Sabah

This article is about the Malaysian state. For the Caribbean island, see Saba. For other uses, see Sabah (disambiguation).
Sabah
State
Negeri Di Bawah Bayu
(Land Below The Wind)

Flag
Coat of arms
Motto: Sabah Maju Jaya
Sabah Prosper
Anthem: Sabah Tanah Airku
Sabah My Homeland

   Sabah in    Malaysia
Coordinates: 5°15′N 117°0′E / 5.250°N 117.000°E / 5.250; 117.000Coordinates: 5°15′N 117°0′E / 5.250°N 117.000°E / 5.250; 117.000
Capital Kota Kinabalu
Divisions
List
Government
 • Yang di-Pertua Negeri Juhar Mahiruddin
 • Chief Minister Musa Aman (BN)
Area[1]
 • Total 73,631 km2 (28,429 sq mi)
Population (2015)[2]
 • Total 3,543,500
 • Density 48/km2 (120/sq mi)
Demonym(s) Sabahan
Human Development Index
 • HDI (2010) 0.643 (medium) (14th)
Time zone MST (UTC+8)
Postal code 88xxx to 91xxx
Calling code 087 (Inner District)
088 (Kota Kinabalu & Kudat)
089 (Lahad Datu, Sandakan & Tawau)
Vehicle registration SA, SAA, SAB, SAC (Kota Kinabalu & Kota Belud)
SB (Beaufort)
SD (Lahad Datu)
SK (Kudat)
SS (Sandakan)
ST (Tawau)
SU (Keningau)
Former name North Borneo
Brunei Sultanate 15th century–1882[3]
Sulu Sultanate (North-eastern part) 1658–1882
British North Borneo 1882–1941
Japanese occupation 1941–1945
British Crown Colony 1946–1963
Self-government 31 August 1963[4][5][6][7]
Malaysia Agreement[8] 16 September 1963a[9]
Website www.sabah.gov.my
a Despite the fact that the Federation of Malaysia only came into existence on 16 September 1963, 31 August is celebrated as the Independence day of Malaysia. Since 2010, 16 September is recognised as Malaysia Day, a patriotic national-level public holiday to commemorate the foundation of Federation of Malaysia that joints North Borneo, Malaya, Sarawak and (previously) Singapore as states of equal partners in the federation.[10]

Sabah (Malay pronunciation: [saˈbah]) is Malaysia's easternmost state, one of two Malaysian states on the island of Borneo. It is also one of the founding members of the Malaysian federation alongside Sarawak, Singapore (expelled in 1965) and the Federation of Malaya. Like Sarawak, this territory has an autonomous law especially in immigration which differentiates it from the rest of the Malaysian Peninsula states. It is located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo and known as the second largest state in the country after Sarawak, which it borders on its southwest. It shares a maritime border with the Federal Territory of Labuan on the west and with the Philippines to the north and northeast. The state's only international border is with the province of North Kalimantan of Indonesia in the south. The capital of Sabah is Kota Kinabalu, formerly known as Jesselton. Sabah is often referred to as the "Land Below The Wind", a phrase used by seafarers in the past to describe lands south of the typhoon belt.

Etymology

The origin of the name Sabah is uncertain, and there are many theories that have arisen. One theory is that during the time it was part of the Bruneian Sultanate, it was referred to as Saba because of the presence of pisang saba, a type of banana, found on the coasts of the region. Due to the location of Sabah in relation to Brunei, it has been suggested that Sabah was a Bruneian Malay word meaning upstream[11] or "in a Northerly direction".[12] Another theory suggests that it came from the Malay word sabak which means a place where palm sugar is extracted. Sabah ('صباح') is also an Arabic word which means sunrise. The presence of multiple theories makes it difficult to pinpoint the true origin of the name.[13][14]

History

Main article: History of Sabah

Early history

Earliest human migration and settlement into the region is believed to have dated back about 20,000–30,000 years ago. These early humans are believed to be Australoid or Negrito people. The next wave of human migration, believed to be Austronesian Mongoloids, occurred around 3000 BC.

Bruneian Empire and the Sulu Sultanate

Bruneian Empire extent
Bruneian Empire extent in the 15th century.
Sulu Sultanate extent
Sultanate of Sulu extent in 1822.
Extent control of the Bruneian Empire and Sulu Sultanate, both Sultanates are known once to have control the west and eastern part of the present-day Sabah.[15]

During the 7th century CE, a settled community known as Vijayapura, a tributary to the Srivijaya empire, was thought to have existed in northwest Borneo.[16] Another kingdom which suspected to have existed beginning the 9th century was P'o-ni. It was believed that Po-ni existed at the mouth of Brunei River and was the predecessor to the Sultanate of Brunei.[17] The Sultanate of Brunei began after the ruler of Brunei embraced Islam. During the reign of the fifth sultan known as Bolkiah between 1485–1524, the Sultanate's thalassocracy extended over Sabah and the Sulu Archipelago, and had trading ports in Borneo and the Philippines.[18] In 1658, the Sultan of Brunei promised to cede the northern and eastern portion of Borneo to the Sultan of Sulu in compensation for the latter's help in settling a civil war in the Brunei Sultanate. It seems to never have been ceded in practice, but the Sultanate of Sulu claimed Sabah as theirs as late as 1877.[19] Many Brunei Malays migrated to this region during this period, although the migration has begun as early as the 15th century after the Brunei conquest of the territory.[20] In the same time, the seafaring Bajau-Suluk people arrived from the Sulu Archipelago and started to settling in the coasts of north and eastern Borneo. It is believed that they were fleeing from the oppression of the Spanish colonist in their region.[21] While the thalassocratic Brunei and Sulu sultanates controlled the western and eastern coasts of Sabah respectively, the interior region remained largely independent from either kingdoms.[22]

British North Borneo

Board of directors of the North Borneo Chartered Company in 1899.
Left: The first concession treaty was signed by Brunei Sultan, Abdul Momin on 29 December 1877.[3]
Right: Sultan Jamalalulazam of Sulu signed the second concession treaty on 22 January 1878.[19]

