Dolly Pentreath

Dolly Pentreath

Dolly Pentreath, in an engraved portrait published in 1781
Born Dorothy Pentreath
baptised 16 May 1692
Cornwall, England
Died 26 December 1777 (reportedly aged 102)
Cornwall, England
Nationality Cornish
Other names Dolly Jeffrey
Occupation saleswoman; fortune teller
Known for last fluent speaker of the Cornish language

Dorothy Pentreath (16 May 1692 – 26 December 1777), known as Dolly, was a speaker of the Cornish language. She is the most well-known of the last fluent, native speakers of the Cornish language, prior to its revival in 1904, from which time some children have been raised as bilingual native speakers of revived Cornish. Although it is sometimes claimed she was the last monolingual speaker of the language – the last person who spoke only Cornish, and not English – her own account as recorded by Daines Barrington contradicts this.

Biography

Early life

Baptised on 16 May 1692,[1] Pentreath was probably the second of the six children of Nicholas Pentreath, a fisherman, by his second wife, Jone Pentreath.[2] She later claimed that she could not speak a word of English until the age of 20. Whether or not this is correct, Cornish was her first language.[1] In old age, she remembered that as a child she had sold fish at Penzance in the Cornish language, which most local inhabitants (even the gentry) then understood.[3] She lived in the parish of Paul, next to Mousehole.

Perhaps due to poverty, Pentreath never married, but in 1729 she gave birth to a son, John Pentreath, who lived until 1778.[1]

Pentreath is described as having been "the old matriarch of the Cornish language [...] Dolly was a Cornish fishwife who tramped her fishy wares around Penwith and Penzance. At the latter place she gained the reputation of being the last native Cornish speaker, though she may not have been. Opinion is also divided about how much Cornish she could actually speak - though everyone agreed she could swear in Cornish [...] [4]

Later years, death, and legacy

In 1768, Daines Barrington searched Cornwall for speakers of the language and at Mousehole found Pentreath, then a fish seller said to be aged about 82, who "could speak Cornish very fluently." In 1775 he published an account of her in the Society of Antiquaries' journal Archaeologia in an article called "On the Expiration of the Cornish Language." Barrington noted that the "hut in which she lived was in a narrow lane," and that in two rather better cottages just opposite it he had found two other women, some ten or twelve years younger than Pentreath, who could not speak Cornish readily, but who understood it. Five years later, Pentreath was said to be 87 years old and at the time her hut was "poor and maintained mostly by the parish, and partly by fortune telling and gabbling Cornish."[3]

In the last years of her life, Pentreath became a local celebrity for her knowledge of Cornish.[5] Around 1777, she was painted by John Opie (1761–1807), and in 1781 an engraving of her after Robert Scaddan was published.[1]

In 1797, a Mousehole fisherman told Richard Polwhele (1760–1838) that William Bodinar "used to talk with her for hours together in Cornish; that their conversation was understood by scarcely any one of the place; that both Dolly and himself could talk in English."[6]

Pentreath has passed into legend for cursing people in a long stream of fierce Cornish whenever she became angry.[7] Her death is seen as marking the death of Cornish as a community language. According to legend, her last words were "Me ne vidn cewsel Sawznek!" ("I don't want to speak English!")[8] but it is more likely that this was her customary response to being addressed in English.

There are many tales about her. She was said often to curse people, including calling them "kronnekyn hager du," an "ugly black toad," and was even said to have been a witch. Numerous other stories have been attached to her, their accuracy unknown. She was at one time thought to have been identical with a Dorothy Jeffrey or Jeffery whose burial is recorded in the Paul parish register, but this has been doubted (however the Oxford DNB (2004) does accept the identification).

Monument

A grey granite monument set into a stone wall of a church
Monument dedicated to Dolly Pentreath at Paul

Pentreath was buried at Paul, where in 1860 a monument in her honour was set into the churchyard wall of the church of St Paul Aurelian by Louis Lucien Bonaparte, a nephew of Napoleon, and by the Vicar of Paul of the time. It read:

Here lieth interred Dorothy Pentreath who died in 1777, said to have been the last person who conversed in the ancient Cornish, the peculiar language of this country from the earliest records till it expired in the eighteenth century, in this Parish of Saint Paul. This stone is erected by the Prince Louis Bonaparte in Union with the Revd John Garret Vicar of St Paul, June 1860. Honour thy father and thy mother, that thy days may be long in the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee. Exod. xx. 12. Gwra pethi de taz ha de mam: mal de Dythiow bethenz hyr war an tyr neb an arleth de dew ryes dees. Exod. xx. 12.[9]

