Global Hunger Index

The Global Hunger Index (GHI) is a multidimensional statistical tool used to describe the state of countries’ hunger situation. The GHI measures progress and failures in the global fight against hunger.[1][2] The GHI is updated once a year.

The Index was adopted and further developed by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), and was first published in 2006 with the Welthungerhilfe, a German non-profit organization (NGO). Since 2007, the Irish NGO Concern Worldwide joined the group as co-publisher.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

The 2015 GHI was calculated for 117 developing countries and countries in transition, 80 of which with alarming or serious hunger levels.[13]

In addition to the ranking, the Global Hunger Index report every year focuses on a main topic: in 2015 the thematic focus was on armed conflict and its relation to hunger.[13]

Topics of previous years included:

In addition to the yearly GHI, the Hunger Index for the States of India (ISHI) was published in 2008[19] and the Sub-National Hunger Index for Ethiopia was published in 2009.[20]

An interactive map allows users to visualize the data for different years and zoom into specific regions or countries.

Calculation of the Index

The Index ranks countries on a 100-point scale, with 0 being the best score (no hunger) and 100 being the worst, although neither of these extremes is reached in practice. Values less than 10.0 reflect low hunger, values from 10.0 to 19.9 reflect moderate hunger, values from 20.0 to 34.9 indicate serious hunger, values from 35.0 to 49.9 reflect alarming hunger, and values of 50.0 or more reflect extremely alarming hunger levels.[13]

The GHI combines 4 component indicators: 1) the proportion of the undernourished as a percentage of the population; 2) the proportion of children under the age of five suffering from wasting; 3) the proportion of children under the age of five suffering from stunting; 4) the mortality rate of children under the age of five.[GHI2015 1]

The data and projections used for the 2015 GHI are for the period from 2010 and 2016—the most recent available data for the four components of the GHI. The data on the proportion of undernourished come from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) and include authors' estimates.[21] Data on child wasting and stunting are collected from UNICEF, the World Health Organization, the World Bank, WHO, MEASURE DHS, the Indian Ministry of Women and Child Development, and also include the authors’ own estimates.[GHI2015 2] Data on child mortality are from the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation.[22]

Global and regional trends

The 2015 Global Hunger Index for the developing world is 21.7. Although this hunger level is still considered serious, it is 27 percent lower than the 2000 GHI, representing an improvement.[13]

According to the 2015 GHI, among regions, hunger is highest in Africa south of the Sahara and South Asia. Africa south of the Sahara has a GHI of 32.2, while South Asia’s is 29.4. Both regions’ GHI scores reflect serious levels of hunger. In East Asia and Southeast Asia, the situation continues to improve. The 2015 GHI for the region is 13.2, reflecting moderate levels of hunger. In the Near East and North Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, the GHI scores (ranging from 8.0 to 13.2) reflect low to moderate levels of hunger.[13]

The food and hunger situation in several countries (Central African Republic, Chad, Zambia, Timor-Leste, Sierra Leone, Haiti, Madagascar, and Afghanistan) is still “alarming,” according to the 2015 GHI. Since 2000, Rwanda, Angola, and Ethiopia have seen the biggest absolute reductions in hunger, with GHI scores down by between 25 and 28 points in each country.[13]

