Economy of Alaska

Economy of Alaska

The Trans-Alaska Pipeline transports oil, Alaska's most important export, from the North Slope to Valdez.
Statistics
GDP	$49,120,000,000[1]
GDP per capita	$44,174[2]
Population below poverty line	15.7%[3]
Gini coefficient	.422[4]
Labour force	372,900 [5]
Unemployment	5.9%[6]
Public finances
Revenues	4,517,927,000[7]
Expenses	5,437,000,000[8]

The 2007 gross state product was $44.9 billion, 45th in the nation. Its per capita personal income for 2007 was $40,042, ranking 15th in the nation. The state's economy has been described by University of Alaska Anchorage economist Scott Goldsmith as a "three-legged stool" - with one leg being the petroleum and gas industry, the second leg being the federal government and the third leg being all other industries and services. Between 2004 and 2006, the federal government was responsible for 135,000 Alaska jobs, the petroleum sector provided 110,000 jobs and all other industries and services combined for 122,000 jobs.^[9]

Alaska's main export product after oil and natural gas is seafood, primarily salmon, cod, Pollock and crab.

Agriculture represents only a fraction of the Alaskan economy. Agricultural production is primarily for consumption within the state and includes nursery stock, dairy products, vegetables, and livestock. Manufacturing is limited, with most foodstuffs and general goods imported from elsewhere.

Employment is primarily in government and industries such as natural resource extraction, shipping, and transportation. Military bases are a significant component of the economy in both Fairbanks and Anchorage. Federal subsidies are also an important part of the economy, allowing the state to keep taxes low. Its industrial outputs are crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products. There is also a growing service and tourism sector. Tourists have contributed to the economy by supporting local lodging.

Economic sectors

Energy

Alaska proven oil reserves peaked in 1973 and have declined more than 60% since then.

Alaska oil production peaked in 1988 and has declined more than 65% since then.

Alaska has vast energy resources. Major oil and gas reserves are found in the Alaska North Slope (ANS) and Cook Inlet basins. According to the Energy Information Administration, Alaska ranks second in the nation in crude oil production. Prudhoe Bay on Alaska's North Slope is the highest yielding oil field in the United States and on North America, typically producing about 400,000 barrels per day (64,000 m³/d).

The Trans-Alaska Pipeline can pump up to 2.1 million barrels (330,000 m³) of crude oil per day, more than any other crude oil pipeline in the United States. Additionally, substantial coal deposits are found in Alaska's bituminous, sub-bituminous, and lignite coal basins. The United States Geological Survey estimates that there are 85.4 trillion cubic feet (2,420 km³) of undiscovered, technically recoverable gas from natural gas hydrates on the Alaskan North Slope.^[10] Alaska also offers some of the highest hydroelectric power potential in the country from its numerous rivers. Large swaths of the Alaskan coastline offer wind and geothermal energy potential as well.^[11]

Alaska's economy depends heavily on increasingly expensive diesel fuel for heating, transportation, electric power and light. Though wind and hydroelectric power are abundant and underdeveloped, proposals for statewide energy systems (e.g. with special low-cost electric interties) were judged uneconomical (at the time of the report, 2001) due to low (<$0.50/Gal) fuel prices, long distances and low population.^[12] The cost of a US gallon of gas in urban Alaska today is usually $0.30–$0.60 higher than the national average; prices in rural areas are generally significantly higher but vary widely depending on transportation costs, seasonal usage peaks, nearby petroleum development infrastructure and many other factors.

In 2012, Alaska accounted for 8.1% of American crude oil production, ranking behind Texas (30.6%), North Dakota (10.2%), and California (8.3%).^[13]

Tourism

Tourism in Alaska is a nice way to relax and see the beautiful mountain ranges, the mighty grizzly bears, watch the elk, and behold the wonders of Alaska.

Agriculture

A farm in the Matanuska Valley.

Due to the northern climate and steep terrain, relatively little farming occurs in Alaska. Most farms are in either the Matanuska Valley, about 40 miles (64 km) northeast of Anchorage, or on the Kenai Peninsula, about 60 miles (97 km) southwest of Anchorage. The short 100-day growing season limits the crops that can be grown, but the long sunny summer days make for productive growing seasons. The primary crops are potatoes, carrots, lettuce, and cabbage. Farmers exhibit produce at the Alaska State Fair. "Alaska Grown" is used as an agricultural slogan.

Alaska has an abundance of seafood, with the primary fisheries in the Bering Sea and the North Pacific, and seafood is one of the few food items that is often cheaper within the state than outside it. Many Alaskans fish the rivers during salmon season to gather significant quantities of their household diet while fishing for subsistence, sport, or both.

Hunting for subsistence, primarily caribou, moose, and Dall sheep is still common in the state, particularly in remote Bush communities. An example of a traditional native food is Akutaq, the Eskimo ice cream, which can consist of reindeer fat, seal oil, dried fish meat and local berries.

Alaska's reindeer herding is concentrated on the Seward Peninsula where wild caribou can be prevented from mingling and migrating with the domesticated reindeer.^[14]

Most food in Alaska is transported into the state from "Outside", and shipping costs make food in the cities relatively expensive. In rural areas, subsistence hunting and gathering is an essential activity because imported food is prohibitively expensive. The cost of importing food to villages begins at 7¢ per pound (15¢/kg) and rises rapidly to 50¢ per pound ($1.10/kg) or more. The cost of delivering a 1 US gallon (3.8 L) of milk is about $3.50 in many villages where per capita income can be $20,000 or less. Fuel cost can exceed $8.00 per gallon.

