Dumbo

For other uses, see Dumbo (disambiguation).

Dumbo

Original 1941 release poster
Directed by Supervising director:
Ben Sharpsteen
Sequence directors:
Norman Ferguson
Wilfred Jackson
Bill Roberts
Jack Kinney
Samuel Armstrong
Produced by Walt Disney
Story by Otto Englander
Joe Grant
Dick Huemer
Based on Dumbo 
by Helen Aberson
Harold Pearl
Starring Edward Brophy
Herman Bing
Margaret Wright
Sterling Holloway
Verna Felton
Cliff Edwards
Narrated by John McLeish
Music by Frank Churchill
Oliver Wallace
Production
company
Distributed by RKO Radio Pictures
Release dates
  • October 23, 1941 (1941-10-23) (New York City)[1]
  • October 31, 1941 (1941-10-31) (U.S.)
Running time
 64 minutes
Country United States
Language English
Budget $950,000[2]
Box office $1.6 million[3]

Dumbo is an American animated film produced by Walt Disney Productions and premiered on October 23, 1941, by RKO Radio Pictures. Sound was recorded conventionally using the RCA System. One voice was synthesized using the Sonovox system, but it, too, was recorded using the RCA System.

Dumbo, the fourth animated feature in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series, is based upon the storyline written by Helen Aberson and illustrated by Harold Pearl for the prototype of a novelty toy ("Roll-a-Book").[4] The main character is Jumbo Jr., a semi-anthropomorphic elephant who is cruelly nicknamed "Dumbo". He is ridiculed for his big ears, but in fact he is capable of flying by using his ears as wings. Throughout most of the film, his only true friend, aside from his mother, is the mouse, Timothy – a relationship parodying the stereotypical animosity between mice and elephants.

Dumbo was made to recoup the financial losses of Fantasia. It was a deliberate pursuit of simplicity and economy for the Disney studio, and at 64 minutes, it is one of Disney's shortest animated features.

Plot

A flock of storks deliver babies while circus animals are being transported by train from their winter quarters. Mrs. Jumbo, one of the elephants, receives her baby who is soon tormented by the other (female) elephants because of his large ears, and they nickname him "Dumbo".

Once the circus is assembled, Mrs. Jumbo loses her temper at a group of boys for tormenting Dumbo, and is locked up and deemed mad. Dumbo is shunned by the other elephants and with no mother to care for him, he is now alone. Timothy Q. Mouse, who feels sympathy for Dumbo and becomes determined to make him happy again, appoints himself as Dumbo's mentor and protector.

The circus director makes Dumbo the top of an elephant pyramid stunt, but Dumbo trips over his ears and misses his target, injuring the other elephants and bringing down the big top. Dumbo is made a clown as a result, and plays the main role in an act that involves him falling into a vat of pie filling. Despite his newfound popularity and fame, Dumbo dislikes this job and is now more miserable than ever.

To cheer Dumbo up, Timothy takes him to visit his mother. On the way back, Dumbo cries and then starts to hiccup, so Timothy takes him for a drink of water from a bucket which, unknown to them, has accidentally had a bottle of champagne knocked into it. As a result, Dumbo and Timothy both become drunk and see hallucinations of pink elephants.

The next morning, Dumbo and Timothy wake up in a tree. Timothy wonders how they got up in the tree, and concludes that Dumbo flew up there using his large ears as wings. With the help from a group of crows, Timothy is able to get Dumbo to fly again, using a psychological trick of a "magic feather" to boost his confidence.

Back at the circus, Dumbo performs a stunt which involves jumping from a high building, this time, from a much higher platform. On the way down, Dumbo loses the feather; Timothy quickly tells him that the feather was never magical, and that he is still able to fly. Dumbo is able to pull out of the dive and flies around the circus, finally striking back at his tormentors as a stunned audience looks on in amazement.

After this performance, Dumbo becomes a media sensation, Timothy becomes his manager, and Dumbo and Mrs. Jumbo are given a private car on the circus train.

Voice cast

The voice actors are uncredited for their roles in the film.

Production

Development

Dumbo is based upon a children's story written by Helen Aberson and illustrated by Harold Pearl that was prepared to demonstrate the prototype of a toy storytelling display device called Roll-A-Book, which was similar in principle to a panorama. It involved only eight drawings and just a few lines of text, and had Red Robin as Dumbo's ally instead of Timothy Mouse.