In 1761, Alexander Dalrymple, an officer of the British East India Company, concluded an agreement with the Sultan of Sulu to allow him to set up a trading post in the Sulu area, although it proved to be a failure.[23] In 1846, the island of Labuan on the west coast of Sabah was ceded to Britain by the Sultan of Brunei, and in 1848 it became a British Crown Colony while the territory of Sabah ceded through an agreement on 1877, the territory on the eastern part were ceded by the Sultanate of Sulu in 1878.[24][25][26] Following a series of transfers, the rights to North Borneo were transferred to Alfred Dent, whom in 1881 formed the British North Borneo Company (BNBC).[27] In the following year, Kudat was made its capital. In 1883, the capital was moved to Sandakan and in 1885, the United Kingdom, Spain, and Germany signed the Madrid Protocol, which recognised the sovereignty of Spain over the Sulu Archipelago in return for the relinquishment of all Spanish claims over North Borneo.[28] North Borneo became a protectorate of the United Kingdom in 1888.

Japanese occupation and Allied liberation

An aerial view of the Sandakan POW Camp, once an experimental farm for the British North Borneo Company but later turned into a prisoner-of-war camp by the Japanese.[29]

As part of the Second World War, Japanese forces landed in Labuan on 1 January 1942, and continued to invade the rest of North Borneo. From 1942 to 1945, Japanese forces occupied North Borneo, along with most of the island. Bombings by the allied forces devastated most of the towns including Sandakan, which was razed to the ground. In Sandakan, there was once a brutal POW camp run by the Japanese for British and Australian POWs from North Borneo. The prisoners suffered under notoriously inhuman conditions, and Allied bombardments caused the Japanese to relocate the POW camp to inland Ranau, 260 km away. All the prisoners, then were reduced to 2,504 in number, were forced to march the infamous Sandakan Death March. Except for six Australians, all of the prisoners died. The war ended on 10 September 1945. After the surrender, North Borneo was administered by the British Military Administration and in 1946 it became a British Crown Colony. Due to massive destruction in the town of Sandakan since the war, Jesselton was chosen to replace the capital with the Crown continued to rule North Borneo until 1963.[30] Upon Philippine independence in 1946, seven of the British-controlled Turtle Islands off the northeast of Borneo were ceded to the Philippines.[31]

Self-government and the Federation of Malaysia

Tun Fuad Stephens (left) declaring the forming of the Federation of Malaysia at Padang Merdeka, Jesselton on 16 September 1963. Together with him is the Deputy Minister of Malaya Tun Abdul Razak (right) and Tun Mustapha (second right).

On 31 August 1963, North Borneo attained self-government.[4][5][7] The Cobbold Commission was set up on 1962 to determine whether the people of Sabah and Sarawak favoured the proposed union of the Federation of Malaysia, and found that the union was generally favoured by the people. Most ethnic community leaders of Sabah, namely, Tun Mustapha representing the native Muslims, Tun Fuad Stephens representing the non-Muslim natives, and Khoo Siak Chew representing the Chinese, would eventually support the union. After discussion culminating in the Malaysia Agreement and 20-point agreement, on 16 September 1963 North Borneo, as Sabah, was united with Malaya, Sarawak and Singapore, to form the independent Federation of Malaysia.[32][33][34]

From before the formation of Malaysia till 1966, Indonesia adopted a hostile policy towards the British backed Malaya, and after union to Malaysia. This undeclared war stems from what Indonesian President Sukarno perceive as an expansion of British influence in the region and his intention to wrest control over the whole of Borneo under the Indonesian republic. Tun Fuad Stephens became the first chief minister of Sabah. The first Governor (Yang di-Pertuan Negeri) was Tun Mustapha. Sabah held its first state election in 1967. A total of 12 state elections have been held, the latest in 2013. Sabah has had 14 different chief ministers and 10 different Yang di-Pertua Negeri. On 14 June 1976, the government of Sabah signed an agreement with Petronas, the federal government-owned oil and gas company, granting it the right to extract and earn revenue from petroleum found in the territorial waters of Sabah in exchange for 5% in annual revenue as royalties.[35]

The state government of Sabah ceded Labuan to the Malaysian federal government, and Labuan became a federal territory on 16 April 1984.[36] In 2000, the state capital Kota Kinabalu was granted city status, making it the 6th city in Malaysia and the first city in the state. Also in the same year, Kinabalu National Park was officially designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, making it the first site in the country to be given such designation. In 2002, the International Court of Justice ruled that the islands of Ligitan and Sipadan, claimed by Indonesia, are part of Sabah and Malaysia.[37]

Geography

Mount Kinabalu, the highest mountain in Malay Archipelago.

The western part of Sabah is generally mountainous, containing the three highest mountains in Malaysia. The most prominent range is the Crocker Range which houses several mountains of varying height from about 1,000 metres to 4,000 metres. At the height of 4,095 metres, Mount Kinabalu is the highest mountain in the Malay Archipelago (excluding New Guinea) and the 10th highest mountain in political Southeast Asia. The jungles of Sabah are classified as tropical rainforests and host a diverse array of plant and animal species. Kinabalu National Park was inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 2000 because of its richness in plant diversity combined with its unique geological, topographical, and climatic conditions.[38]

Highway 22 section from Ranau to Kota Kinabalu in Kundasang.

Lying nearby Mount Kinabalu is Mount Tambuyukon. With a height of 2,579 metres, it is the third highest peak in the country. Adjacent to the Crocker Range is the Trus Madi Range which houses the second highest peak in the country, Mount Trus Madi, with a height of 2,642 metres. There are lower ranges of hills extending towards the western coasts, southern plains, and the interior or central part of Sabah. These mountains and hills are traversed by an extensive network of river valleys and are in most cases covered with dense rainforest.

