Devo released their sixth album, Shout, in 1984 to scathing reviews. The album has been criticized for its overuse of the Fairlight CMI digital sampling synthesizer and weak songwriting. However, the band's cover of the Jimi Hendrix song "Are You Experienced?" and the accompanying music video received some praise. Following the commercial failure of Shout, Warner Bros. dropped Devo. Shortly after, claiming to feel creatively unfulfilled, Alan Myers left the band,[26] causing the remaining band members to abandon the plans for a Shout video LP, as well as a tour. In the interim, Mark Mothersbaugh began composing music for the TV show Pee-wee's Playhouse and released an elaborately packaged solo cassette, Musik for Insomniaks, which was expanded and released as two CDs in 1988.

1987–1994

In 1987, Devo reformed with new drummer David Kendrick, formerly of Sparks. Their first project was a soundtrack for the flop horror film Slaughterhouse Rock, starring Toni Basil. The band released Total Devo in 1988 on Enigma. This album included two songs used in the Slaughterhouse Rock soundtrack. The song "Baby Doll" was used that same year in the comedy film Tapeheads, with newly recorded Swedish lyrics, and was credited to (and shown in a music video by) a fictitious Swedish band called Cube-Squared. Devo followed this up with a world tour, and released the live album Now It Can Be Told: DEVO at the Palace. However, Total Devo was not a commercial success, and received poor critical reviews.[27]

In 1989, members of Devo were involved in the project Visiting Kids, releasing a self-titled EP on the New Rose label in 1990.[28] The group featured Mark's then-wife Nancye Ferguson, as well as David Kendrick, Bob Mothersbaugh, and Bob's daughter Alex Mothersbaugh. Their record was produced by Bob Casale and Mark Mothersbaugh, and Mark also co-wrote some of the songs. Visiting Kids appeared on the soundtrack to the film Rockula, as well as on the Late Show with David Letterman. A promotional video was filmed for the song "Trilobites".

In 1990, Smooth Noodle Maps, Devo's last album for twenty years, was released. It too was a critical and commercial failure which, along with its two singles "Stuck in a Loop" and "Post Post-Modern Man", hold the distinction of being Devo's worst-selling efforts; all failed to appear on the U.S. charts.[29] Devo launched a European concert tour, but poor ticket sales caused it to end early. They had a falling out and played two shows in 1991 before breaking up. Around this time, members of Devo appeared in the film The Spirit of '76, except for Bob Mothersbaugh. Two albums of demo recordings from 1974–1977—Hardcore Devo: Volume One (1990) and Hardcore Devo: Volume Two (1991)—were released on Rykodisc, as well as an album of early live recordings, DEVO Live: The Mongoloid Years.

Following the split, Mark Mothersbaugh established Mutato Muzika, a commercial music production studio, along with Bob Mothersbaugh and Bob Casale.[30] Mothersbaugh meant to further a career as a composer, and the latter worked as an audio engineer. Mothersbaugh gained considerable success in writing and producing music for television programs (starting with Pee-wee's Playhouse and perhaps most famously with Rugrats), video games, cartoons, and films (notably working alongside director Wes Anderson). David Kendrick also worked at Mutato for a period during the early 1990s. Gerald Casale began a career as a director of music videos and commercials, working with bands including Rush, Silverchair, and the Foo Fighters. In the wake of Devo's dissolution, Bob Mothersbaugh attempted to start a solo career with The Bob I Band, recording an album that was never released. The tapes for this are now lost, though a bootleg recording of the band in concert has been reported.

1995–2006

In 1995, Devo reunited with a new recording of "Girl U Want" on the soundtrack to the film Tank Girl.[31] In January 1996, Devo performed a reunion concert at the Sundance Film Festival in Park City, Utah. The band performed on part of the 1996 Lollapalooza tour in the rotating Mystery Spot, with a set-list largely composed of material from between 1978 and 1982. Also in 1996, Devo released a multimedia CD-ROM adventure game, Adventures of the Smart Patrol with Inscape. The game was not a success, but the Lollapalooza tour was received well enough to allow Devo to return in 1997 as a headliner. Devo performed sporadically from 1997 onwards. Some of their songs were used in a video game Interstate '82 developed by Activision and released in 1999 ("Modern Life", "Faster and Faster", and "One Dumb Thing").

