Human Development Index

World map indicating the category of Human Development Index by country (based on 2013 data; published July 24, 2014).

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the life expectancy at birth is longer, the education period is longer, and the income per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq working alongside Indian economist Amartya Sen, often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in their life, and was published by the United Nations Development Programme.

The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)," and "the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality)."

Origins

The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990, and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies". To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq formed a group of development economists including Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand, and Meghnad Desai. Working alongside Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, they worked on capabilities and functions that provided the underlying conceptual framework. Haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed in order to convince the public, academics, and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being. Sen initially opposed this idea, but he soon went on to help Haq develop the Index. Sen was worried that it was going to be difficult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index, but Haq persuaded him that only a single number would shift the immediate attention of politicians from economic to human well-being.[1][2]

Dimensions and calculation

New method (2010 Report onwards)

Published on 4 November 2010 (and updated on 10 June 2011), the 2010 Human Development Report (HDI) combines three dimensions:[3][4]

In its 2010 Human Development Report, the UNDP began using a new method of calculating the HDI. The following three indices are used:

1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI) = \frac{\textrm{LE} - 20}{85-20}

LEI is 1 when Life expectancy at birth is 85 and 0 when Life expectancy at birth is 20.

2. Education Index (EI) = \frac{{\textrm{MYSI} + \textrm{EYSI}}} {2}

2.1 Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI) = \frac{\textrm{MYS}}{15}[5]
Fifteen is the projected maximum of this indicator for 2025.
2.2 Expected Years of Schooling Index (EYSI) = \frac{\textrm{EYS}}{18}[6]
Eighteen is equivalent to achieving a master’s degree in most countries.

3. Income Index (II) = \frac{\ln(\textrm{GNIpc}) - \ln(100)}{\ln(75,000) - \ln(100)}

II is 1 when GNI per capita is $75,000 and 0 when GNI per capita is $100.

Finally, the HDI is the geometric mean of the previous three normalized indices:
\textrm{HDI} = \sqrt[3]{\textrm{LEI}\cdot \textrm{EI} \cdot \textrm{II}}.

LE: Life expectancy at birth
MYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools)
EYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life)
GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita

Old method (before 2010 Report)

The HDI combined three dimensions last used in its 2009 Report:

HDI trends between 1975 and 2004
  OECD
  Europe not in the OECD and CIS

This methodology was used by the UNDP until their 2011 report.

The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).[7] In general, to transform a raw variable, say x, into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used:

where \min\left(x\right) and \max\left(x\right) are the lowest and highest values the variable x can attain, respectively.

The Human Development Index (HDI) then represents the uniformly weighted sum with ⅓ contributed by each of the following factor indices:

Other organizations/companies may include other factors, such as infant mortality, which produces a different HDI.

2015 report

The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on December 14, 2015, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2014. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:[8][9][10]

Rank Country HDI
2015 estimates for 2014
[11]
Change in rank from previous year[11] 2015 estimates for 2014
[11]
Change from previous year
[11]
1 Steady  Norway 0.944 Increase 0.002
2 Steady  Australia 0.935 Increase 0.002
3 Steady   Switzerland 0.930 Increase 0.002
4 Steady  Denmark 0.923 Steady
5 Steady  Netherlands 0.922 Increase 0.002
6 Steady  Germany 0.916 Increase 0.001
6 Increase (2)  Ireland 0.916 Increase 0.004
8 Decrease (1)  United States 0.915 Increase 0.002
9 Decrease (1)  Canada 0.913 Increase 0.001
9 Increase (1)  New Zealand 0.913 Increase 0.002
11 Steady  Singapore 0.912 Increase 0.003
12 Steady  Hong Kong 0.910 Increase 0.002
13 Steady  Liechtenstein 0.908 Increase 0.001
14 Steady  Sweden 0.907 Increase 0.002
14 Increase (1)  United Kingdom 0.907 Increase 0.005
16 Steady  Iceland 0.899 Steady
17 Steady  South Korea 0.898 Increase 0.003
18 Steady  Israel 0.894 Increase 0.001
19 Steady  Luxembourg 0.892 Increase 0.002
19 Steady  Macau 0.892 [12]
20 Decrease (1)  Japan 0.891 Increase 0.001
21 Steady  Belgium 0.890 Increase 0.002
22 Steady  France 0.888 Increase 0.001
23 Steady  Austria 0.885 Increase 0.001
24 Steady  Finland 0.883 Increase 0.001
25 Steady  Taiwan 0.882 [13]
26 Steady  Slovenia 0.880 Increase 0.001
27 Steady  Spain 0.876 Increase 0.002
28 Steady  Italy 0.873 Steady
29 Steady  Czech Republic 0.870 Increase 0.002
30 Steady  Greece 0.865 Increase 0.002
31 Steady  Estonia 0.861 Increase 0.002
32 Steady  Brunei 0.856 Increase 0.004
33 Steady  Cyprus 0.850 Steady
33 Increase (1)  Qatar 0.850 Increase 0.001
34 Steady  Andorra 0.845 Increase 0.001
35 Increase (1)  Slovakia 0.844 Increase 0.005
36 Decrease (1)  Poland 0.843 Increase 0.003
37 Steady  Lithuania 0.839 Increase 0.002
37 Steady  Malta 0.839 Increase 0.002
39 Steady  Saudi Arabia 0.837 Increase 0.001
40 Steady  Argentina 0.836 Increase 0.003
41 Decrease (1)  United Arab Emirates 0.835 Increase 0.002
42 Steady  Chile 0.832 Increase 0.002
43 Steady  Portugal 0.830 Increase 0.002
44 Steady  Hungary 0.828 Increase 0.003
45 Steady  Bahrain 0.824 Increase 0.003
46 Increase (1)  Latvia 0.819 Increase 0.003
47 Decrease (1)  Croatia 0.818 Increase 0.001
48 Decrease (1)  Kuwait 0.816 Steady
49 Steady  Montenegro 0.802 Increase 0.001

