Bornean rhinoceros

Bornean rhinoceros
Preserved Bornean Rhinoceros.
Conservation status
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)[1][2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Perissodactyla
Family:	Rhinocerotidae
Genus:	Dicerorhinus
Species:	D. sumatrensis
Subspecies:	D. s. harrissoni
Trinomial name
Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoni (Groves, 1965)

The Bornean rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoni), also known as Eastern Sumatran rhinoceros or Eastern hairy rhinoceros, is one of the three subspecies of Sumatran rhinoceros. The Bornean rhinoceros was declared extinct in the wild in April 2015, with only three individuals (one male, two females) left in captivity in Sabah.^[3] However, in March 2016, a young female rhino was captured in East Kalimantan, providing solid evidence of their continued existence.^[2]

Taxonomy

The Bornean specimen was given Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoni, named after the British polymath Tom Harrisson, who worked extensively with Bornean zoology and anthropology in the 1960s.^[4][5]

Physical descriptions

The Bornean rhinoceros is markedly smaller than the other two subspecies, making it the smallest of the extant rhinos.^[5] The weight of an adult individual ranges from 600–950 kg, the height from 1-1.5 meters and the bodylength from 2–3 m. The Bornean rhinoceros has the darkest skin of the Sumatran rhinos, and the fur of calves is much denser, but it becomes more scarce and darker as the animal matures. The head size is also relatively smaller. The rhinoceros has fringed ears and wrinkles around its eyes. Like the Black rhinoceros it has a prehensile lip. The difference to the Western Sumatran rhinoceros is mainly genetic.

Habitat and distribution

Bornean rhinos used to range all over Borneo, but their range has been severely reduced. Previously, the entire known wild population lived in Sabah, mostly in the Tabin Wildlife Reserve. However, this population is now believed to be extinct.^[6] A recently captured specimen and video evidence from camera traps have confirmed their continued presence in East Kalimantan,^[2][7] now believed to hold the entire wild population. Reports of animals surviving in Sarawak are unconfirmed.^[1]

Today, the Bornean rhinoceros, like with a Sumatran rhinos, live in hot, humid closed canopy rainforest. However, being as the species existed before the end of the Pleistocene, this likely wasn't the habitat they evolved in.^[6]

Behavior and ecology

The Bornean rhinoceros, like most rhinos, is a solitary animal that lives in dense rainforest and swamps. It usually feeds at dusk and bathes in mud during the day. The animals eat around 50 kg of plant matter per day. Rare minerals are gained from salt licks. These animals are very good swimmers and can maneuver well on steep slopes. They mark their territory with scrapings, bent saplings and scent marks. The Bornean subspecies may also be more of a browser than most Asian rhinos.

In April 2007, it was announced that a camera trap in Sabah had captured footage of a Bornean rhinoceros eating and investigating the equipment. This was the first footage showing the elusive rhino's natural behavior in the wild.^[8]

Threats and conservation

By the start of the 1900s, the Bornean rhinoceros was common throughout its native range. But the population has declined dramatically, and has been reduced to an estimated 15 individuals. It is thought to be extinct in East Malaysia and most of Kalimantan and now can only be found in East Kalimantan.

This animal is highly threatened by hunting, poaching for their horn, habitat loss, and by having a small, scattered population.

In the 1930s, a huge wave of hunting by natives wiped out much of the rhino's population. The natives killed the rhinos and traded their horns to China. In traditional Chinese culture, rhino horns have special medicinal powers that can heal many ailments. Despite many scientific studies proving this to be false, the market of rhino horns for Chinese medicine has continued, leading to poachers having further decimated the Bornean rhino's population. Using mining and logging roads which cut through already fragmented rainforest, poachers were able to more easily track down rhinos.^[6] Poachers continue to be one of the largest threats to the Bornean rhinoceros and local wildlife patrols were increased in November 2015 to protect the remaining population.^[9]

Beginning in the 1960s, large-scale logging for international consumption heavily degraded or completely cleared much of Borneo's rainforest. In 2013, it was found that 80% of Malaysian Borneo's forests were heavily impacted by logging. In the 1990s, palm oil became a huge industry in Borneo, having an even larger affect on rhinos and other native species. While animals can still survive in logged forests, palm oil plantations cannot support wildlife and thus completely wiping out the animals previously living in the area.^[6]