The central and eastern portion of Sabah are generally lower mountain ranges and plains with occasional hills. Kinabatangan River begins from the western ranges and snakes its way through the central region towards the east coast out into the Sulu Sea. It is the second longest river in Malaysia after Rajang River at a length of 560 kilometres. The forests surrounding the river valley also contains an array of wildlife habitats, and is the largest forest-covered floodplain in Malaysia.[39]

The northern tip of Borneo at Tanjung Simpang Mengayau.

Other important wildlife regions in Sabah include Maliau Basin, Danum Valley, Tabin, Imbak Canyon and Sepilok. These places are either designated as national parks, wildlife reserves, virgin jungle reserves, or protection forest reserve.

Over three-quarters of the human population inhabit the coastal plains. Major towns and urban centres have sprouted along the coasts of Sabah. The interior region remains sparsely populated with only villages, and the occasional small towns or townships.

Beyond the coasts of Sabah lie a number of islands and coral reefs, including the largest island in Malaysia, Pulau Banggi. Other large islands include, Pulau Jambongan, Pulau Balambangan, Pulau Timbun Mata, Pulau Bumbun, and Pulau Sebatik. Other popular islands mainly for tourism are, Pulau Sipadan, Pulau Selingan, Pulau Gaya, Pulau Tiga, and Pulau Layang-Layang.

Territorial disputes

Map of the British North Borneo with the yellow area covered the Philippine claim to eastern Sabah, presented by the Philippine Government to ICJ on 25 June 2001.[40]

Sabah has seen several territorial disputes with Malaysia's neighbours Indonesia and the Philippines. In 2002, both Malaysia and Indonesia submitted to arbitration by the International Court of Justice on a territorial dispute over the Ligitan and Sipadan islands which were later won by Malaysia.[41] There are also several overlapping claims over the Ambalat continental shelf in the Celebes (Sulawesi) Sea. Malaysia's claim over a portion of the Spratly Islands is also based on sharing a continental shelf with Sabah.[42]

The Philippines has a territorial claim over much of the eastern part of Sabah, the former North Borneo. It claims that the territory, via the heritage of the Sultanate of Sulu, was only leased to the North Borneo Chartered Company in 1878 with the Sultanate's sovereignty never being relinquished. Malaysia however, considers this dispute as a "non-issue," as it interprets the 1878 agreement as that of cession and that it deems that the residents of Sabah had exercised their right to self-determination when they joined to form the Malaysian federation in 1963.[43][44]

Demographics

Population

Population in North Borneo – 1960 Census[45]
(now Sabah and Labuan)
Population Percent
Kadazan-Dusun
  
 32%
Murut
  
 4.9%
Bajau
  
 13.1%
Malay
  
 0.4%
Other Muslim groups
  
 15.8%
Indonesians
  
 5.5%
Filipinos
  
 1.6%
Chinese
  
 23%
Sources: British North Borneo (1961)

Sabah’s population numbered 651,304 in 1970 and grew to 929,299 a decade later. But in the two decades following 1980, the state’s population rose significantly by a staggering 1.5 million people, reaching 2,468,246 by 2000. As of 2010, this number had grown further to 3,117,405, with foreigners making up 27% of the total [46] The population of Sabah is 3,117,405 as of the last census in 2010 which showed more than a 400 percent increase from the census of 1970 (from 651,304 in 1970 to 3,117,405 in 2010).[47] and is the third most populous state in Malaysia after Selangor and Johor. In 2015, the population was reported to be 3,543,500, while non-Malaysian citizens was reported to be 870,400, the highest in all Malaysian states.[2]

Sabah has one of the highest population growth rates in the country as a result of legal and purportedly state-sponsored illegal immigration and naturalisation from elsewhere in Malaysia, Indonesia and particularly from the Muslim-dominated southern provinces of the Philippines who were awarded Malay stock and granted citizenship.[48][49] As a result, the Bornean Sabahan, most of whom are non-Muslim, have become minorities in their own homeland and this problem has become the main cause of ethnic tension in Sabah.[45][50] Therefore, on 1 June 2012, Prime Minister Najib Razak of the Malaysia announced that the federal government has agreed to set up the Royal Commission of Inquiry on illegal immigrants in Sabah to investigate.[51] The report findings has stated that Project IC have existed.[52]

Population in Sabah – 2010 Census[50]
Population Percent
Kadazan-Dusun
  
 17.82%
Murut
  
 3.22%
Bajau
  
 14%
Malay
  
 5.71%
Other bumiputra[53]
  
 20.56%
Chinese
  
 9.11%
Other non-bumiputra
  
 1.5%
Non-Malaysian citizen
  
 27.81%
Sources: Department of Statistics, Malaysia.

Language and ethnicity

Malay language is the national language spoken across ethnicities, although Sabahan creole is different from the Standard West Malaysian dialect of Johor-Riau.[54] Sabah also has its own slang for many words in Malay, mostly originated from indigenous words, and to an extent, Indonesian and Bruneian Malay. In addition, indigenous languages such as Kadazan, Dusun, Bajau, Brunei, Murut and Suluk have their own segments on state radio broadcast as well as English.

English remains an active second language, with its use allowed for some official purposes under the National Language Act of 1967. As there are quite significant population of ethnic Chinese Sabahans, and with many Bumiputera Sabahans sending their children to Chinese vernacular schools,[55] Mandarin is also widely used in Sabah. Spanish based creole, Zamboangueño, a dialect of Chavacano, has spread into one village in Semporna from the southern Philippines.[56]

The people of Sabah are divided into 32 officially recognised ethnic groups, in which 28 are recognised as Bumiputra, or indigenous people.[6] The largest non-bumiputra ethnic group is the Chinese (13.2%). The predominant Chinese dialect group in Sabah is Hakka, followed by Cantonese and Hokkien. Most Chinese people in Sabah are concentrated in the major cities and towns, namely Kota Kinabalu, Sandakan and Tawau. The largest indigenous ethnic group is Kadazan-Dusun, followed by Bajau, and Murut. There is a much smaller proportion of Indians and other South Asians in Sabah compared to other parts of Malaysia. Collectively, all persons coming from Sabah are known as Sabahans and identify themselves as such.