Ranking

Countries with extremely alarming (GHI ≥ 50), or alarming (GHI between 35.0 and 49.9) hunger situation
Global Hunger Index[12]
Rank Country 1990 2000 2014
1 Central African Republic 51.9 51.4 46.9
2 Chad 65 52 46.4
3 Zambia 47 50.9 41.1
4 Timor-Leste — — 40.7
5 Sierra Leone 58.8 53.5 38.9
6 Haiti 52.1 42.8 37.3
7 Madagascar 44.8 44.1 36.3
8 Afghanistan 47.4 52.5 35.4
Countries with serious (GHI between 34.9 and 20) hunger situation
Rank Country 2014
9  Niger 34.5
10  Yemen 34.2
11  Pakistan 33.9
12  Ethiopia 33.9
13  Djibouti 33.2
14  Nigeria 32.8
15  Angola 32.6
16  Mozambique 32.5
17  Namibia 31.8
18  Burkina Faso 31.8
19  Zimbabwe 30.8
20  Liberia 30.8
21  Tajikistan 30.3
22  Rwanda 30.3
23  Guinea-Bissau 30.3
24  Mali 29.6
25  India 29
26  North Korea 28.8
27  Guinea 28.8
28  Tanzania 28.7
29  Laos 28.5
30  Uganda 27.6
31  Malawi 27.3
32  Bangladesh 27.3
33  Congo 26.6
34  Côte d'Ivoire 26.3
35  Swaziland 26
36  Sri Lanka 25.5
37  Cameroon 24.2
38  Kenya 24
39  Myanmar 23.5
40  Lesotho 23.5
41  Senegal 23.2
42  Botswana 23.1
43  Togo 23
44  Mauritania 22.6
45  Cambodia 22.6
46    Nepal 22.2
47  Iraq 22.2
48  Indonesia 22.1
49  Benin 21.8
50  Gambia 21.5
51  Guatemala 21.1
52  Philippines 20.1

The Global Hunger Index is composed of the proportion of the undernourished as a percentage of the population, the prevalence of underweight children under the age of five and the mortality rate of children under the age of five (calculated average, in percentages).

The 2015 GHI score could not be calculated for Burundi, Comoros, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Papua New Guinea, South Sudan, Sudan, and Syria, because of a lack of data on undernourishment.[GHI2015 3]

Focus 2015: Armed Conflict and Chronic Hunger

The chapter on hunger and conflict shows that the time of the great famines with more than 1 million people dead is over. There is, however, a clear connection between armed conflict and severe hunger. Most of the countries scoring worst in the 2015 GHI, are experiencing armed conflict or have in recent years. Still, severe hunger exists also without conflict present as the cases of several countries in South Asia and Africa show.

Since 2005 and increase in armed conflict can be seen. Unless armed conflicts can be reduced there is little hope for overcoming hunger.[GHI2015 4]

Focus of the GHI 2014: Hidden Hunger

Hidden hunger concerns over 200 million people worldwide. This micronutrient deficiency develops when humans do not take in enough micronutrients such as zinc, folate, iron and vitamins, or when their bodies cannot absorb them. Reasons include an unbalanced diet, a higher need for micronutrients (e.g. during pregnancy or while breast feeding) but also health issues related to sickness, infections or parasites.

The consequences for individuals can be devastating: these often include mental impairment, bad health, low productivity and death caused by sickness. In particular, children are affected if they do not absorb enough micronutrients in the first 1000 days of their lives (beginning with conception).[GHI2014 1]

Micronutrient deficiencies are responsible for an estimated 1.1 million of the yearly 3.1 million death caused by undernutrition in children. Despite the magnitude of the problem, it is still not easy to get precise data on the spread of hidden hunger. Macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies cause a loss in global productivity of 1.4 to 2.1 billion US Dollars per year.[23]

Different measures exist to prevent hidden hunger. It is essential to ensure that humans maintain a diverse diet. The quality of produce is as important as the caloric input. This can be achieved by promoting the production of a wide variety of nutrient-rich plants and the creation of house gardens.

Other possible solutions are the industrial enrichment of food or biofortification of feedplants (e.g. vitamin A rich sweet potatoes). In the case of acute nutrient deficiency and in specific life phases, food supplements can be used. In particular, the addition of vitamin A leads to a better child survival rate.[GHI2014 2]

Generally, the situation concerning hidden hunger can only be improved when many measures intermesh. In addition to the direct measures described above, this includes the education and empowerment of women, the creation of better sanitation and adequate hygiene, and access to clean drinking water and health services.

Focus of the GHI 2013: Resilience to build food and nutrition security

Many of the countries, in which the hunger situation is "alarming" or "extremely alarming", are particularly prone to crises: In the African Sahel people experience yearly droughts. On top of that, they have to deal with violent conflict and natural calamities. At the same time, the global context becomes more and more volatile (financial and economic crises, food price crises).

The inability to cope with these crises leads to the destruction of many development successes that had been achieved over the years. In addition, people have even less resources to withstand the next shock or crises. 2.6 billion people in the world live with less than 2 USD per day. For them, a sickness in the family, crop failure after a drought or the interruption of remittances from relatives who live abroad can set in motion a downward spiral from which they cannot free themselves on their own.