The widespread habitat destruction and hunting of the Bornean rhinoceros soon led to the population being too fragmented to repopulate. Being extremely elusive and solitary animals, many individuals and populations were separated, making it nearly impossible for the animal's to find mates and reproduce. Many of the rhinos captured on camera traps and identified in the wild in the past decade have been largely isolated from other rhinos, and the remaining 15 animals are split up between three isolated populations.^[2]

In 2008, it was estimated that there were around 50 rhinos left in the wild in Sabah, with this number dropping to only 10 in 2013. In April 2015, the Bornean rhinoceros was declared to be extinct in Sabah and thought to be completely extinct in the wild.^[6]

In 2013, single rhino was identified in East Kalimantan through footprints and a single image caught by a camera trap. However, this individual was thought to be a lone specimen and the population was believed to have also gone extinct. Then, in March 2016, experts announced that 15 animals had been identified in the region, with researchers for the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) capturing a live animal in a pit trap in Kutai Barat around the same time. The animal was identified as a female between the age of four and five years old. The discovery proved that the subspecies still existed in the wild and that there were potentially enough animals left to save them. Researchers hope to find at least 10 more animals.^[2][9]

The WWF plans to create a new sanctuary for Bornean rhinos on 200 ha of the 4,561 ha Kelian Protected Forest (site of the former Kelian Mine) and move the remaining wild rhinos there to create a larger protected breeding population. The female rhino (named Najaq) was captured in preparation for this, and was moved to a temporary enclosure with plans to airlift her to the protected forest. However, a few days after her capture, Najaq died from an infection on her leg, believed to be caused by a poacher's snare trap.^[6][10]

In captivity

The Bornean rhinoceros is extremely rare in captivity, with only three individuals (one male, two females) remaining in captivity at the Borneo Rhinoceros Sanctuary in Sabah. The potential captive breeding of these animals is mostly threatened by the remaining individuals being unable to breed. The two female rhinos (named Puntung and Iman) are not healthy enough to bear calves, and the last male (named Tam) has a low sperm count. In order to save the subspecies, it has been suggested that a healthy female Western Sumatran rhinoceros can serve as a surrogate mother, and the sanctuary is turning to Indonesia for help.^[11]

In February 2014, it was decided to send Tam to the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden to breed with their female Western Sumatran rhinoceros, Suci. The decision to breed the two subspecies together was made in a last-ditch attempt to save the species as a whole and due to the fact that Puntung and Iman are non-reproductive and Suci's only other breeding option was her brother.^[12] The plan was later canceled due to the death of Suci in March 2014 due to Iron Storage Disease.^[13]

References

1. van Strien, N.J., Manullang, B., Sectionov, Isnan, W., Khan, M.K.M, Sumardja, E., Ellis, S., Han, K.H., Boeadi, Payne, J. & Bradley Martin, E. (2008). "Dicerorhinus sumatrensis (Sumatran Rhinoceros)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
2. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/03/160324-sumatran-rhino-borneo-indonesia-kalimantan-endangered-species/
3. http://news.mongabay.com/2015/0423-hance-sumatran-rhino-sabah-extinct.html
4. Groves, C. P. (1965). "Description of a new subspecies of Rhinoceros, from Borneo, Didermocerus sumatrensis harrissoni". Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 13 (3): 128–131.
5. Rookmaaker, L. C. (1984). "The taxonomic history of the recent forms of Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)". Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 57 (1): 12–25. JSTOR 41492969.
6. https://news.mongabay.com/2015/04/officials-sumatran-rhino-is-extinct-in-the-wild-in-sabah/
7. Camera traps produce first ever hard evidence of Sumatran rhino population in Kalimantan forests. WWF-Indonesia. 2 October 2013.
8. http://www.wildlifeextra.com/go/news/rhino-borneo.html&template=news_archive_item#cr
9. https://news.mongabay.com/2016/03/a-new-sanctuary-for-the-sumatran-rhino-in-borneo/
10. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/04/160405-najaq-endangered-sumatran-rhino-dies-indonesia-kalimantan/
11. Sandra Sokial (15 September 2015). "Sumatran rhinos living on borrowed time in Sabah". The Rakyat Post. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
12. http://www.borneorhinoalliance.org/newsroom/sabah-rhinos-headed-for-us-zoo-daily-express/
13. http://cincinnatizoo.org/blog/2014/03/31/cincinnati-zoo-devastated-by-loss-of-endangered-sumatran-rhino/

External links