Sabah demography consists of many ethnic groups, for example:

Other inhabitants:

Religion

Since independence in 1963, Sabah has undergone a significant change in its religious composition, particularly in the percentage of its population professing Islam. In 1960, the percentage of Muslims was 37.9%, Christians - 16.6%, while about one-third remained animist.[58] In 2010, the percentage of Muslims had increased to 65.4%, while people professing Christianity grew to 26.6% and Buddhism at 6.1%.

Religion in North Borneo - 1960 Census[58]
(now Sabah and Labuan)
Religion Percent
Islam
  
 37.9%
Animism
  
 33.3%
Christianity
  
 16.6%
Other
  
 12.2%

In 1973, USNO amended the Sabah Constitution to make Islam the religion of State of Sabah. USIA vigorously promote conversion of Sabahans natives to Islam by offering rewards and office position, and also through migration of Muslim immigrants from the Philippines and Indonesia. Expulsion of Christian missionaries from the state were also performed to reduce Christian proselytisation of Sabahan natives.[59] Filipino Muslims and other Muslim immigrants from Indonesia and even Pakistan were brought into the state with instruction from the USNO chief at the time Tun Mustapha and been giving identity cards in the early 1990s to help topple the PBS state government and to make him appointed as the state governor, however his plan to become the state governor were unsuccessful but many illegal immigrants has changed the demography of Sabah.[60]

These policies were continued when Sabah was under the BERJAYA's administration headed by Datuk Harris, in which he openly exhorted to Muslims of the need to have a Muslim majority, to control the Christian Kadazans (without the help of the Chinese minority).[61]

Religion in Sabah - 2010 Census[50]
Religion Percent
Islam
  
 65.4%
Christianity
  
 26.6%
Buddhism
  
 6.1%
Other
  
 1.6%
No religion
  
 0.3%

As of 2010 the population of Sabah follows:

Meanwhile, population distribution by religion in Sabah for Malaysian citizens only are as follows:[62]-

The huge number of non-Malaysian Muslim citizens residing in Sabah, and also based on some of the findings from Royal Commission of Inquiry on illegal immigrants in Sabah, has led to the conclusion that Sabah has gone through a systematic granting of citizenship to foreigners to ensure favourable demographic pattern to the ruling government, in an operation named Project IC.

Economy

A paddy field in Tambunan where the battle of Tambunan took place which ended the Mat Salleh Rebellion in 1900, paddy are part of the state agriculture economy.
The Sabah Oil and Gas Terminal (SOGT) operated by Petronas in Kimanis.
Fishery activities in Sandakan.

Sabah economy relies on three key development sectors; agriculture, tourism and manufacturing. Petroleum and palm oil remained the two most exported commodities. Sabah imports mainly automobiles and machinery, petroleum products and fertilisers, food and manufactured goods.[63] In the 1970s, Sabah was ranked second behind Selangor including Kuala Lumpur as the richest state in Malaysia.[64] As of 2010, Sabah is the poorest state in Malaysia. GDP growth was 2.4%, the lowest in Malaysia behind Kelantan.[65] Proportion of population living below US$1 per day declined from 30% in 1990 to 20% in 2009 but still lag behind other states that have lowered poverty rate significantly from 17% in 1990 to 4% in 2009.[66] Slum is nonexistent in Malaysia but the highest number of squatter settlements is in Sabah with households between 20,000 and 40,000. After Kuala Lumpur, most low-cost public housing units under the People's Housing Program were built in Sabah. Cabotage policy imposed on Sabah and Sarawak is one of the reason behind the higher price of goods. The rules set in the early 1980s made sure that all domestic transport of foreign goods between peninsula and Sabah ports are only for Malaysian company vessels. This leads to shipping cartel charging excessive costs and ultimately a higher cost of living in East Malaysia.[67] Cabotage rules also affected the industry sector. Tan Chong Motor is planning to build a Nissan 4WD factory in KKIP but higher cost of shipping stalled the plan that could provide new jobs.[68] Lack of industry providing jobs for professional and highly skilled workers forced large numbers of Sabahans to seek opportunities in Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Australia and United States.

The 5% fixed oil royalty Sabah currently receives from Petronas according to Petroleum Development Act 1974 is also an issue of contention.[69] The three oil producing states namely Sabah, Sarawak and Terengganu demanded Petronas to review the agreement and increase royalty to no avail.

Agriculture

A truck carrying timbers in Tawau, logging are one of the largest source of Sabah economy since the British period.[note 1]

Sabah was traditionally heavily dependent on lumber based on export of tropical timber, but with increasing depletion at an alarming rate of the natural forests, ecological efforts to save the remaining natural rainforest areas were made in early 1982 through forest conservation methods by collecting seeds of different species particularly acacia mangium and planting it to pilot project areas pioneered by the Sandakan Forest Research Institute researchers. Other important agricultural activities for the Sabah economy include rubber and cocoa. The palm oil now has become the largest agricultural source for Sabah, however the activities has results on the largest deforestation which destroys the habitat of borneo pygmy elephant, proboscis monkey, orangutan and rhinoceros.[70][71][72] America's lobster breeding company Darden will start a huge investment to breed lobsters in Sabah waters for export to the United States in the coming years. Agriculture sector is supported by Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture & Food Industry and Palm Oil Industrial Cluster.