2014 report

The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on July 24, 2014, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:[14][15][16]


Rank Country HDI
New 2014 estimates for 2013
[17]
Change in rank between 2014 report and 2013 report[17] New 2014 estimates for 2013
[17]
Change compared between 2014 report and 2013 report
[17]
1 Steady  Norway 0.944 Decrease 0.011
2 Steady  Australia 0.933 Increase 0.002
3 Steady   Switzerland 0.917 Increase 0.001
4 Steady  Netherlands 0.915 Steady
5 Steady  United States 0.914 Increase 0.002
6 Steady  Germany 0.911 Steady
7 Steady  New Zealand 0.910 Increase 0.002
8 Steady  Canada 0.902 Increase 0.001
9 Increase (3)  Singapore 0.901 Increase 0.002
10 Steady  Denmark 0.900 Steady
11 Decrease (3)  Ireland 0.899 Decrease 0.017
12 Decrease (1)  Sweden 0.898 Increase 0.001
13 Steady  Iceland 0.895 Increase 0.002
14 Steady  United Kingdom 0.892 Increase 0.002
14 Steady  Macau 0.892 [18]
15 Steady  Hong Kong 0.891 Increase 0.002
15 Increase (1)  South Korea 0.891 Increase 0.003
17 Decrease (1)  Japan 0.890 Increase 0.002
18 Decrease (2)  Liechtenstein 0.889 Increase 0.001
19 Steady  Israel 0.888 Increase 0.002
20 Steady  France 0.884 Steady
21 Steady  Taiwan 0.882 [19]
22 Steady  Austria 0.881 Increase 0.001
22 Steady  Belgium 0.881 Increase 0.001
22 Steady  Luxembourg 0.881 Increase 0.001
23 Steady  Finland 0.879 Steady
24 Steady  Slovenia 0.874 Steady
25 Steady  Italy 0.872 Steady
26 Steady  Spain 0.869 Steady
27 Steady  Czech Republic 0.861 Steady
28 Steady  Greece 0.853 Decrease 0.001
29 Steady  Brunei 0.852 Steady
30 Steady  Qatar 0.851 Increase 0.001
31 Steady  Cyprus 0.845 Decrease 0.003
32 Steady  Estonia 0.840 Increase 0.001
33 Steady  Saudi Arabia 0.836 Increase 0.003
34 Increase (1)  Lithuania 0.834 Increase 0.003
34 Decrease (1)  Poland 0.834 Increase 0.001
35 Steady  Andorra 0.830 Steady
35 Increase (1)  Slovakia 0.830 Increase 0.001
36 Steady  Malta 0.829 Increase 0.002
37 Steady  United Arab Emirates 0.827 Increase 0.002
38 Increase (1)  Chile 0.822 Increase 0.003
38 Steady  Portugal 0.822 Steady
39 Steady  Hungary 0.818 Increase 0.001
40 Steady  Bahrain 0.815 Increase 0.002
40 Steady  Cuba 0.815 Increase 0.002
41 Decrease (2)  Kuwait 0.814 Increase 0.001
42 Steady  Croatia 0.812 Steady
43 Steady  Latvia 0.810 Increase 0.002
44 Steady  Argentina 0.808 Increase 0.002

Inequality-adjusted HDI

The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)[14] is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account."

Note: The green arrows (Increase), red arrows (Decrease), and blue dashes (Steady) represent changes in rank. The changes in rank are not relative to the HDI list above, but are according to the source (p. 168) calculated with the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data.