Dumbo was first brought to the attention of Walt Disney in late 1939 by Disney's head of merchandise licensing Kay Kamen, who showed a prototype of the Roll-A-Book that included Dumbo. Disney immediately grasped its possibilities and heartwarming story and purchased the rights to it.[5]

Originally it was intended to be a short film; however, Disney soon found that the only way to do justice to the book was to make it feature-length.[6] At the time, the Disney Studio was in serious financial trouble due to the war in Europe, which caused Pinocchio and Fantasia to fail at the box office, with the result that Dumbo was intended to be a low-budget feature designed to bring revenue to the studio.[7] Storymen Dick Huemer and Joe Grant were the primary figures in developing the plot. They wrote the script in chapters, much like a book, an unusual way of writing a film script. Regardless of this, very little was changed from the original draft.[8]

Casting

None of the voice actors for Dumbo received screen credit, much like in Snow White and Pinocchio. Timothy Mouse was voiced by Edward Brophy, a character actor known for portraying gangsters. He has no other known animation voice credit. The pompous matriarch of the elephants was voiced by Verna Felton, who also played the Fairy Godmother in Cinderella, the Queen of Hearts in Alice in Wonderland, and Flora of the Three Good Fairies in Sleeping Beauty. Other voice actors include the perennial Sterling Holloway in appearing as Mr. Stork, Cliff Edwards, better known as the voice of Jiminy Cricket, as Jim Crow, the leader of the crows, and John McLeish, best known for narrating the Goofy "How To" cartoons, providing the opening narration.

Animation

When the film went into production in early 1941, supervising director Ben Sharpsteen was given orders to keep the film simple and inexpensive. As a result, Dumbo lacks the lavish detail of the previous three Disney animated features (Fantasia, Pinocchio, and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs): character designs are simpler, background paintings are less detailed, and a number of held cels (or frames) were used in the character animation. Although the film is more "cartoony" than previous Disney films the animators brought elephants and other animals into the studio to study their movement.[6]

Watercolor paint was used to render the backgrounds. Dumbo and Snow White are the only two classic Disney features to use the technique, which was regularly employed for the various Disney cartoon shorts. The other Disney features used oil paint and gouache. 2002's Lilo & Stitch, which drew influences from Dumbo, also made use of watercolor backgrounds.[9][10]

The simplicity freed the animators from being overly concerned with detail, and allowed them to focus on the most important element of character animation: acting. Bill Tytla's animation of Dumbo is today considered one of the greatest accomplishments in American animation.

Disney strike

During the production of Dumbo, Herbert Sorrell, leader of the Screen Cartoonist's Guild, demanded Disney sign with his union, rather than the IATSE, with which Disney had already signed. Disney declined, saying that he would put it to a vote. Sorrel again demanded that Disney sign with his union, but Disney once again refused. On May 29, 1941, shortly after rough animation on Dumbo was complete, much of the Disney studio staff went on strike. A number of strikers are caricatured in the feature as clowns who go to "hit the big boss for a raise". The strike lasted five weeks, and ended the "family" atmosphere and camaraderie at the studio.

Distribution

Completed in fall 1941, Disney's distributor RKO Radio Pictures initially balked at the film's 64-minute length and wanted Disney to either make it longer, edit it down to a short subject length, or allow them to release it as a B-movie. Disney refused all three options, and RKO reluctantly issued Dumbo, unaltered, as an A-film.

Songs and performers

On Classic Disney: 60 Years of Musical Magic, "Pink Elephants on Parade" is included on the green disc, "Baby Mine" is on the purple disc, and "When I See an Elephant Fly" is on the orange disc. On Disney's Greatest Hits, "Pink Elephants on Parade" is on the red disc.

Contemporaneous references

Following the aerial montage of Dumbo, there is a newspaper montage. Next to the picture of the flying elephant, there is the headline "Bombers for Defense". It is a reference of the national defense during the ongoing World War II. There is also a reference to the fireside chats of Franklin D. Roosevelt. [11]

Release

Box office

Despite the advent of World War II, Dumbo was still the most financially successful Disney film of the 1940s. After its October 23 release, Dumbo proved to be a financial miracle compared to other Disney films. The simple film only cost $950,000 to produce,[2] half the cost of Snow White, less than a third of the cost of Pinocchio, and certainly less than the expensive Fantasia. Dumbo eventually grossed $1.6 million during its original release; it and Snow White were the only two pre-1943 Disney features to turn a profit.[3] The film was re-released in theaters in 1949, 1959, 1972, and 1976.