Tourism

Tourism, particularly eco-tourism, is a major contributor to the economy of Sabah. In 2006, 2,000,000 tourists visited Sabah[73] and it is estimated that the number will continue to rise following vigorous promotional activities by the state and national tourism boards and also increased stability and security in the region. Sabah currently has six national parks. One of these, the Kinabalu National Park, was designated as a World Heritage Site in 2000. It is the first[74] of two sites in Malaysia to obtain this status, the other being the Gunung Mulu National Park in Sarawak. These parks are maintained and controlled by Sabah Parks under the Parks Enactment 1984. The Sabah Wildlife Department also has conservation, utilisation, and management responsibilities.[75] Tourism sector is supported by Ministry of Tourism, Culture & Environment and Sabah Tourism Board. Sri Pelancongan Sabah, a wholly owned subsidiary of Sabah Tourism Board, organises the annual Sunset Music Fest at the Tip of Borneo, which is Sabah's largest outdoor concert. The venue is in Tanjung Simpang Mengayau, Kudat, and has been held annually since 2009, attracting both local and international acts.[76]

Manufacturing

There are hundreds of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and industries (SMIs) in Sabah[77] and some companies have become a household name such as Gardenia. Sabah government is seriously pursuing industrialisation with the Sabah Development Corridor plan specifically in Sepanggar area where KKIP Industrial Park and Sepanggar Container Port Terminal located. Sabah manufacturing are supported by Ministry of Industrial Development and Department of Industrial Development & Research.

Urban centres and ports

There are currently 7 ports in Sabah: Kota Kinabalu Port, Sepanggar Bay Container Port, Sandakan Port, Tawau Port, Kudat Port, Kunak Port, and Lahad Datu Port. These ports are operated and maintained by Sabah Ports Authority.[78] The main city and towns are:

Rank City and main towns Population (2010)
1 Kota Kinabalu 628,725
2 Sandakan 396,290
3 Tawau 397,673
4 Lahad Datu 298,584
5 Keningau 200,495

Government

Main article: Government of Sabah

Sabah is a representative democracy with universal suffrage for all citizens above 21 years of age. However, legislation regarding state elections are within the powers of the federal government and not the state.

Executive

The Yang di-Pertua Negeri sits at the top of the hierarchy followed by the state legislative assembly and the state cabinet. The Yang di-Pertuan Negeri is officially the head of state however its functions are largely ceremonial. The chief minister is the head of government and is also the leader of the state cabinet. The legislature is based on the Westminster system and therefore the chief minister is appointed based on his or her ability to command the majority of the state assembly. A general election representatives in the state assembly must be held every five years. This is the only elected government body in the state, with local authorities being fully appointed by the state government owing to the suspension of local elections by the federal government. The assembly meets at the state capital, Kota Kinabalu.

# Chief Minister Took office Left office Party
1 Tun Fuad Stephens (1st term) 16 September 1963 31 December 1964 Alliance (UNKO)
2 Peter Lo Sui Yin 1 January 1965 12 May 1967 Alliance (SCA)
3 Mustapha Harun 12 May 1967 1 November 1975 Alliance (USNO)
4 Mohamad Said Keruak 1 November 1975 18 April 1976 Barisan Nasional (USNO)
5 Tun Fuad Stephens (2nd term) 18 April 1976 6 June 1976 Barisan Nasional (BERJAYA)
6 Harris Salleh 6 June 1976 22 April 1985 Barisan Nasional (BERJAYA)
7 Joseph Pairin Kitingan 22 April 1985 17 March 1994 Parti Bersatu Sabah
(1985–1986)
Barisan Nasional (PBS)
(1986–1990)
Parti Bersatu Sabah
(1990–1994)
8 Sakaran Dandai 17 March 1994 27 December 1994 Barisan Nasional (UMNO)
9 Salleh Said Keruak 27 December 1994 28 May 1996 Barisan Nasional (UMNO)
10 Yong Teck Lee 28 May 1996 28 May 1998 Barisan Nasional (SAPP)
11 Bernard Dompok 28 May 1998 14 March 1999 Barisan Nasional (UPKO)
12 Osu Sukam 14 March 1999 27 March 2001 Barisan Nasional (UMNO)
13 Chong Kah Kiat 27 March 2001 27 March 2003 Barisan Nasional (LDP)
14 Musa Aman 27 March 2003 present Barisan Nasional (UMNO)

Legislature

Composition of Sabah State Legislative
Political
party		 Legislative
Assembly		 Parliament
Members
UMNO 32 13
PBS 12 3
UPKO 4 4
LDP 2 1
MCA 1 0
PBRS 1 1
SAPP 2 2
DAP 1 1
Source: Suruhanjaya Pilihanraya

Members of the state assembly are elected from 60 constituencies which are delineated by the Election Commission of Malaysia and may not necessarily result in constituencies of same voter population sizes. Sabah is also represented in the federal parliament by 25 members elected from the same number of constituencies.

The present elected state and federal government posts are held by Barisan Nasional (BN), a coalition of parties which includes United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), Sabah Progressive Party (SAPP), United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation (UPKO), Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah (PBRS), Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS), Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), and Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA).[79]

Politics of Sabah

Prior to the formation of Malaysia in 1963, the then North Borneo interim government submitted a 20-point agreement to the Malayan government as conditions before Sabah would join the Federation. Subsequently, North Borneo legislative assembly agreed on the formation of Malaysia on the conditions that these state rights were safeguarded. Sabah hence entered Malaysia as an autonomous state. However, there is a prevailing view amongst Sabahan that beginning from the second tenure of BERJAYA's administration under Datuk Harris, this autonomy has been gradually eroded under the federal influence and hegemony.[80] Amongst political contention often raised by Sabahans are the cession of Labuan island to Federal government and unequal sharing and exploitation of Sabah's resources of petroleum. This has resulted in strong anti-federal sentiments and even occasional call for secession from the Federation amongst the people of Sabah.

Until the Malaysian general election, 2008, Sabah, along with the states of Kelantan and Terengganu, are the only three states in Malaysia that had ever been ruled by opposition parties not part of the ruling BN coalition. Led by Datuk Seri Joseph Pairin Kitingan, PBS formed government after winning the 1985 elections and ruled Sabah until 1994. In 1994 Sabah state election, despite PBS winning the elections, subsequent cross-overs of PBS assembly members to the BN component party resulted in BN having majority of seats and hence took over the helm of the state government.[81]

A unique feature of Sabah politics was a policy initiated by then Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad in 1994 whereby the chief minister's post is rotated among the coalition parties every 2 years regardless of the party in power at the time, thus theoretically giving an equal amount of time for each major ethnic group to rule the state. However, in practice this system was problematic as it is too short for any leader to carry-out long term plan.[82] This practice has since stopped with power now held by majority in the state assembly by the UMNO party, which also holds a majority in the national parliament.