  1.  Norway 0.891 (Steady)
  2.  Australia 0.860 (Steady)
  3.  Netherlands 0.854 (Increase 1)
  4.   Switzerland 0.847 (Increase 3)
  5.  Germany 0.846 (Steady)
  6.  Iceland 0.843 (Increase 2)
  7.  Sweden 0.840 (Decrease 4)
  8.  Denmark 0.838 (Increase 1)
  9.  Canada 0.833 (Increase 4)
  10.  Ireland 0.832 (Decrease 4)
  11.  Finland 0.830 (Steady)
  12.  Slovenia 0.824 (Decrease 2)
  13.  Austria 0.818 (Decrease 1)
  14.  Luxembourg 0.814 (Increase 3)
  15.  Czech Republic 0.813 (Decrease 1)
  16.  United Kingdom 0.812 (Increase 3)
  17.  Belgium 0.806 (Decrease 2)
  18.  France 0.804 (Steady)
  19.  Israel 0.793 (Increase 1)
  20.  Japan 0.779 (New)
  21.  Slovakia 0.778 (Increase 1)
  22.  Spain 0.775 (Decrease 2)
  23.  Italy 0.768 (Increase 1)
  24.  Estonia 0.767 (Increase 1)
  25.  Greece 0.762 (Increase 2)
  26.  Malta 0.760 (Decrease 3)
  27.  Hungary 0.757 (Decrease 1)
  28.  United States 0.755 (Decrease 12)
  29.  Poland 0.751 (Increase 1)
  30.  Cyprus 0.752 (Decrease 1)
  31.  Lithuania 0.746 (Increase 2)
  32.  Portugal 0.739 (Steady)
  33.  South Korea 0.736 (Decrease 5)
  34.  Latvia 0.725 (Increase 1)
  35.  Croatia 0.721 (Increase 4)
  36.  Argentina 0.680 (Increase 7)
  37.  Chile 0.661 (Increase 4)

Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait.

Countries not included

Some countries were not included for various reasons, primarily due to the lack of necessary data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2014 report:[14] North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Somalia, India, Pakistan, South Sudan, and Tuvalu.

2013 report

The 2013 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on March 14, 2013, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2012. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:[20]

Note: The green arrows (Increase), red arrows (Decrease), and blue dashes (Steady) represent changes in rank when compared to the new 2012 data HDI for 2011 – published in the 2012 report.

  1.  Norway 0.955 (Steady)
  2.  Australia 0.938 (Steady)
  3.  United States 0.937 (Increase 1)
  4.  Netherlands 0.921 (Decrease 1)
  5.  Germany 0.920 (Increase 4)
  6.  New Zealand 0.919 (Decrease 1)
  7.  Ireland 0.916 (Steady)
  8.  Sweden 0.916 (Increase 3)
  9.   Switzerland 0.913 (Increase 2)
  10.  Japan 0.912 (Increase 2)
  11.  Canada 0.911 (Decrease 5)
  12.  South Korea 0.909 (Increase 3)
  13.  Hong Kong 0.906 (Steady)
  14.  Iceland 0.906 (Steady)
  15.  Denmark 0.901 (Increase 1)
  16.  Israel 0.900 (Increase 1)
  17.  Belgium 0.897 (Increase 1)
  18.  Austria 0.895 (Increase 1)
  19.  Singapore 0.895 (Increase 7)
  20.  France 0.893 (Steady)
  21.  Finland 0.892 (Increase 1)
  22.  Slovenia 0.892 (Decrease 1)
  23.  Spain 0.885 (Steady)
  24.  Liechtenstein 0.883 (Decrease 16)
  25.  Italy 0.881 (Decrease 1)
  26.  Luxembourg 0.875 (Decrease 1)
  27.  United Kingdom 0.875 (Increase 1)
  28.  Czech Republic 0.873 (Decrease 1)
  29.  Greece 0.860 (Steady)
  30.  Brunei 0.855 (Increase 1)
  31.  Cyprus 0.848 (Decrease 1)
  32.  Malta 0.847 (Increase 4)
  33.  Estonia 0.846 (Steady)
  34.  Andorra 0.846 (Decrease 1)
  35.  Slovakia 0.840 (Steady)
  36.  Qatar 0.834 (Increase 1)
  37.  Hungary 0.831 (Increase 1)
  38.  Barbados 0.825 (Increase 9)
  39.  Poland 0.821 (Steady)
  40.  Chile 0.819 (Increase 4)
  41.  Lithuania 0.818 (Decrease 1)
  42.  United Arab Emirates 0.818 (Decrease 12)
  43.  Portugal 0.816 (Decrease 2)
  44.  Latvia 0.814 (Decrease 1)
  45.  Argentina 0.811 (Steady)
  46.  Seychelles 0.806 (Increase 6)
  47.  Croatia 0.805 (Decrease 1)

Inequality-adjusted HDI

The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)[20] is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account."

Note: The green arrows (Increase), red arrows (Decrease), and blue dashes (Steady) represent changes in rank. The changes in rank are not relative to the HDI list above, but are according to the source (p. 152) calculated with the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data.