It is therefore not enough to support people in emergencies and, once the crises is over, to start longer term development efforts. Instead, emergency and development assistance has to be conceptualized with the goal of increasing resilience of poor people against these shocks.

The Global Hunger Index differentiates three coping strategies. The lower the intensity of the crises, the less resources have to be used to cope with the consequences:[GHI2013 1]

Based on this analysis the authors present several policy recommendations:[GHI2013 2]

Focus of the GHI 2012: Pressures on land, water and energy resources

Increasingly, Hunger is related to how we use land, water and energy. The growing scarcity of these resources puts more and more pressure on food security. Several factors contribute to an increasing shortage of natural resources:[GHI2012 1]

  1. Demographic change: The world population is expected to be over 9 billion by 2050. Additionally, more and more people live in cities. Urban populations feed themselves differently than inhabitants of rural areas; they tend to consume less staple foods and more meat and dairy products.
  2. Higher income and non-sustainable use of resources: As the global economy grows, wealthy people consume more food and goods, which have to be produced with a lot of water and energy. They can afford not to be efficient and wasteful in their use of resources.
  3. Bad policies and weak institutions: When policies, for example energy policy, are not tested for the consequences they have on the availability of land and water it can lead to failures. An example are the biofuel policies of industrialized countries: As corn and sugar are increasingly used for the production of fuels, there is less land and water for the production of food.

Signs for an increasing scarcity of energy, land and water resources are for example: growing prices for food and energy, a massive increase of large-scale investment in arable land (so-called land grabbing), increasing degradation of arable land because of too intensive land use (for example, increasing desertification), increasing number of people, who live in regions with lowering ground water levels, and the loss of arable land as a consequence of climate change. The analysis of the global conditions lead the authors of the GHI 2012 to recommend several policy actions:[16]

Focus of the GHI 2011: Rising and volatile food prices

The report cites 3 factors as the main reasons for high volatility, or price changes, and price spikes of food:

Volatility and prices increases are worsened according to the report by the concentration of staple foods in a few countries and export restrictions of these goods, the historical low of worldwide cereal reserves and the lack of timely information on food products, reserves and price developments. Especially this lack of information can lead to overreactions in the markets. Moreover, seasonal limitations on production possibilities, limited land for agricultural production, limited access to fertilizers and water, as well as the increasing demand resulting from population growth, puts pressure on food prices.

According to the Global Hunger Index 2011 price trends show especially harsh consequences for poor and under-nourished people, because they are not capable to react to price spikes and price changes. Reactions, following these developments, can include: reduced calorie intake, no longer sending children to school, riskier income generation such as prostitution, criminality, or searching landfills, and sending away household members, who cannot be fed anymore. In addition, the report sees an all-time high in the instability and unpredictability of food prices, which after decades of slight decrease, increasingly show price spikes (strong and short-term increase).[GHI2011 1][GHI2011 2]

At a national level, especially food importing countries (those with a negative food trade balance, are affected by the changing prices.

Focus of the GHI 2010: Early Childhood Under-nutrition

Under-nutrition among children has reached terrible levels. About 195 million children under the age of five in the developing world – about one in three children - are too small and thus underdeveloped. Nearly one in four children under age five – 129 million – is underweight, and one in 10 is severely underweight. The problem of child under-nutrition is concentrated in a few countries and regions with more than 90 percent of stunted children living in Africa and Asia. 42% of the world’s undernourished children live in India alone.

The evidence presented in the report[24] [25] shows that the window of opportunity for improving nutrition spans is the 1,000 days between conception and a child’s second birthday (that is the period from -9 to +24 months). Children who are do not receive adequate nutrition during this period have increased risks to experiencing lifelong damage, including poor physical and cognitive development, poor health, and even early death. The consequences of malnutrition that occurred after 24 months of a child's life are by contrast largely reversible.[7]