Direct political intervention by the federal, for example, introduction and later convenient [for UMNO] abolition of the chief minister's post and earlier PBS-BERJAYA conflict in 1985, along with co-opting rival factions in East Malaysia, is sometimes seen as a political tactic by the UMNO-led federal government to control and manage the autonomous power of the Borneo states.[83] The federal government however tend to view that these actions are justifiable as the display of parochialism amongst East Malaysians is not in harmony with nation building. This complicated Federal-State relations hence become a source of major contention in Sabah politics.

Administrative districts

Sabah consists of five administrative divisions, which are in turn divided into 25 districts.

These administrative divisions are, for all purposes, just for reference. During the British rule until the transition period when Malaysia was formed, a Resident was appointed to govern each division and provided with a palace (Istana). This means that the British considered each of these divisions equivalent to a Malayan state. The post of the Resident was abolished in favour of district officers for each of the district.

Division Name Districts Area (km²) Population (2010)[50]
1 West Coast Division Kota Belud, Kota Kinabalu, Papar, Penampang, Putatan, Ranau, Tuaran 7,588 1,067,589
2 Interior Division Beaufort, Nabawan, Keningau, Kuala Penyu, Sipitang, Tambunan, Tenom 18,298 424,534
3 Kudat Division Kota Marudu, Kudat, Pitas4,623 192,457
4 Sandakan Division Beluran, Kinabatangan, Sandakan, Tongod 28,205 702,207
5 Tawau Division Kunak, Lahad Datu, Semporna, Tawau14,905 819,955

As in the rest of Malaysia, local government comes under the purview of state governments.[84] However, ever since the suspension of local government elections in the midst of the Malayan Emergency, which was much less intense in Sabah than it was in the rest of the country, there have been no local elections. Local authorities have their officials appointed by the executive council of the state government.[85][86]

Education and culture

Universities

Panorama of UMS.
Official Name in Malay Name in English Acronym
Kolej Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Tunku Abdul Rahman University College TARC
Universiti Malaysia Sabah Malaysia Sabah University UMS
Universiti Teknologi MARA MARA Technology University UiTM
Universiti Terbuka Malaysia Open University Malaysia OUM

Colleges

Official Name in Malay Name in English Acronym Website
Kolej Kinabalu Kinabalu College
Institut Seni Sabah Sabah Institute of Art SIA
Kolej Yayasan Sabah Sabah Foundation College KYS
Kolej SIDMA Sabah SIDMA College Sabah SIDMA
Kolej Pelancongan Asia Antarabangsa Asian Tourism International College ATIC
Sekolah Perniagaan AMC Advanced Management College AMC
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu Kota Kinabalu Polytechnic POLITEKNIK
Kolej Pentadbiran Dinamik Antarabangsa Sabah Sabah International Dynamic Management College SIDMA
Institut Sinaran Sinaran Institute SINARAN
Kolej Antarabangsa AlmaCrest AlmaCrest International College ACIC
Kolej Eastern Eastern College EASTERN
Institut Prima Bestari Prima Bestari Institute IPB
Kolej Informatics Informatics College INFORMATICS
Kolej INTI INTI College INTI
Pusat Teknologi dan Pengurusan Lanjutan Advanced Management and Technology Centre PTPL
Kolej Teknologi Cosmopoint Cosmopoint Kota Kinabalu COSMOPOINT
Kolej Multimedia Multimedia College MMC
Institut Teknologi Sabah Sabah Institute of Technology SIT
Institut Perguruan Kampus Gaya Gaya Teachers Training Institute IPGKG
Institut Perguruan Kampus Keningau Keningau Teachers Training Institute IPGKK
Institut Perguruan Kampus Tawau Tawau Teachers Training Institute IPGKT
Institut Perguruan Kampus Kent Kent Teachers Training Institute
Kolej Masterskill Masterskill College MASTERSKILL
Kolej MAHSA MAHSA College MAHSA
Institut Latihan Perindustrian (ILP) Kota Kinabalu Kota Kinabalu Industrial Training Institute ILPKK
Institut Latihan Perindustrian (ILP) Sandakan Sandakan Industrial Training Institute ILPSDK
Kolej Sains & Kesihatan Aseana Aseana School of Health ASEANA
Kolej Cosmopoint Cosmopoint College
Universiti Kolej Yayasan Sabah University College Sabah Foundation UCSF

Communication

Radio Televisyen Malaysia operates 2 statewide free-to-air terrestrial radio channels, Sabah FM and Sabah VFM as well as district specific channels such as Keningau FM, Sandakan FM and Tawau FM. KK FM is run by Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Bayu FM is only available through Astro satellite feed. While an independent radio station called the Kupi-Kupi FM was recently launched in 2016. KL based AMP Radio Networks and Suria FM also had set up their base to tap the emerging market. Sabahan DJs were hired and the content caters to Sabahan listeners.

Sabah's first established newspaper was the New Sabah Times. The newspaper was founded by Tun Fuad Stephens, who later became the first Chief Minister of Sabah. Today the main newspapers are the New Sabah Times, Daily Express and Borneo Post.

Movies and TV

The earliest known footage of Sabah is from two movies by Martin and Osa Johnson titled Jungle Depths of Borneo and Borneo filmed at Abai, Kinabatangan.[87] Three Came Home was a 1950 Hollywood movie based on the memoir of the same name by Agnes Newton Keith depicting the Second World War in Sandakan.

Bat*21, a 1988 Vietnam War film directed by Peter Markle, was shot at various locations in the suburbs north of Kota Kinabalu, including Menggatal, Telipok, Kayu Madang and Lapasan.