  1.  Norway 0.894 (Steady)
  2.  Australia 0.864 (Steady)
  3.  Sweden 0.859 (Increase 3)
  4.  Netherlands 0.857 (Steady)
  5.  Germany 0.856 (Steady)
  6.  Ireland 0.850 (Steady)
  7.   Switzerland 0.849 (Increase 1)
  8.  Iceland 0.848 (Increase 3)
  9.  Denmark 0.845 (Increase 3)
  10.  Slovenia 0.840 (Increase 7)
  11.  Finland 0.839 (Increase 6)
  12.  Austria 0.837 (Increase 3)
  13.  Canada 0.832 (Decrease 4)
  14.  Czech Republic 0.826 (Increase 9)
  15.  Belgium 0.825 (Decrease 1)
  16.  United States 0.821 (Decrease 13)
  17.  Luxembourg 0.813 (Increase 4)
  18.  France 0.812 (Decrease 2)
  19.  United Kingdom 0.802 (Increase 2)
  20.  Spain 0.796 (Decrease 1)
  21.  Israel 0.790 (Decrease 8)
  22.  Slovakia 0.788 (Increase 6)
  23.  Malta 0.778 (Increase 3)
  24.  Italy 0.776 (Decrease 4)
  25.  Estonia 0.770 (Increase 2)
  26.  Hungary 0.769 (Increase 3)
  27.  Greece 0.760 (Decrease 3)
  28.  South Korea 0.758 (Decrease 18)
  29.  Cyprus 0.751 (Decrease 4)
  30.  Poland 0.740 (Steady)
  31.  Montenegro 0.733 (Increase 8)
  32.  Portugal 0.729 (Increase 1)
  33.  Lithuania 0.727 (Decrease 1)
  34.  Belarus 0.727 (Increase 3)
  35.  Latvia 0.726 (Decrease 1)
  36.  Bulgaria 0.704 (Increase 5)

Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand, Chile, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Andorra, Qatar, Barbados, United Arab Emirates, and Seychelles.

2011 report

The 2011 Human Development Report was released on 2 November 2011, and calculated HDI values based on estimates for 2011. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries (equal to the top quartile):[21]

Note: The green arrows (Increase), red arrows (Decrease), and blue dashes (Steady) represent changes in rank when compared to the 2011 HDI data for 2010 – published in the 2011 report (p. 131).

  1.  Norway 0.943 (Steady)
  2.  Australia 0.929 (Steady)
  3.  Netherlands 0.910 (Steady)
  4.  United States 0.910 (Steady)
  5.  New Zealand 0.908 (Steady)
  6.  Canada 0.908 (Steady)
  7.  Ireland 0.908 (Steady)
  8.  Liechtenstein 0.905 (Steady)
  9.  Germany 0.905 (Steady)
  10.  Sweden 0.904 (Steady)
  11.   Switzerland 0.903 (Steady)
  12.  Japan 0.901 (Steady)
  13.  Hong Kong 0.898 (Increase 1)
  14.  Iceland 0.898 (Decrease 1)
  15.  South Korea 0.897 (Steady)
  16.  Denmark 0.895 (Steady)
  17.  Israel 0.888 (Steady)
  18.  Belgium 0.886 (Steady)
  19.  Austria 0.885 (Steady)
  20.  France 0.884 (Steady)
  21.  Slovenia 0.884 (Steady)
  22.  Finland 0.882 (Steady)
  23.  Spain 0.878 (Steady)
  24.  Italy 0.874 (Steady)
  25.  Luxembourg 0.867 (Steady)
  26.  Singapore 0.866 (Steady)
  27.  Czech Republic 0.865 (Steady)
  28.  United Kingdom 0.863 (Steady)
  29.  Greece 0.861 (Steady)
  30.  United Arab Emirates 0.846 (Steady)
  31.  Cyprus 0.840 (Steady)
  32.  Andorra 0.838 (Steady)
  33.  Brunei 0.838 (Steady)
  34.  Estonia 0.835 (Steady)
  35.  Slovakia 0.834 (Steady)
  36.  Malta 0.832 (Steady)
  37.  Qatar 0.831 (Steady)
  38.  Hungary 0.816 (Steady)
  39.  Poland 0.813 (Steady)
  40.  Lithuania 0.810 (Increase 1)
  41.  Portugal 0.809 (Decrease 1)
  42.  Bahrain 0.806 (Steady)
  43.  Latvia 0.805 (Steady)
  44.  Chile 0.805 (Steady)
  45.  Argentina 0.797 (Increase 1)
  46.  Croatia 0.796 (Decrease 1)
  47.  Barbados 0.793 (Steady)

Inequality-adjusted HDI

Below is a list of countries in the top quartile by Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI).[22] According to the report, the IHDI is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account."

Note: The green arrows (Increase), red arrows (Decrease), and blue dashes (Steady) represent changes in rank when compared to the 2011 HDI list, for countries listed in both rankings.