Other activities

IFPRI is a partner in Compact2025, a partnership that develops and disseminates evidence-based advice to politicians and other decision-makers aimed at ending hunger and undernutrition in the coming 10 years.[26] The Compact2025 uses GHI data.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Global hunger worsening, warns UN". BBC (Europe). 14 October 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
  2. ↑ "Map: The World's Hunger Problem". The Washington Post. 12 October 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-20.
  3. ↑ IFPRI/ Welthungerhilfe: The Challenge of Hunger − Global Hunger Index: Facts, determinants, and trends. Case studies of post conflict countries of Afghanistan and Sierra Leone. Bonn, October 2006.
  4. ↑ IFPRI/ Concern/ Welthungerhilfe: The Challenge of Hunger 2007 − Global Hunger Index: Facts, determinants, and trends 2007. Measures being taken to reduce acute undernourishment and chronic hunger. Bonn, October 2007.
  5. ↑ IFPRI/ Concern/ Welthungerhilfe: Global Hunger Index − The Challenge of Hunger 2008. Bonn, Washington D.C., Dublin. October 2008.
  6. ↑ IFPRI/ Concern/ Welthungerhilfe: 2009 Global Hunger Index − The Challenge of Hunger: Focus on Financial Crisis and Gender Inequality. Bonn, Washington D. C., Dublin. October 2009.
  7. 1 2 IFPRI/ Concern/ Welthungerhilfe: 2010 Global Hunger Index The challenge of hunger: Focus on the crisis of child undernutrition. Bonn, Washington D. C., Dublin. October 2011.
  8. ↑ IFPRI/ Concern/ Welthungerhilfe: 2011 Global Hunger Index - The challenge of hunger: Taming Price Spikes and Excessive Food Price Volatility. Bonn, Washington D. C., Dublin. October 2011.
  9. ↑ IFPRI/ Concern/ Welthungerhilfe: 2012 Global Hunger Index - The challenge of hunger: Ensuring sustainable food security under land, water, and energy stresses. Bonn, Washington D. C., Dublin. October 2012.
  10. ↑ Welthungerhilfe, IFPRI, and Concern Worldwide: 2013 Global Hunger Index - The challenge of hunger: Building Resilience to Achieve Food and Nutrition Security. Bonn, Washington D. C., Dublin. October 2013.
  11. ↑ Welthungerhilfe, IFPRI, and Concern Worldwide: 2014 Global Hunger Index - The challenge of hidden hunger. Bonn, Washington D. C., Dublin. October 2014.
  12. 1 2 K. von Grebmer, J. Bernstein, A. de Waal, N. Prasai, S. Yin, Y. Yohannes: 2015 Global Hunger Index - Armed Conflict and the Challenge of Hunger. Bonn, Washington D. C., Dublin: Welthungerhilfe, IFPRI, and Concern Worldwide. October 2015.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Welthungerhilfe, IFPRI, and Concern Worldwide. 2015. 2015 Global Hunger Index: Synopsis. Issue Brief No. 88. Washington, DC. October 2015
  14. ↑ International Food Policy Institute. 2010. 2010 Global Hunger Index. Issue Brief No. 65. Washington, DC
  15. ↑ IFPRI/ Welthungerhilfe/ Concern. 2011. 2011 Global Hunger Index. Issue Brief No. 69. Washington, DC
  16. 1 2 IFPRI/ Welthungerhilfe/ Concern. 2012. 2012 Global Hunger Index. Issue Brief No. 70. Washington, DC
  17. ↑ Welthungerhilfe, IFPRI, and Concern Worldwide. 2013. 2013 Global Hunger Index. Issue Brief No. 79. Washington, DC
  18. ↑ Welthungerhilfe, IFPRI, and Concern Worldwide. 2014. 2014 Global Hunger Index. Issue Brief No. 83. Washington, DC
  19. ↑ Menon, Purnima / Deolalikar, Anil / Bhaskar, Anjor: India State Hunger Index (2009): Comparison of Hunger Across States
  20. ↑ Schmidt, Emily / Dorosh, Paul (October 2009): A Sub-National Index for Ethiopia: Assessing Progress in Region-Level Outcomes. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI): ESSP-II Discussion Paper 5
  21. ↑ FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2015. Food Security Indicators (Updated May 27, 2015). . Rome.
  22. ↑ IGME (Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation). 2014. Child Mortality Estimates Info, Under-five Mortality Estimates. (Updated September 16, 2014). .
  23. ↑ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2013 The State of Food and Agriculture: Food Systems for Better Nutrition. Rome.
  24. ↑ Victora, C. G., L. Adair, C. Fall, P. C. Hallal, R. Martorell, L. Richter und H. Singh Sachdev for the Maternal and Child Undernutrition Study Group. 2008. Maternal and child undernutrition: Consequences for adult health and human capital. "The Lancet" 371 (9609): 340–57
  25. ↑ Victora, C. G., M. de Onis, P. C. Hallal, M. Blössner und R. Shrimpton. 2010. Worldwide timing of growth faltering: Revisiting implications for interventions. "Pediatrics" 125 (3): 473.
  26. ↑ Compact2025: Ending hunger and undernutrition. 2015. Project Paper. IFPRI: Washington, DC.