At The Fall Of Malaysian Film Industries In Early 1970s, Dedie M Borhan Founded "Sabah Film Production' And Ultimately Revive The Malaysian Film Industries As It Stands Today. First film produce by the his founded production is "Keluarga Si Comat" Starred Aziz Sattar And Ibrahim Pendek. Another memorable film is 1976 "Hapuslah Air Matamu" one of the film collaboration between Sabah Film Production and Indonesian Film Production Starred Broery Marantika and Sharifah Aini. "Azura" is the most memorable film which is the first highest grossed box-office ever in the Malaysian film history. 17 film been produced by Sabah Film Production and Dedie M Borhan retired in middle of 90s. The Malaysian film today is a legacy from the Renaissance from late 70s and 80s film industries.

Sabah's first homegrown film was Orang Kita, starring Abu Bakar Ellah. Sabah-produced TV programs such as dramas or documentaries are usually aired on TV1 while musicals aired through special Sabah slots in Muzik Aktif.

Foreign films and TV shows filmed in Sabah include the reality show Survivor: Borneo, The Amazing Race, Eco-Challenge Borneo as well as a number of Hong Kong production films such as Born Rich. Sabah was featured in Sacred Planet, a documentary hosted by Robert Redford.

Sabah was also featured in Law of the Jungle, a reality show produced by Seoul Broadcasting System(SBS) that features a cast of celebrities as they travel to primitive and natural places. Out in the wild, cast members have to survive on their own and experience life with local tribes.

Sports

Sabah FA won the Malaysia FA Cup in 1995 then become the Malaysian Premier League champion in 1996.

Matlan Marjan is a former football player for Malaysia. He scored two goals against England in an international friendly on 12 June 1991. The English team included Stuart Pearce, David Batty, David Platt, Nigel Clough, Gary Lineker, was captained by Bryan Robson and coached by Bobby Robson.[88] He again made history for Sabah when he was named the captain of the national team in the 1995 match against Brazilian football club, Flamengo XI, in which the team famously held their opponent to a 1-1 draw.[89] In 1995, he along with six other Sabah players, were arrested on suspicion of match-fixing. Although the charges were dropped, he was prevented from playing professional football and was banished to another district.[90][91] He was banished under the Restricted Residence Act.[92]

Martin Guntali was a weightlifter who won the Commonwealth Games bronze medal. Lim Keng Liat was a swimmer who won the Asian Games gold medal in 2006. Arrico Jumiti is a weightlifter who won the Asian Games gold medal at Guangzhou in 2010.

Literature

Australian author Wendy Law Suart lived in Jesselton between 1949–1953 and wrote The Lingering Eye – Recollections of North Borneo about her experiences.[93]

American author Agnes Newton Keith lived in Sandakan between 1934–1952 and wrote four books about Sabah, Land Below the Wind, Three Came Home, White Man Returns and Beloved Exiles. The second book was made into a Hollywood motion picture.

In the Earl Mac Rauch novelisation of Buckaroo Banzai (Pocket Books, 1984; repr. 2001), and in the DVD commentary, Buckaroo's archenemy Hanoi Xan is said to have his secret base in Sabah, in a "relic city of caves."

Ethnic dances

There are many types of traditional dances in Sabah, most notably:

Notable residents

Mat Salleh, marked with an "X".
Statue of Antanom in Tenom.

Mat Salleh was a Bajau leader who led a rebellion against British North Borneo Company administration in North Borneo. Under his leadership, the rebellion which lasted from 1894 to 1900 razed the British Administration Centre on Pulau Gaya and exercised control over Menggatal, Inanam, Ranau and Tambunan. The rebellion was by Bajaus, Dusuns and Muruts.[94]

Antanum or Antanom (full name Ontoros Antonom) (1885–1915) was a famous and influential Murut warrior who led the chiefs and villagers from Keningau, Tenom, Pensiangan and Rundum to start the Rundum uprising against the British North Borneo Company but was killed during fighting with the Company's army in Sungai Selangit, near Pensiangan.

Another notable Sabahan is Donald Stephens who helped form the state of Sabah under the UN appointed Cobbold commission. He was an initial opponent of Malaysia but later converted to the support of it.[95] He was also the first Huguan Siou or paramount leader of the Kadazan-dusun and Murut people.

Tun Datu Mustapha was a Bajau-Kagayan-Suluk Muslim political leader in Sabah through the United Sabah National Organisation (USNO) party.[96] He was a vocal supporter of Malaysia but fell out of favour with Malayan leaders despite forming UMNO branches in Sabah and deregistering USNO. Efforts to re-register USNO have not been allowed, unlike UMNO that was allowed to be re-registered under the same name.[97]

Former Chief Minister Joseph Pairin Kitingan is the current Huguan Siou and the President of Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS). Pairin, the longest serving chief minister of the state and one of the first Kadazandusun lawyers, was known for his defiance of the federal government in the 1980s and 1990s in promoting the rights of Sabah and speaking out against the illegal immigration problems. Sabah was at the time one of only two states with opposition governments in power, the other being Kelantan. PBS has since rejoined BN and Datuk Pairin is currently the Deputy Chief Minister of Sabah.

Another former Chief Minister of Sabah is Yong Teck Lee, who held the post from 1996 to 1998. He is one of three ethnic Chinese persons to have become Chief Minister of Sabah, the others being Peter Lo Sui Yin from 1965 to 1967 and Chong Kah Kiat from 2001 to 2003. Yong is also President of the Sabah Progressive Party, a political party which seeks greater autonomy for the Sabah state government.

The 8th and current Attorney General of Malaysia, Abdul Gani Patail, comes from Sabah.

In 2006, Penampang-born Richard Malanjum was appointed Chief Judge of Sabah and Sarawak and became the first Kadazandusun to hold such a post.

Penny Wong, former Australian Minister for Climate Change and Energy Efficiency and Minister for Finance and Deregulation.