  1.  Norway 0.890 (Steady)
  2.  Australia 0.856 (Steady)
  3.  Sweden 0.851 (Increase 5)
  4.  Netherlands 0.846 (Decrease 1)
  5.  Iceland 0.845 (Increase 5)
  6.  Ireland 0.843 (Steady)
  7.  Germany 0.842 (Increase 1)
  8.  Denmark 0.842 (Increase 4)
  9.   Switzerland 0.840 (Steady)
  10.  Slovenia 0.837 (Increase 7)
  11.  Finland 0.833 (Increase 7)
  12.  Canada 0.829 (Decrease 7)
  13.  Czech Republic 0.821 (Increase 9)
  14.  Austria 0.820 (Increase 1)
  15.  Belgium 0.819 (Decrease 1)
  16.  France 0.804 (Steady)
  17.  Spain 0.799 (Decrease 2)
  18.  Luxembourg 0.799 (Increase 3)
  19.  United Kingdom 0.791 (Increase 4)
  20.  Slovakia 0.787 (Increase 7)
  21.  Israel 0.779 (Decrease 8)
  22.  Italy 0.779 (Decrease 2)
  23.  United States 0.771 (Decrease 19)
  24.  Estonia 0.769 (Increase 2)
  25.  Hungary 0.759 (Increase 3)
  26.  Greece 0.756 (Decrease 2)
  27.  Cyprus 0.755 (Decrease 2)
  28.  South Korea 0.749 (Decrease 17)
  29.  Poland 0.734 (Steady)
  30.  Lithuania 0.730 (Steady)
  31.  Portugal 0.726 (Steady)
  32.  Montenegro 0.718 (Increase 7)
  33.  Latvia 0.717 (Decrease 1)
  34.  Serbia 0.694 (Increase 9)
  35.  Belarus 0.693 (Increase 10)

Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI include: New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, Andorra, Brunei, Malta, Qatar, Bahrain, Chile, Argentina and Barbados.

Countries not included

Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2011 report:[23] North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, South Sudan, Somalia and Tuvalu.

2010 report

The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on November 4, 2010, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2010. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:[24]

Note: The green arrows (Increase), red arrows (Decrease), and blue dashes (Steady) represent changes in rank when compared to the 2009 HDI published in the 2010 report.

  1.  Norway 0.938 (Steady)
  2.  Australia 0.937 (Steady)
  3.  New Zealand 0.907 (Steady)
  4.  United States 0.902 (Steady)
  5.  Ireland 0.895 (Steady)
  6.  Liechtenstein 0.891 (Steady)
  7.  Netherlands 0.890 (Steady)
  8.  Canada 0.888 (Steady)
  9.  Sweden 0.885 (Steady)
  10.  Germany 0.885 (Increase 12)
  11.  Japan 0.884 (Steady)
  12.  South Korea 0.877 (Steady)
  13.   Switzerland 0.874 (Steady)
  14.  France 0.872 (Increase 2)
  15.  Israel 0.872 (Decrease 1)
  16.  Finland 0.871 (Decrease 1)
  17.  Iceland 0.869 (Steady)
  18.  Belgium 0.867 (Steady)
  19.  Denmark 0.866 (Steady)
  20.  Spain 0.863 (Steady)
  21.  Hong Kong 0.862 (Steady)
  22.  Greece 0.855 (Steady)
  23.  Italy 0.854 (Steady)
  24.  Luxembourg 0.852 (Steady)
  25.  Austria 0.851 (Steady)
  26.  United Kingdom 0.849 (Steady)
  27.  Singapore 0.846 (Steady)
  28.  Czech Republic 0.841 (Steady)
  29.  Slovenia 0.828 (Steady)
  30.  Andorra 0.824 (Steady)
  31.  Slovakia 0.818 (Steady)
  32.  United Arab Emirates 0.815 (Increase 1)
  33.  Malta 0.815 (Decrease 1)
  34.  Estonia 0.812 (Steady)
  35.  Cyprus 0.810 (Steady)
  36.  Hungary 0.805 (Increase 1)
  37.  Brunei 0.805 (Decrease 1)
  38.  Qatar 0.803 (Steady)
  39.  Bahrain 0.801 (Steady)
  40.  Portugal 0.795 (Decrease 6)
  41.  Poland 0.795 (Steady)
  42.  Barbados 0.788 (Decrease 5)

Inequality-adjusted HDI

The 2010 Human Development Report was the first to calculate an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), which factors in inequalities in the three basic dimensions of human development (income, life expectancy, and education). Below is a list of countries in the top quartile by IHDI:[25]

Note: The green arrows (Increase), red arrows (Decrease), and blue dashes (Steady) represent changes in rank when compared to the 2010 HDI list, for countries listed in both rankings.