While they did not release any albums during this period, Devo recorded a number of songs for various films and compilations after their reunion, including a cover of the Nine Inch Nails hit "Head Like a Hole" for the 1992 film Police Story 3: Super Cop. In 2005, Devo recorded a new version of "Whip It" to be used in Swiffer television commercials, a decision they have said they regretted. During an interview with the Dallas Observer, Gerald Casale said, "It's just aesthetically offensive. It's got everything a commercial that turns people off has."[32] The song "Beautiful World" was also used in a re-recorded form for an ad for Target stores. Due to rights issues with their back catalog, Devo has re-recorded songs for films and ads.

In 2005, Gerald Casale announced his "solo" project, Jihad Jerry & the Evildoers (the Evildoers themselves including the other members of Devo), and released the first EP, Army Girls Gone Wild in 2006. A full-length album, Mine Is Not a Holy War, was released on September 12, 2006, after a several-month delay. It features mostly new material, plus re-recordings of four obscure Devo songs: "I Need a Chick" and "I Been Refused" (from Hardcore Devo: Volume Two), "Find Out" (which appeared on the single and EP of "Peek-a-Boo!" in 1982), and "Beehive" (which was recorded by the band in 1974, at which point it was apparently abandoned with the exception of one appearance at a special show in 2001). Devo continued to tour actively in 2005 and 2006,[33] unveiling a new stage show at appearances in October 2006, with the Jihad Jerry character performing "Beautiful World" as an encore.

Also in 2006, Devo worked on a project with Disney known as Devo 2.0. A band of child performers was assembled and re-recorded Devo songs. A quote from the Akron Beacon Journal states, "...Devo recently finished a new project in cahoots with Disney called Devo 2.0, which features the band playing old songs and two new ones with vocals provided by children. Their debut album, a two disc CD/DVD combo entitled DEV2.0, was released on March 14, 2006. The lyrics of some of the songs were changed for family-friendly airplay, which has been claimed by the band to be a play on irony of the messages of their classic hits."[34]

2007–present

Mark Mothersbaugh performing as part of Devo at the "Festival Internacional de Benicàssim", on July 20, 2007.

In an April 2007 interview, Gerald Casale mentioned a tentative project for a biographical film about Devo's early days.[35] According to Casale, a script was supposedly in development, called The Beginning Was the End. Casale stated that there might be some new Devo material coming as well, but whether it was related to the release of a film was unclear. Devo played their first European tour since 1990 in the summer of 2007, including a performance at Festival Internacional de Benicàssim.

In June 2008, McDonald's released a Happy Meal toy wearing the Devo energy dome that they named "New Wave Nigel". It was reported by the AAP that a band member had initiated legal action against McDonald's, as the hamburger chain had copied trademarked elements of the band's look.[36] The following week it was reported that a gag order had been placed on the band regarding further public statements on the matter.[37] By July 2008 various blogs referred to "an e-mail" from a colleague of the band's attorney that suggested the issue was "amicably resolved."[38]

In December 2007, Devo released their first new single since 1990, "Watch Us Work It", which was featured in a commercial for Dell.[39] The song features a sample drum track from the New Traditionalists song "The Super Thing". The band announced in a July 23, 2007, Myspace bulletin that a full-length music video for the song was forthcoming and the song itself was available on iTunes and eMusic. Casale said that the song was chosen from a batch that the band was working on, and that it was the closest the band had been to a new album.