Permanent Fund

The Alaska Permanent Fund is a legislatively controlled appropriation established in 1976 to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from the recently constructed Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. From its initial principal of $734,000, the fund has grown to $40 billion as a result of oil royalties and capital investment programs.^[15]

Starting in 1982, dividends from the fund's annual growth have been paid out each year to eligible Alaskans, ranging from $331.29 in 1984 to $3,269.00 in 2008 (which included a one-time $1200 "Resource Rebate"). Every year, the state legislature takes out 8 percent from the earnings, puts 3 percent back into the principal for inflation proofing, and the remaining 5 percent is distributed to all qualifying Alaskans. To qualify for the Alaska State Permanent Fund one must have lived in the state for a minimum of 12 months, and maintain constant residency.^[16]

Cost of living

The cost of goods in Alaska has long been higher than in the contiguous 48 states. This has changed for the most part in Anchorage and to a lesser extent in Fairbanks, where the cost of living has dropped somewhat in the past five years. Federal government employees, particularly United States Postal Service (USPS) workers and active-duty military members, receive a Cost of Living Allowance usually set at 25% of base pay because, while the cost of living has gone down, it is still one of the highest in the country.

The introduction of big-box stores in Anchorage, Fairbanks (Wal-Mart in March 2004), and Juneau also did much to lower prices. However, rural Alaska suffers from extremely high prices for food and consumer goods, compared to the rest of the country due to the relatively limited transportation infrastructure. Many rural residents come into these cities and purchase food and goods in bulk from warehouse clubs like Costco and Sam's Club. Some have embraced the free shipping offers^[17] of some online retailers to purchase items much more cheaply than they could in their own communities, if they are available at all.

Largest employers

According to the Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development, the following were the state's largest private sector employers in 2010:^[18]

Rank	Name	Average Monthly Employment in 2010
1	Providence Health & Services	4,000+
2	Walmart/Sam's Club	3,000-3,249
3	Carrs Safeway Alaska Division	2,750-2,999
4	Fred Meyer	2,500-2,749
5	ASRC Energy Services	2,500-2,749
6	Trident Seafoods	2,250-2,499
7	BP Exploration Alaska	2,000-2,249
8	CH2M HILL	1,750-1,999
9	NANA Management Services	1,750-1,999
10	Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium	1,500-1,749
11	Alaska Airlines	1,500-1,749
12	GCI Communications	1,250-1,499
13	Banner Health (including Fairbanks Memorial Hospital)	1,250-1,499
14	Southcentral Foundation	1,250-1,499
15	Yukon-Kuskokwim Health Corporation	1,000-1,249
16	FedEx	1,000-1,249
17	ConocoPhillips Alaska	1,000-1,249
18	Alaska USA Federal Credit Union	1,000-1,249
19	United Parcel Service (UPS)	1,000-1,249
20	McDonald's Restaurants of Alaska	750-999
21	Wells Fargo	750-999
22	Doyon Universal Services	750-999
23	Home Depot	750-999
24	Alaska Regional Hospital	750-999
25	The Alaska Club	750-999
26	Icicle Seafoods	750-999
27	Southeast Alaska Regional Health Consortium (SEARHC)	750-999
28	Hope Community Resources	750-999
29	UniSea	750-999
30	Alaska Commercial Company	750-999
31	Costco	750-999
32	Spenard Builders Supply	750-999
33	Lowe's	750-999
34	Alyeska Pipeline Service Company	750-999
35	Alaska Communications Systems (ACS)	500-749
36	First National Bank Alaska	500-749
37	Central Peninsula Hospital	500-749
38	First Student	500-749
39	Westward Seafoods	500-749
40	Mat-Su Regional Medical Center	500-749
41	Alaska Consumer Direct Personal Care	500-749
42	Tanana Chiefs Conference	500-749
43	PeterPan Seafoods	500-749
44	Udelhoven Oilfield System Services	500-749
45	Job Ready (ReadyCare)	500-749
46	Schlumberger Technologies	500-749
47	Maniilaq Association	500-749
48	Alaska Hotel Properties (Princess Lodges)	500-749
49	Alyeska Resort (includes O'Malley's on the Green)	500-749
50	Ocean Beauty Seafoods	250-499

See also

• Alaska locations by per capita income
• Hunting and fishing in Alaska

References

1. "Graph: Total Gross Domestic Product by State for Alaska (AKNGSP) – FRED – St. Louis Fed". Research.stlouisfed.org. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
2. "Graph: Per Capita Personal Income in Alaska (AKPCPI) – FRED – St. Louis Fed". Research.stlouisfed.org. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
3. "State Rankings–Statistical Abstract of the United States–Persons Below Poverty Level". Census.gov. 2013-02-20. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
4. "Gini Index of Income Inequality". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
5. http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/data/AKLFN.txt
6. http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/data/AKUR.txt
7. "State Government Tax Collections Viewable Data". Census.gov. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
8. Archived August 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
9. UA Research Summary No. 13: What Drives The Alaska Economy?, Scott Goldsmith, University of Alaska Anchorage
10. "Gas Hydrates on Alaska's North Slope". Usgs.gov. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
11. "EIA State Energy Profiles: Alaska". 2008-06-12. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
12. Screening Report for Alaska Rural Energy Plan, April, 2001 Archived September 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
13. "State Energy Data System (SEDS): 1960-2012 (Complete)". 2014-06-27. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
14. "Reindeer Herding". Reindeer.salrm.uaf.edu. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
15. Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation
16. "State of Alaska Permanent Fund Division". Pfd.state.ak.us. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
17. FreeShipping.org for examples of companies offering free shipping to Alaska
18. "Alaska's 100 Largest Private Sector Employers in 2010 (July 2011 Alaska Economic Trends)." Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development (2007).