  1.  Norway 0.876 (Steady)
  2.  Australia 0.864 (Steady)
  3.  Sweden 0.824 (Increase 4)
  4.  Netherlands 0.818 (Increase 1)
  5.  Germany 0.814 (Increase 3)
  6.   Switzerland 0.813 (Increase 4)
  7.  Ireland 0.813 (Decrease 3)
  8.  Canada 0.812 (Decrease 2)
  9.  Iceland 0.811 (Increase 5)
  10.  Denmark 0.810 (Increase 6)
  11.  Finland 0.806 (Increase 2)
  12.  United States 0.799 (Decrease 9)
  13.  Belgium 0.794 (Increase 2)
  14.  France 0.792 (Decrease 3)
  15.  Czech Republic 0.790 (Increase 8)
  16.  Austria 0.787 (Increase 5)
  17.  Spain 0.779 (Steady)
  18.  Luxembourg 0.775 (Increase 2)
  19.  Slovenia 0.771 (Increase 5)
  20.  Greece 0.768 (Decrease 2)
  21.  United Kingdom 0.766 (Increase 1)
  22.  Slovakia 0.764 (Increase 3)
  23.  Israel 0.763 (Decrease 11)
  24.  Italy 0.752 (Decrease 5)
  25.  Hungary 0.736 (Increase 3)
  26.  Estonia 0.733 (Steady)
  27.  South Korea 0.731 (Decrease 18)
  28.  Cyprus 0.716 (Decrease 1)
  29.  Poland 0.709 (Increase 1)
  30.  Portugal 0.700 (Decrease 1)
  31.  Lithuania 0.693 (Increase 1)
  32.  Montenegro 0.693 (Increase 4)[26]
  33.  Latvia 0.684 (Increase 2)
  34.  Romania 0.675 (Increase 3)
  35.  The Bahamas 0.671 (Decrease 4)

Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI include: New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Republic of China (Taiwan), Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Malta, Brunei, Qatar, Bahrain and Barbados.

Countries not included

Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2010 report.[23] Cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion. The UNDP explained that Cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an "internationally reported figure for Cuba’s Gross National Income adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity". All other indicators for Cuba were available, and reported by the UNDP, but the lack of one indicator meant that no ranking could be attributed to the country.[27][28] The situation has been addressed and, in later years, Cuba has ranked as a High Human Development country.

Africa

Americas

Asia

Europe

Oceania

2009 report

The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to 2007. It was titled "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development". The top countries by HDI were grouped in a new category called "very high human development". The report refers to these countries as developed countries. They are:[29]

  1.  Norway 0.971 (Steady 0)
  2.  Australia 0.970 (Increase 2)
  3.  Iceland 0.969 (Decrease 1)
  4.  Canada 0.966 (Decrease 1)
  5.  Ireland 0.965 (Steady)
  6.  Netherlands 0.964 (Steady)
  7.  Sweden 0.963 (Steady)
  8.  France 0.961 (Increase 3)
  9.   Switzerland 0.960 (Increase 1)
  10.  Japan 0.960 (Decrease 2)
  11.  Luxembourg 0.960 (Decrease 2)
  12.  Finland 0.959 (Steady)
  13.  United States 0.956 (Increase 2)
  14.  Austria 0.955 (Steady)
  15.  Spain 0.955 (Increase 1)
  16.  Denmark 0.955 (Decrease 2)
  17.  Belgium 0.953 (Steady)
  18.  Italy 0.951 (Increase 1)
  19.  Liechtenstein 0.951 (Decrease 1)
  20.  New Zealand 0.950 (Steady)
  21.  United Kingdom 0.947 (Steady)
  22.  Germany 0.947 (Steady)
  23.  Singapore 0.944 (Increase 1)
  24.  Hong Kong 0.944 (Decrease 1)
  25.  Greece 0.942 (Steady)
  26.  South Korea 0.937 (Steady)
  27.  Israel 0.935 (Increase 1)
  28.  Andorra 0.934 (Decrease 1)
  29.  Slovenia 0.929 (Steady)
  30.  Brunei 0.920 (Steady)
  31.  Kuwait 0.916 (Steady)
  32.  Cyprus 0.914 (Steady)
  33.  Qatar 0.910 (Increase 1)
  34.  Portugal 0.909 (Decrease 1)
  35.  United Arab Emirates 0.903 (Increase 2)
  36.  Czech Republic 0.903 (Steady)
  37.  Barbados 0.903 (Increase 2)
  38.  Malta 0.902 (Decrease 3)

Countries not included

Some countries were not included for various reasons, such as being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication. Besides the states with limited recognition, the following states were also not included.