Penny Wong, born in Kota Kinabalu in 1968, moved to Australia at age 5. She became the first Minister for Climate Change and Energy Efficiency and the Minister for Finance and Deregulation in Australia.[98][99] She was the first Asian-born member of the Australian cabinet.[100] She is currently the Leader of the Opposition in the Senate in Australia.[101][102]

Philip Lee Tau Sang (died 1959) was one of the most prominent Sabahan Chinese politicians in the colonial era. Of Hakka descent, he was greatly favoured by the British colonists. He was a Member of the Advisory Council of North Borneo (1947–1950), Legislative Council of North Borneo (1950–1958) and Executive Council of North Borneo (1950–1953, 1956–1957).[103] He was posthumously honoured with a road named after him in the town of Tanjung Aru, near the Kota Kinabalu International Airport.

Che'Nelle (real name Cheryline Lim) is a Sabahan-born Australian recording artist most famous for her single I Fell in Love with the DJ. She was born in Kota Kinabalu on 10 March 1983 to an ethnic Chinese father and a mother of mixed Indian and Dutch heritage. The family emigrated to Perth, Australia when she was 10 years old.

Places of interest

The Kinabalu Park is the entrance to Mount Kinabalu, standing at 1,585 metres above sea level, covering an area of 754sq km which is made up of Mount Kinabalu, Mount Tambayukon and the foothills. The park has a fascinating geological history, taking millions of years to form.[104]

Sipadan Island is Malaysia's sole oceanic island, rising 700m from the sea floor and only 12 hectares in size. Surrounded by crystal clear waters, the island is a treasure trove of some of the most amazing species such as sea eagles, kingfishers, sunbirds, starlings, wood pigeons, coconut crab, turtles, bumphead parrotfish and barracudas.[105]

The Rainforest Discovery Centre is part of the Kabili-Sepilok Forest Reserve. Enjoy spectacular views of the beautiful rainforest from 28 metres above ground on the 147- metre long canopy walkway, and catch a glimpse of wildlife such as cunning mousedeer, wily civet cats, cute tarsiers and various insects and birds, as well as flora such as 250 species of native orchids in bloom in the Plant Discovery Garden.[106]

Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary is as a rehabilitation centre for orangutans where one can visit and observe the primates. Aside from orang utans, over 200 species of birds and a variety of wild plants can be found within the 5.666ha. forest reserve.[107]

The Tunku Abdul Rahman Marine Park comprises a cluster of five idyllic islands, Pulau Manukan, Pulau Mamutik, Pulau Sulug, Pulau Gaya and Pulau Sapi, spread over 4,929 hectares, of which two-thirds is sea. The islands have soft white beaches that are teeming with fish and coral, and is home to a variety of exotic flora and fauna such as the intriguing Megapode or Burung Tambun, a chicken look-alike bird with large feet that makes a meowing sound like a cat.[108]

Danum Valley is blessed with a startling diversity of tropical flora and fauna such as the rare Sumatran Rhinoceros, orang utans, gibbons, mousedeer, clouded leopard and some 270 species of birds. Activities offered are jungle treks, river swimming, bird watching, night jungle tours and excursions to nearby logging sites and timber mills.[109]

Mabul Island is located in the clear waters of the Celebes Sea off the mainland of Sabah, surrounded by gentle sloping reefs two to 40m deep and home to the Pala'u (Bajau Laut) tribe. The main activity on the island is diving, with over eight popular dive spots. Marine life that can be seen in the surrounding waters include sea horses, exotic starfish, fire gobies, crocodile fish, pipefish and snake eels.[110]

Conservation

Other reserves or protected areas include;

See also

References

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  89. ↑ Raymer, Robert (November 2011). "The Magic Rise and Tragic Fall of Matlan Marjan". Esquire Malaysia. Nov 2011 (The Against All Odds Issue): 127–130
  90. ↑ "No charges against Sabah six". Bernama. 14 July 1995.
  91. ↑ "Four Sabah soccer players banished to remote area". Bernama. 4 October 1995.
  92. ↑ "Malaysian Business, Issues 1-6". University of California: New Straits Times Press (Malaysia). 1996. Retrieved 15 November 2012
  93. ↑ "Dingo Media The Lingering Eye". Dingomedia.co.uk. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  94. ↑ C.Buckley: A School History of Sabah, London, Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1968
  95. ↑ Robert Oliver Tilman (1976). "In Quest of Unity: The Centralization Theme in Malaysian Federal-State Relations, 1957-75". Issue 39 of Occasional paper. Institute of Southeast Asia: 46. Retrieved 17 November 2012
  96. ↑ Johan M. Padasian: Sabah History in pictures (1881–1981), Sabah State Government, 1981
  97. ↑ "M.G.G. Pillai". URL last accessed on 13 January 2008
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  100. ↑ Panellist: Penny Wong | Q&A | ABC TV. Abc.net.au. Retrieved on 12 April 2014.
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  102. ↑ Tanya Plibersek elected deputy Labor leader, Penny Wong re-elected to lead Labor in Senate - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). Abc.net.au (14 October 2013). Retrieved on 12 April 2014.
  103. ↑ Tet Loi, Chong (2002), 'The Hakkas of Sabah: A Survey on Their Impact on the Modernization of the Bornean Malaysian State', Sabah Theological Seminary, pg. 237-pg.241, ISBN 983-40840-0-5
  104. ↑ "Kinabalu Park". Tourism Malaysia. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  105. ↑ "Sipadan Island". Tourism Malaysia. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  106. ↑ "Rainforest Discovery Centre". Tourism Malaysia. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  107. ↑ "Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary". Tourism Malaysia. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  108. ↑ "Tunku Abdul Rahman Marine Park". Tourism Malaysia. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  109. ↑ "Danum Valley". Tourism Malaysia. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  110. ↑ "Mabul Island". Tourism Malaysia. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
Notes
  1. ↑
    Logging during the British period.

Further reading

External links

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