In a December 5, 2007, article on Mutato Muzika, LA Weekly reported that "After touring sporadically over the past decade but not releasing any new material, Devo are spending December at Mutato trying to create an album’s worth of new material and contemplating a method of dispersal in the post-record-company world."[40] In an April 2008 interview,[41] Mothersbaugh revealed a song title from the in-progress album: "Don't Shoot, I'm a Man". In a radio interview on April 17, 2008, Gerald stated that Mark had "killed the project" and that there would be no new Devo album. Casale, however, later stated that "We're going to finish what we started."[42]

Devo at Festival Hall, Melbourne, July 2008

Devo's song "Gut Feeling/Slap Your Mammy" was featured in EA Sports' skateboard video game, Skate.[43] The songs "Girl U Want" and "Through Being Cool" were released as downloadable content for the video game Rock Band on August 19, 2008. The song "Uncontrollable Urge" is featured in the video game Rock Band 2. All three songs were rerecorded exclusively for Rock Band.

Devo played in the United States, Japan, Australia, France, and Spain in the summer of 2008. Also in 2008 the band remixed the Attery Squash song "Devo Was Right About Everything" which was released on the B-side to the "Watch Us Work It" vinyl 12" single. They also remixed a song by Datarock, "Computer Camp". (Datarock routinely cites Devo as an influence.) In 2008 a Japan-exclusive box set was released containing the band's first six albums, This is the Devo Box. On October 17, 2008, Devo performed a special concert at the Akron Civic Theater, their first in Akron since 1978, to promote Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama. They were joined at the concert by fellow Akron-area musicians The Black Keys and Chrissie Hynde.[44]

In an October 2008 interview, Devo confirmed that they would be completing their new album.[45] The Studio Notes section of the November 27 issue of Rolling Stone stated that "Devo are working on their first album of new material since 1990's Smooth Noodle Maps. 'We have about 17 songs we're testing out," said Mothersbaugh. 'We've already been contacted by 20 producers–including Snoop Dogg and Fatboy Slim.'"[46][47]

Devo performed at SXSW on March 20, 2009—with a warm-up show in Dallas on March 18.[48] At these shows, Devo performed a new stage show utilizing synchronized video backdrops (similar to the 1982 tour), new costumes, and three new songs: "Don't Shoot, I'm a Man!", "What We Do", and "Fresh", tracks from their new album. Devo also confirmed that they would be performing at All Tomorrow's Parties on May 6 and 8, with the May 6 performance featuring the band performing their first album, Q: Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!, in its entirety; the performance of May 8 was a greatest hits show, for the ATP "Fans Strike Back" event. In November 2009, Devo toured with performances of Q: Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo! and Freedom of Choice with two-night stands in several cities. Along with the tour, Warner Bros. Records released remastered editions of the two albums.

In April 2009, Devo debuted the music video for "Don't Shoot (I'm a Man)" on their website, through Vimeo.[49] In the June 2009 issue of Rolling Stone, the band noted that the album's release had been pushed back to 2010 to allow for "radical remixing".[50] The album, Something for Everybody was eventually released in June 2010, preceded by a 12" single of "Fresh"/"What We Do".[51] Earlier in the year the band had performed at one of the 2010 Winter Olympics victory concerts at Whistler Medals Plaza and donated a collection of objects to the Ohio Historical Society including an energy dome, jumpsuit, stickers, and T-shirts.[52][53]

On September 16, 2009, Warner Bros. and Devo announced a re-release of Q: Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo! and Freedom of Choice, with a tour performing both albums.[54]

In March 2010, Devo appeared as the musical guest for an episode of the children's program Yo Gabba Gabba!, in which they performed an altered version of "Watch Us Work It".[55]

Devo was awarded the first Moog Innovator Award on October 29, 2010, during Moogfest 2010 in Asheville, North Carolina. The Moog Innovator Award has been said to celebrate "pioneering artists whose genre-defying work exemplifies the bold, innovative spirit of Bob Moog".[56] Devo was scheduled to perform at MoogFest, but Bob Mothersbaugh severely injured his hand three days prior, and the band was forced to cancel. Mark Mothersbaugh and Gerald Casale collaborated with Austin, Texas, band The Octopus Project to perform "Girl U Want" and "Beautiful World" at the event instead.[57] Devo was also scheduled to play both the Fun Fun Fun Fest 2010 in Austin, Texas and a Halloween concert at New York City's Hammerstein Ballroom[58] but had to cancel due to Bob's injury.