Africa

Asia

Europe

Oceania

2008 statistical update

A new index was released on December 18, 2008. This so-called "statistical update" covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report. The update is relevant due to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities (PPP), implying substantial adjustments for many countries, resulting in changes in HDI values and, in many cases, HDI ranks.[30]

  1.  Iceland 0.968 (Steady)
  2.  Norway 0.968 (Steady)
  3.  Canada 0.967 (Increase 1)
  4.  Australia 0.965 (Decrease 1)
  5.  Ireland 0.960 (Steady)
  6.  Netherlands 0.958 (Increase 3)
  7.  Sweden 0.958 (Decrease 1)
  8.  Japan 0.956 (Steady)
  9.  Luxembourg 0.956 (Increase 9)
  10.   Switzerland 0.955 (Decrease 3)
  11.  France 0.955 (Decrease 1)
  12.  Finland 0.954 (Decrease 1)
  13.  Denmark 0.952 (Increase 1)
  14.  Austria 0.951 (Increase 1)
  15.  United States 0.950 (Decrease 3)
  16.  Spain 0.949 (Decrease 3)
  17.  Belgium 0.948 (Decrease 1)
  18.  Greece 0.947 (Increase 6)
  19.  Italy 0.945 (Increase 1)
  20.  New Zealand 0.944 (Decrease 1)
  21.  United Kingdom 0.942 (Decrease 4)
  22.  Hong Kong 0.942 (Decrease 1)
  23.  Germany 0.940 (Decrease 1)
  24.  Israel 0.930 (Decrease 1)
  25.  South Korea 0.928 (Increase 1)
  26.  Slovenia 0.923 (Increase 1)
  27.  Brunei 0.919 (Increase 3)
  28.  Singapore 0.918 (Decrease 3)
  29.  Kuwait 0.912 (Increase 4)
  30.  Cyprus 0.912 (Decrease 2)
  31.  United Arab Emirates 0.903 (Increase 8)
  32.  Bahrain 0.902 (Increase 9)[31]
  33.  Portugal 0.900 (Decrease 4)

Countries not included

Some countries were not included for various reasons, such as being a non-UN member, unable, or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication. Besides the states with limited recognition, the following states were also not included.[32]

Africa

Asia

Europe

Oceania

2007/2008 report

The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 was launched in Brasília, Brazil, on November 27, 2007. Its focus was on "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world."[33] Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member states choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics.

The report showed a small increase in world HDI in comparison with last year's report. This rise was fueled by a general improvement in the developing world, especially of the least developed countries group. This marked improvement at the bottom was offset with a decrease in HDI of high income countries.

A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent "low development". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the "medium development" group.

A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent "high development". This includes all developed countries, such as those in North America, Western Europe, Oceania, and Eastern Asia, as well as some developing countries in Eastern Europe, Central and South America, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and the oil-rich Arabian Peninsula. Seven countries were promoted to this category this year, leaving the "medium development" group: Albania, Belarus, Brazil, Libya, Macedonia, Russia and Saudi Arabia.

On the following table, green arrows (Increase) represent an increase in ranking over the previous study, while red arrows (Decrease) represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes (Steady) represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study.

  1.  Iceland 0.968 (Increase 1)
  2.  Norway 0.968 (Decrease 1)
  3.  Australia 0.962 (Steady)
  4.  Canada 0.961 (Increase 2)
  5.  Ireland 0.959 (Decrease 1)
  6.  Sweden 0.956 (Decrease 1)
  7.   Switzerland 0.955 (Increase 2)
  8.  Japan 0.953 (Decrease 1)
  9.  Netherlands 0.953 (Increase 1)
  10.  France 0.952 (Increase 6)
  11.  Finland 0.952 (Steady)
  12.  United States 0.951 (Decrease 4)
  13.  Spain 0.949 (Increase 6)
  14.  Denmark 0.949 (Increase 1)
  15.  Austria 0.948 (Decrease 1)
  16.  Belgium 0.946 (Decrease 4)
  17.  United Kingdom 0.946 (Increase 1)
  18.  Luxembourg 0.944 (Decrease 6)
  19.  New Zealand 0.943 (Increase 1)
  20.  Italy 0.941 (Decrease 3)
  21.  Hong Kong 0.937 (Increase 1)
  22.  Germany 0.935 (Increase 1)
  23.  Israel 0.932 (Steady)
  24.  Greece 0.926 (Steady)
  25.  Singapore 0.922 (Steady)
  26.  South Korea 0.921 (Steady)
  27.  Slovenia 0.917 (Steady)
  28.  Cyprus 0.903 (Increase 1)
  29.  Portugal 0.897 (Decrease 1)
  30.  Brunei 0.894 (Increase 4)[34]

Past top countries

The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest twelve times, Canada eight times, followed by Japan which has been ranked highest three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice.

In each original report

The year represents when the report was published. In parentheses is the year for which the index was calculated.

Criticism

The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called "Western models of development", failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high' human development countries.[35]

Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI.[35] They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify a country’s development status and conclude that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. The authors suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because - they claim - the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and have the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large. In 2010 the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a comment to The Economist in early January 2011, the Human Development Report Office responded[36] to a January 6, 2011 article in the magazine[37] which discusses the Wolff et al. paper. The Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the HDI and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by Wolff et al. in that it generates a system for continuous updating of the human development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place.