Critical reception

Reviews for the film at its initial release were largely positive. Variety said that Dumbo was "a pleasant little story, plenty of pathos mixed with the large doses of humor, a number of appealing new animal characters, lots of good music, and the usual Disney skillfulness in technique".[12] Cecilia Ager, writing in PM, called Dumbo "the nicest, kindest Disney yet", and Bosley Crowther, film critic for The New York Times, said that the film was "the most genial, the most endearing, the most completely precious cartoon feature film ever to emerge from the magical brushes of Walt Disney's wonder-working artists".[12] TIME responded to the reception of the film with plans to name the character as its "Mammal of the Year" (a play on its annual "Man/Person of the Year" honor), with an appearance on the cover of the magazine's December 29, 1941 edition.[12] However, the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 of that year shifted the news cycle away from Dumbo, although the previously planned essay on the film, with a more appropriate introduction, appeared in the December 29 issue's "Cinema" section.[12]

Today, the film holds a 97% rating at movie aggregator Rotten Tomatoes.[13] Film critic Leonard Maltin described it as "One of Walt Disney's most charming animated films".[14] In 2011, TIME named it one of "The 25 All-TIME Best Animated Films".[15]

Television broadcast

This was one of the first of Disney's animated films to be broadcast, albeit severely edited, on television, as part of Disney's anthology series.

Home video

Dumbo, along with Alice in Wonderland, was the first of Disney's canon of animated films to be released on home video. The film was originally released on June 26, 1981 on VHS and Betamax, followed by a Laserdisc release in June 1982 and then once again on VHS and Betamax as part of Walt Disney Classics Video Collection release on December 3, 1985.

The film was then remastered in 1986 and 1989 and released on VHS and Laserdisc as a 50th Anniversary Edition of Dumbo on July 12, 1991, followed by an October 28, 1994 VHS and Laserdisc release as a part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection. In 2001, a 60th Anniversary Special Edition was released in VHS and DVD formats.[16][17][18] In 2006, a "Big Top Edition" of the film was released on DVD,[19][20][21] followed by a UK Special Edition release in May 2007.

A 70th Anniversary Edition of the film was released in the United States on September 20, 2011.[22][23][24][25] The 70th Anniversary Edition was produced in two different packages: a 2-disc Blu-ray/DVD combo pack and a 1-disc DVD.[24][26] The film was also released as a movie download.[24] All versions of the 70th Anniversary Edition contain deleted scenes and several bonus features, including "Taking Flight: The Making of Dumbo" and "The Magic of Dumbo: A Ride of Passage," while the 2-disc Blu-ray version additionally includes games, animated shorts, and several exclusive features.[24][27][28][29]

The film was re-released on Blu-ray and DVD on April 26, 2016 to celebrate its 75th anniversary. [30]

Awards and nominations

Dumbo won the 1941 Academy Award for Original Music Score, awarded to musical directors Frank Churchill and Oliver Wallace. Churchill and lyricist Ned Washington were also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song for "Baby Mine" (the song that plays during Dumbo's visit to his mother's cell), but did not win for this category.[31] The film also won Best Animation Design at the 1947 Cannes Film Festival.

Year Ceremony Award Result[32]
1941 Academy Awards Best Scoring of a Musical Picture Won
Best Original Song
(For the song "Baby Mine")		 Nominated
1947 Cannes Film Festival Best Animation Design Won

Legacy

Lists

American Film Institute Lists

Controversy

Writer Richard Schickel charged that the crow characters in the film are African-American stereotypes in his book, The Disney Version (1968). The leader crow, played by Cliff Edwards, was originally named "Jim Crow" for script purposes. However, all of the other crows were voiced by African-American actors, who were all members of the popular all-black Hall Johnson Choir. Despite suggestions by writers such as Schickel who have criticized the portrayal as racist,[37] other writers have rejected these claims.[38] Defenders note that the crows form the majority of the characters in the movie who are sympathetic to Dumbo's plight, that they are free spirits who bow to no one, and that they are intelligent characters aware of the power of self-confidence, unlike the Stepin Fetchit stereotype common in the previous decade. Furthermore, the crows' song "When I See An Elephant Fly", which uses intricate wordplay in the lyrics, is oriented more toward mocking Timothy Mouse than Dumbo's large ears.

Media and merchandise

Dumbo's Circus

Main article: Dumbo's Circus

Dumbo's Circus was a live-action/puppet television series for preschool audiences that aired on The Disney Channel in the 1980s. Unlike in the film, Dumbo spoke on the show. Each character would perform a special act, which ranged from dancing and singing to telling knock knock jokes.