In an interview on March 3, 2011, Casale stated that he was "working on a script for a... Devo musical" that would be aimed towards a live Broadway production.[59]

On February 14, 2012, the official Devo Facebook page posted a status update that clubdevo.com would soon be launching a brand new "post-Warner Brothers" website that would feature new merchandise. On March 1, a new message from General Boy was added to the website confirming that the band had again separated from Warner Brothers. It stated that the new website would offer "new protective gear" and "unreleased material from the archives in vinyl disc format," as well as "WORLD-WIDE shipping... "[60]

In August 2012, the band released a single called "Don't Roof Rack Me, Bro (Seamus Unleashed)",[61] dedicated to Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney's former pet dog Seamus. The title relates to the Mitt Romney dog incident, which occurred in 1983 when Romney traveled twelve hours with the dog in a crate on his car's roof rack. Casale has also mentioned plans to release a collection of demos from the sessions of Something for Everybody, with potential titles being Devo Opens the Vault, Gems from the Devo Dumpster, or Something Else For Everybody.[62] The album was eventually titled Something Else For Everybody and was released on May 20, 2014.

The band toured the US and Canada in June and July 2014, playing ten dates consisting of their "experimental music" composed and recorded from 1974–1978. Planned as a 40th anniversary tour, this outing was billed as the "Hardcore Devo" tour. Partial proceeds for the ten shows went to support Bob Casale's family after his sudden death.[63] The June 28 Oakland show was filmed and turned into the concert film Hardcore Devo Live, released on Blu-ray, DVD, and Video on Demand on February 10, 2015, along with CD and double-vinyl audios.[64][65]

As of 2016, a documentary about Devo begun in 2009, titled Are We Not Men? and directed by Tony Pemberton,[66] is still in post-production.

Deaths

Alan Myers died of stomach cancer[26][67] in Los Angeles on June 24, 2013. He was 58. News reports at the time of his death incorrectly cited brain cancer as the cause.[68][69][70]

Bob Casale died on February 17, 2014, at 61. According to his brother Gerald, it was a "sudden death from conditions that led to heart failure."[71]