Geographical coverage

The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries.[38][39]

Country/region specific HDI lists

See also

Notes and references

  1. Fukuda-Parr, Sakiko (2003). "The Human Development Paradigm: operationalizing Sen’s ideas on capabilities". Feminist Economics 9 (2–3): 301–317. doi:10.1080/1354570022000077980.
  2. United Nations Development Programme (1999). Human Development Report 1999. New York: Oxford University Press.
  3. "Human Development Report 2010". UNDP. 4 November 2010.
  4. "Technical notes" (PDF). UNDP. 2013.
  5. Mean years of schooling (of adults) (years) is a calculation of the average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older in their lifetime based on education attainment levels of the population converted into years of schooling based on theoretical duration of each level of education attended. Source: Barro, R. J.; Lee, J.-W. (2010). "A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950–2010". NBER Working Paper No. 15902.
  6. (ESYI is a calculation of the number of years a child is expected to attend school, or university, including the years spent on repetition. It is the sum of the age-specific enrollment ratios for primary, secondary, post-secondary non-tertiary and tertiary education and is calculated assuming the prevailing patterns of age-specific enrollment rates were to stay the same throughout the child’s life. Expected years of schooling is capped at 18 years. (Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2010). Correspondence on education indicators. March. Montreal.)
  7. Definition, Calculator, etc. at UNDP site Archived December 20, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  8. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf
  9. The UN does not calculate the HDI of Macau. The government of Macau calculates its own HDI.Macau in Figures, 2015
  10. Taiwan's government calculated its HDI to be 0.882, based on 2010 new methodology of UNDP. "2011中華民國人類發展指數 (HDI)" (PDF) (in Chinese). Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-21.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Human Development Report 2015 – "Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience"" (PDF). HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  12. The UN does not calculate the HDI of Macau. The government of Macau calculates its own HDI. Macau in Figures, 2015
  13. The UN does not recognize the Republic of China (Taiwan) as a sovereign state. The HDI report does not include Taiwan as part of the People's Republic of China when calculating China's figures. Taiwan's government calculated its HDI to be 0.882, based on 2010 new methodology of UNDP. "2011中華民國人類發展指數 (HDI)" (PDF) (in Chinese). Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-21.
  14. 1 2 3 http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-report-en-1.pdf
  15. The UN does not calculate the HDI of Macau. The government of Macau calculates its own HDI.Macau in Figures, 2015
  16. Taiwan's government calculated its HDI to be 0.882, based on 2010 new methodology of UNDP. "2011中華民國人類發展指數 (HDI)" (PDF) (in Chinese). Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-21.
  17. 1 2 3 4 "Human Development Report 2014 – "Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience"". HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
  18. The UN does not calculate the HDI of Macau. The government of Macau calculates its own HDI. Macau in Figures, 2015
  19. The UN does not recognize the Republic of China (Taiwan) as a sovereign state. The HDI report does not include Taiwan as part of the People's Republic of China when calculating China's figures. Taiwan's government calculated its HDI to be 0.882, based on 2010 new methodology of UNDP. "2011中華民國人類發展指數 (HDI)" (PDF) (in Chinese). Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-21.
  20. 1 2 http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf
  21. "2011 Human Development Index" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-05-30.
  22. "2011 Human Development Complete Report" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-05-30.
  23. 1 2 International Human Rights Development Indicators, UNDP
  24. "2010 Human Development Index trends, 1980–2010" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-05-30.
  25. "2010 Human Development Complete Report" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-05-30.
  26. "Human Development Report 2010" (PDF). UNDP. pp. 152–155. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
  27. "Samoa left out of UNDP index", Samoa Observer, January 22, 2010
  28. Cuba country profile, UNDP
  29. "Human Development Report 2009" (PDF). UNDP. pp. 167–174. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
  30. "News – Human Development Reports (UNDP)". Hdr.undp.org. 2008-12-18. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
  31. "Human Development Indices: A statistical update 2008". UNDP. p. 29. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
  32. "Human Development Indices: A statistical update 2008". UNDP. p. 32. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
  33. "Human Development Report 2007/2008" (PDF). UNDP. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
  34. "Human Development Report 2007/2008" (PDF). UNDP. p. 229. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
  35. 1 2 Wolff, Hendrik; Chong, Howard; Auffhammer, Maximilian (2011). "Classification, Detection and Consequences of Data Error: Evidence from the Human Development Index". Economic Journal 121 (553): 843–870. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02408.x.
  36. "UNDP Human Development Report Office's comments". The Economist. January 2011.
  37. "The Economist (pages 60–61 in the issue of Jan 8, 2011)". January 6, 2011.
  38. Hastings, David A. (2009). "Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index". United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Working Paper WP/09/02.
  39. Hastings, David A. (2011). "A "Classic" Human Development Index with 232 Countries". HumanSecurityIndex.org. Information Note linked to data

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