Books

Theme parks

Dumbo the Flying Elephant is a popular ride that appears in Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom,[39] Disneyland,[40] Tokyo Disneyland,[41] Disneyland Park (Paris), and Hong Kong Disneyland.[42]

The Casey Jr. Circus Train is an attraction found at Disneyland and Disneyland Paris.

In June 2009, Disneyland introduced a flying Dumbo to their nighttime fireworks show, in which the elephant flies around Sleeping Beauty Castle while fireworks synched to music go off.[43]

Casey Junior is the second float in the Main Street Electrical Parade and its versions. Casey, driven by Goofy, pulls a drum with the parade logo and Mickey Mouse and Minnie Mouse.

Video games

Dumbo appears in the popular PlayStation 2 game Kingdom Hearts in the form of a summon that the player can call upon in battle for aid. Sora, the protagonist, flies on him and Dumbo splashes enemies with water from his trunk.[44]

The Ringmaster appears as one of four villains in Disney's Villains' Revenge. In the game, the Disney Villains alter the happy endings from Jiminy Cricket's book; in particular, the Ringmaster forces Dumbo to endlessly perform humiliating stunts in his circus. In the end, the Ringmaster is defeated when he is knocked unconscious by a well-aimed custard pie.

Cancelled sequel

In 2001, the "60th Anniversary Edition" DVD of Dumbo featured a sneak peek of the proposed sequel Dumbo II, including new character designs and storyboards. Robert C. Ramirez (Joseph: King of Dreams) was to direct the sequel, in which Dumbo and his circus friends navigated a large city after being left behind by their traveling circus. Dumbo II also sought to explain what happened to Dumbo's father, Mr. Jumbo. Dumbo's circus friends included the chaotic twin bears Claude and Lolly, the curious zebra Dot, the older, independent hippo Godfry, and the adventurous ostrich Penny. The animals were metaphors for the different stages of childhood.[45] Dumbo II was supposed to be set on the day immediately following the end of the first Dumbo movie.[46] John Lasseter cancelled Dumbo II,[45] soon after being named Chief Creative Officer of Walt Disney Animation Studios in 2006.[47]

Live-action remake

On July 8, 2014, it was announced that a live-action remake of Dumbo was in development. Ehren Kruger was confirmed as the screenwriter, and Justin Springer will serve as the producer along with Kruger.[48] On March 10, 2015, Tim Burton was announced as the director.[49][50]

In other films

In Steven Spielberg's comedy 1941 (1979), Major General Joseph W. Stilwell is portrayed as attending a showing of Dumbo at a Hollywood Boulevard theater (Stilwell had remarked in his memoirs that viewing Dumbo in 1941 was one his happier moments during WWII). Two sequences from Dumbo are seen being projected in the cinema: "Baby Mine" and "When I See an Elephant Fly."

Dumbo makes a cameo in The Great Mouse Detective (1986) as a bubble-blowing toy, said toy being patterned after the scene when Dumbo and Timothy were intoxicated.

Dumbo and Casey Junior make cameos in Disney (and Amblin's) live-action/animated film Who Framed Roger Rabbit. Dumbo is portrayed as being on loan from Disney to R.K. Maroon's production company, while Casey Junior is seen during the final scene of the film.

In Bonkers, Dumbo makes an appearance in the episode "Of Mice and Menace" in which an elephant named Flaps serves as his rival.

In A Bug's Life (1998), (made by Pixar and Disney), the wagons that transport P. T. Flea's Circus are empty boxes of "Casey Jr. Cookies" named after the train in this film that transports the circus (and a play on the boxes of Barnum's Animals Crackers, which also have a circus motif).

