Drehu language

Drehu
Region	Lifou, New Caledonia
Native speakers	unknown; est. 13,000 includes many L2 speakers (2009)[1]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Oceanic Southern Oceanic New Caledonian – Loyalties Loyalty Islands Drehu
Language codes
ISO 639-3	dhv
Glottolog	dehu1237[2]

Drehu ([ɖehu]; also known as Dehu,^[3] Lifou,^[4] Lifu,^[5] qene drehu^[6]) is an Austronesian language mostly spoken on Lifou Island, Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia. It has about twelve-thousand fluent speakers and the status of a French regional language. This status means that pupils can take it as an optional topic for the baccalauréat in New Caledonia itself or French mainland.^[7] It has been also taught at the Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (INALCO) in Paris since 1973 and at the University of New Caledonia since 2000. As for other Kanak languages, Drehu is now regulated by the "Académie des langues kanak", officially founded in 2007.

There is also a respective register in Drehu, called qene miny.^[8] In time past, this was used to speak to the chiefs (joxu). Today very few people still know and practice this language.

Phonology

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	i iː		u uː
Mid	e eː	ø øː	o oː
Open	æ æː		ɑ ɑː

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Alveopalatal	Velar	Glottal
Stops and affricates	p (b)		t d		ʈ ɖ	t͡ʃ (d͡ʒ)	k ɡ
Nasals	m̥ m		n̥ n			ɲ̊ ɲ	ŋ̊ ŋ
Fricatives		f (v)	θ ð	s z			x	h
Laterals			l̥ l
Semivowels	ʍ w

/b d͡ʒ v/ occur only in loanwords.

Writing system

Drehu was first written in the Latin script by the Polynesian^[9] and English missionaries of the London Missionary Society during the 1840s, with the help of the natives. The first complete Bible was published in 1890. The bible writing system didn't distinguish between the dental (written "d", "t") and the alveolar/retroflex ("dr" and "tr") consonants, which for a long time were written indifferently "d" and "t". In Drehu /θ/ and /ð/ are not dental but interdental consonants. The new writing system was created during the 1970s.

Grammar

Personal pronouns

Singular

• Eni/ni : I, me
• Eö/ö : you
• Nyipë/nyipëti : you (a polite form of address to a chief (joxu)or an older man)
• Nyipo/nyipot(i) : you (a polite form of address to an older woman)
• Angeic(e) : he, him, she
• Nyidrë/nyidrët(i) : he, him (a polite form of address to a chief (joxu)or an older man)
• Nyidro/nyidrot(i) : you (a polite form of address to an older woman)
• Ej(e) : it

Dual

• Eaho/ho : we two (exclusive)
• Easho/sho (easo/so) : we two (inclusive)
• Epon(i)/pon(i) : you two
• Eahlo : they two
• Lue ej(e) : they two for things and animals

Plural

• Eahun(i)/hun(i) : we, us (exclusive)
• Eashë/shë, easë/së : we all, all of us (inclusive)
• Epun(i)/pun(i) : you
• Angaatr(e) : they, them
• Itre ej(e) : they, them (for things and animals)

Notes

1. Drehu at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
2. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Dehu". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
3. In missionary time
4. In French
5. In English
6. Qene means language (literally "qe" : mouth, "ne" : of)
7. Only five of the twenty-eight Kanak languages (in the 1999 Rapport Cerquilini or 40 according to the Académie des langues kanak) have this status: Drehu (island of Lifou), Nengone (island of Maré), A'jië (around Houaïlou), Paicĩ (around Poindimié) and Xaracuu (around Canala and Thio).
8. As Maurice Leenhardt did ("Langues et dialectes de l'Austro Mélanésie" (1946), the Académie considers qene miny not only as a respective register but also a distinct language
9. Most were from the Cook Islands.

Bibliography

• Notes Grammaticales sur la langue de Lifu (Loyaltys) (in French). Paris. 1882.
• Ray, Sidney H. (Jul–Dec 1917). "The People and Language of Lifu, Loyalty Islands". Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland) 47: 239–322. doi:10.2307/2843343. JSTOR 2843343.
• Walsh, D. T. (1967). Dehu Grammar. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
• (French) Le drehu, langue de Lifou (Iles Loyauté): phonologie, morphologie, syntaxe. ISBN 2-85297-142-9
• (French) Maurice Lenormand, Dictionnaire de la langue de Lifou. Le Qene Drehu, 1999, Nouméa, Le Rocher-à-la-Voile, 533p
• Tryon, Darrell T. English-Dehu Dictionary, Pacific Linguistics, 1971. ISBN 0-85883-059-0
• Tryon, Darrell T. Dehu-English Dictionary, Pacific Linguistics, 1971.

External links

• Read and listen to a traditional narrative in Drehu, in trilingual version (homepage of French CNRS-Lacito).