Band members

Current members

Former members

Current and former live musicians

Timeline

Discography

Main article: Devo discography

Studio albums

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Long, Pat (May 2, 2009). "Pat Long meets new wave 80s oddballs Devo, who are intent on making a comeback". The Guardian (London). Retrieved November 26, 2015.
  2. 1 2 "Devo". AllMusic. Retrieved November 26, 2015.
  3. 1 2 Ring, Julian (June 24, 2013). "Devo Assemble Synthetic Blues in 'Auto Modown' - Song Premiere". Rolling Stone (New York City). Retrieved December 3, 2015.
  4. ↑ Aston, Martin. "Devo: Where Are They Now?" Q, October 1995.
  5. ↑ Steinberg and Michael Kehler (2010), p.355
  6. ↑ Reynolds, Simon (2005). Rip It Up and Start Again: Postpunk 1978–1984. Faber & Faber. ISBN 0571215696.
  7. ↑ The DEVO FAQ, Info from Jerry Casale, cluefree.org
  8. 1 2 "Devo Bio". clubdevo.com. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
  9. 1 2 Lewis, Robert (2006). "Some thoughts on Devo: the first Postmodern Band". Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-02-07. Retrieved 2011-01-21. Let me be plain about this: contrary to popular belief DEVO was not and is not a phenomenon of Akron, Ohio. It was rather a logical extension of a series of inexplicable forces that made Kent State University a mass culture nexus for a brief and shining moment.
  10. ↑ "Jocko-Homo Heavenbound". Fw_alden.tripod.com. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  11. ↑ Photos of Devo's First Live Performance
  12. ↑ Liner notes to Devo, "Mongoloid" b/w "Jocko Homo". Booji Boy Records, 1977, which say "'Jocko Homo' – from the soundtrack of 'In the Beginning Was the End...(the truth about De-Evoluation)' a film by Chuck Statler." (emphasis added)
  13. ↑ Oh Yes, It’s Devo: An Interview with Jerry Casale, Brian L. Knight, The Vermont Review. Retrieved December 15, 2007. vermontreview.tripod.com
  14. ↑ Zulaica, Don (April 25, 2001). "liveDaily Interview: Mark Mothersbaugh on soundtracks, surf and Devo". liveDaily.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-09-05.
  15. ↑ Devo: Be Stiff, Allmusic, retrieved 13 August 2015
  16. ↑ Mechanical Man, retrieved 13 August 2015
  17. ↑ Q: Are We Not Men A: We Are Devo!, Allmusic, retrieved 13 August 2015
  18. 1 2 "Interview with Bob Lewis". Warmowski.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  19. ↑ "KROQ Devotees Album: RNSP 301". discogs. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  20. ↑ Murphy, Tom (26 July 2011), DEVO'S GERALD CASALE: "WE'RE THE PREDATORS THAT NOBODY CAN STOP", retrieved 13 August 2015
  21. ↑ Devo Live Guide, retrieved 13 August 2015
  22. ↑ Australian Music History, retrieved 13 August 2015
  23. ↑ "Mickey — Toni Basil". Top One Hit Wonders. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
  24. ↑ Gruber, Xaque. "'Mickey' Turns 30: A Closer Look at the One and Only Toni Basil". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
  25. ↑ Express Milwaukee: "Devo is like the House Band on the Titanic", Alan Scully, 30 June 2010
  26. 1 2 3 "Alan Myers Obituary". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2013-07-19.
  27. ↑ Azerrad, Michael (11 August 1988), Total Devo, Rolling Stone, retrieved 13 August 2015
  28. ↑ The Spawn of Devo: Visiting Kids, 26 April 2012, retrieved 13 August 2015
  29. ↑ Devo: Smooth Noodle Maps, retrieved 13 August 2015
  30. ↑ Are you not Devo? You are Mutato, retrieved 4 August 2015
  31. ↑ Rosen, Craig (March 25, 1995). "'Tank Girl' Set shoots From Hip". Billboard 107 (12): 10, 44. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
  32. ↑ Dearmore, Kelly (August 17, 2006). "Jihad Jerry". DallasObserver.com. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  33. ↑ Devo Live in 2005, retrieved 13 August 2015
  34. ↑ Abram, Malcolm X (August 18, 2005). "Still DEVOlutionary". Akron Beacon Journal. Archived from the original on October 26, 2005.
  35. ↑ Interview: David Casale, retrieved 13 August 2015
  36. ↑ "McDonalds sued over Happy Meal toy". Stuff.co.nz. Australian Associated Press. June 13, 2008. Retrieved 2011-09-28.
  37. ↑ Thompson, DEvo (June 26, 2008). "Devo Suing McDonald's Over Happy Meal Toy". Pitchfork Media. Archived from the original on June 28, 2008.
  38. ↑ Slater, Dan (July 2, 2008). "Whip It! Devo's Law Firm Says Band Isn't Suing Over McDonald's Doll". The Wall Street Journal.
  39. ↑ Synth Pioneers DEVO New Song "Watch Us Work It" in Dell Commercial, 4 August 2007, retrieved 13 August 2015
  40. ↑ Roberts, Randall (December 5, 2007). "Are You Not Devo? You Are Mutato". LA Weekly. Retrieved 2015-08-04.
  41. ↑ Williams, Jonathan (April 17, 2008). "Mothersbaugh draws from Devo and daily life". AccessAtlanta.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-24. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  42. ↑ "Q: Are they not men?". TimeoutSydney.com. June 12, 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-08-15. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
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