K. von Grebmer, J. Bernstein, A. de Waal, N. Prasai, S. Yin, Y. Yohannes: 2015 Global Hunger Index - Armed Conflict and the Challenge of Hunger. Bonn, Washington D. C., Dublin: Welthungerhilfe, IFPRI, and Concern Worldwide. October 2015.

  1. ↑ Chapter 1: The Concept of the Global Hunger Index
  2. ↑ Chapter 1: The Concept of the Global Hunger Index
  3. ↑ Chapter 1: The Concept of the Global Hunger Index
  4. ↑ Chapter 3: Armed Conflict and the Challenge of Hunger: Is an End in Sight?

K. von Grebmer; A. Saltzman; E. Birol; D. Wiesmann; N. Prasai; S. Yin; Y. Yohannes; P. Menon; J. Thompson; A. Sonntag. 2014. 2014 Global Hunger Index: The challenge of hidden hunger. Bonn, Washington, DC, and Dublin: Welthungerhilfe, IFPRI, and Concern Worldwide.

  1. ↑ Chapter 3: Addressing the Challenge of Hidden Hunger
  2. ↑ Chapter 3: Addressing the Challenge of Hidden Hunger

Prasai, Nilam. 2014. Global Hunger Index 2014: Interactive Tool Web application created with Tableau software 8.2. Retrieved from http://www.ifpri.org/tools/2014-ghi-map (access date).

von Grebmer, Klaus; Headey, Derek; Béné, Christophe; Haddad, Lawrence; Olofinbiyi, Tolulope; Wiesmann, Doris; Fritschel, Heidi; Yin, Sandra; Yohannes, Yisehac; Foley, Connell; von Oppeln, Constanze; and Iseli, Bettina. 2013. 2013 Global Hunger Index: The challenge of hunger: Building resilience to achieve food and nutrition security. Bonn, Washington, DC, and Dublin: Welthungerhilfe, IFPRI, and Concern Worldwide.

  1. ↑ Chapter 3: Understanding Resilience for Food and Nutrition Security
  2. ↑ Chapter 5: Policy Recommendations

Klaus von Grebmer, Claudia Ringler, Mark W. Rosegrant, Tolulope Olofinbiyi, Doris Wiesmann, Heidi Fritschel, Ousmane Badiane, Maximo Torero, Yisehac Yohannes (IFPRI); Jennifer Thompson (Concern Worldwide); Constanze von Oppeln, Joseph Rahall (Welthungerhilfe and Green Scenery): 2012 Global Hunger Index - The challenge of hunger: Ensuring sustainable food security under land, water, and energy stresses. Washington, DC. October 2012.

  1. ↑ Chapter 3: 'Sustainable food security under land, water, and energy stresses', pages 25-26

Klaus von Grebmer, Maximo Torero, Tolulope Olofinbiyi, Heidi Fritschel, Doris Wiesmann, Yisehac Yohannes (IFPRI); Lilly Schofield, Constanze von Oppeln (Concern Worldwide und Welthungerhilfe): 2011 Global Hunger Index - The challenge of hunger: Taming Price Spikes and Excessive Food Price Volatility. Bonn, Washington D. C., Dublin. October 2011.

  1. ↑ Chapter 3: Combating Hunger in a World of High and Volatile Food Prices
  2. ↑ Chapter 4: The Impacts of Food Price Spikes and Volatility at Local Levels, pages 20–41

Further reading

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Monday, April 25, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.