See also

Sources

References

  1. ↑ "Dumbo: Detail View". American Film Institute. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
  2. 1 2 "Dumbo". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
  3. 1 2 Barrier, 318
  4. ↑ Obituary: Helen Aberson Mayer. The Independent. April 12, 1999. Retrieved September 30, 2009.
  5. ↑ "The Mysterious ''Dumbo'' Roll-A-Book". Michaelbarrier.com. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  6. 1 2 John Canemaker-Commentary-Dumbo, 2007 Special Edition DVD
  7. ↑ Holleran, Scott (June 1, 2006). "TCM's Leading Ladies, 'Dumbo' at the El Capitan". boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
  8. ↑ Taking Flight: The Making of Dumbo-Dumbo, 2011 DVD
  9. ↑ Barrier, Michael (1999-04-08). Hollywood Cartoons : American Animation in Its Golden Age. ISBN 9780198020790. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  10. ↑ "A Look Inside the Creation of Lilo and Stitch". Movies.ign.com. 2002-06-19. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  11. ↑ Shull, Wilt (2004), p. 102-103
  12. 1 2 3 4 "The Timely "Dumbo": Almost a Cover Boy". Walt Disney Family Museum. May 16, 2011. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
  13. ↑ "Festival de Cannes: Dumbo". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved January 4, 2009.
  14. ↑ Maltin, Leonard. (2008). "Leonard Maltin's 2009 Movie Guide", p390. Plume.
  15. ↑ Richard Corliss (June 23, 2011). "The 25 All-TIME Best Animated Films – Dumbo". Time. Retrieved August 19, 2011.
  16. ↑ "Dumbo: 60th Anniversary Edition". DVD Empire. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
  17. ↑ Ben, Simon (July 13, 2003). "Dumbo: 60th Anniversary Edition". Animated Views. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  18. ↑ Puccio, John (December 11, 2001). "Dumb (DVD)". DVD Town. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  19. ↑ Willman, Chris (June 9, 2006). "Dumbo: Big Top Edition". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  20. ↑ Henderson, Eric (June 6, 2006). "Dumbo: Big Top Edition". Slant Magazine. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  21. ↑ Swindoll, Jeff (June 1, 2006). "DVD Review: Dumbo (Big Top Edition)". Monsters and Critics. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  22. ↑ Lawler, Richard (April 29, 2011). "Dumbo 70th Anniversary Blu-ray has a trailer and a release date: September 20th". Engadget. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  23. ↑ "Dumbo Blu-ray Release Date and Details". The HD Room. April 30, 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
  24. 1 2 3 4 Wharton, David (April 4, 2011). "Disney Opens The Vault And Brings Dumbo To Blu-Ray". Cinema Blend. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
  25. ↑ "Dumbo Blu-ray Dated". Blu-ray.com. April 29, 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
  26. ↑ "Dumbo Takes Flight". IGN. April 29, 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
  27. ↑ "Disney Opens the Vault for 'Dumbo' 70th Anniversary DVD and Blu-ray". Buzz Focus. April 29, 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
  28. ↑ "DVD Announcement Roundup". Very Aware. April 20, 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2011. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  29. ↑ Sluss, Justin (April 30, 2011). "Disney's 1941 Classic "Dumbo" Finally Coming to Blu-ray in September". High Def Disc News. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
  30. ↑ http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Dumbo-Blu-ray/153275/
  31. ↑ "Animated films are unwelcome outside designated categories, as "WALL-E" and "Waltz" shutouts remind us". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 5, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2009.
  32. ↑ IMDb Awards
  33. ↑ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  34. ↑ "AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  35. ↑ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  36. ↑ "AFI's 10 Top 10 Ballot" (PDF). Afi.com. American Film Institute. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  37. ↑ Schickel, Richard (1968). "The Disney Version". New York: Simon and Schuster.
  38. ↑ Grant, John (1987). "Encyclopedia of Walt Disney's Animated Characters". New York: Harper & Row: 175.
  39. ↑ "Disney World's Dumbo the Flying Elephant Page".
  40. ↑ "Disneyland California's Dumbo the Flying Elephant Page".
  41. ↑ "Tokyo Disney's Dumbo the Flying Elephant Page".
  42. ↑ "Hong Kong Disneyland's Fantasyland Attractions Page".
  43. ↑ "Flying Dumbo to star in new Disneyland fireworks show". Los Angeles Times. June 3, 2009.
  44. ↑ "Official Kingdom Hearts Page".
  45. 1 2 Armstrong, Josh (April 22, 2013). "From Snow Queen to Pinocchio II: Robert Reece's animated adventures in screenwriting". Animated Views. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
  46. ↑ "Dumbo II". Archived from the original on October 26, 2009.
  47. ↑ Hill, Jim (April 22, 2007). "Say "So Long!" to direct-to-video sequels: DisneyToon Studios tunes out Sharon Morrill". JimHillMedia.com. Retrieved January 3, 2012.
  48. ↑ Kits, Borys (July 8, 2014). "Live-Action 'Dumbo' in the Works From 'Transformers' Writer". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
  49. ↑ Fritz, Ben (March 10, 2015). "Tim Burton to Direct Live-Action ‘Dumbo’ for Disney". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  50. ↑ Ford, Rebecca (March 10, 2015). "Tim Burton to Direct Live-Action 'Dumbo' for Disney". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 10, 2015.

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