Contradicting the monument, in 1882 Dr Frederick Jago of Plymouth received a letter from Bernard Victor, of Mousehole, who wrote "She died Decr. 26, 1777, at the age of 102. At her funeral the undertaker was George Badcock. He being my grandfather, that is the reason I am so well informed ; and there were eight chosen fishermen bearers to take her to her last resting place. There was not anything erected on the old lady's grave as a tablet to her memory. I know quite well the grave where her remains are deposited." In a later letter he went on to say that it was no surprise that Bonaparte and Garret had mistaken both the date and the place of the grave. "Dolly's actual resting place is 47 feet south-east, a point easterly from Prince L. L. Bonaparte's monument to her. It is not to be said that the monument is in its right place, because it was put there by the order of Prince L. L. Bonaparte, or by the Rev. John Garrett – the one a Frenchman and the other an Irishman!"[10] However, the erroneous idea that Pentreath had lived to be 102 is believed to originate in a Cornish language epitaph which had been written by December 1789 and published in 1806 by a man named Tomson.[1]

No burial of Dorothy Pentreath is recorded, but it has been argued that this appears in the parish register under the name of Dolly Jeffery, which is suggested to be the surname of her son's father. This theory is accepted by the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.[1]

In 1887, the monument was moved to the site of her unmarked grave, and a skeleton was disinterred which was believed to be hers.[1] Pêr-Jakez Helias, the Breton writer, has dedicated a poem to Dolly Pentreath.

Last Cornish speaker

As with many other "last native speakers," there is controversy over Pentreath's status. Her true claim to notability is not as the last speaker of the language, but rather as its last fluent native speaker.[1]

After her death, Barrington received a letter, written in Cornish and accompanied by an English translation, from a fisherman in Mousehole named William Bodinar (or Bodener) stating that he knew of five people who could speak Cornish in that village alone. Barrington also speaks of a John Nancarrow from Marazion who was a native speaker and survived into the 1790s.[11][12]

There is one known traditional Cornish speaker, John Mann, who as a child in Boswednack, Zennor, always conversed in Cornish with other children, and was alive at the age of 80 in 1914. He was the last known survivor of a number of traditional Cornish speakers of the 19th century including Jacob Care of St Ives (d. 1892); Elizabeth Vingoe of Higher Boswarva, Madron (d. 1903 and who taught at least some Cornish to her son); John Davey junior (d. 1891) and senior, of Boswednack; Anne Berryman (1766–1854), also of Boswednack.[13][14] Matthias Wallis of St. Buryan certified in 1859 that his grandmother, Ann Wallis, who had died around 1844, had spoken Cornish well. He also stated that a Jane Barnicoate, who had died about 1857, could speak Cornish too.[15]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Spriggs, Matthew (2004). "Pentreath , Dorothy (bap. 1692, d. 1777)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14692. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  2. ↑ W. T. Hoblyn, "The probable parentage of Dorothy Pentreath", in Old Cornwall, 3/11 (1936), pp. 7–9
  3. 1 2 Peter Berresford Ellis, The Cornish language and its literature, pp. 115–118 online
  4. ↑ "Dolly Pentreath". BBC. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  5. ↑ Barrington, "On the expiration of the Cornish language", p. 283
  6. ↑ Richard Polwhele, The History of Cornwall, (7 volumes, 1803–1808), vol. 5, pp. 19–20
  7. ↑ Harris, J. Henry. "Dolly Pentreath: The Fish-Wife of Mousehole". Britannia.com. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  8. ↑ Mark Rainsley, South West Sea Kayaking: Isle of Wight to the Severn Estuary, page 142 (Pesda Press, 2008). ISBN 978-1-906095-05-5
  9. ↑ Ellis, Peter Berresford (1974). The Cornish language and its literature. Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 135–. ISBN 978-0-7100-7928-2. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  10. ↑ Fred. W. P. Jago, The Ancient Language, and the Dialect of Cornwall (Truro: Netherton & Worth, 1882), pp. 336–337
  11. ↑ Ellis, P. Berresford, The Story of the Cornish Language (Truro: Tor Mark Press, 1971)
  12. ↑ Ellis, P. Berresford (1974) The Cornish Language and its Literature. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
  13. ↑ Rod Lyon, Cornish – The Struggle for Survival, 2001
  14. ↑ "Legend of Dolly Pentreath outlived her native tongue". This is Cornwall. 2011-08-04. Retrieved 2014-02-19.
  15. ↑ Alan M. Kent, Tim Saunders, Looking at the Mermaid: A Reader in Cornish Literature 900–1900, Francis Boutle, 2000

External links

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