Economy of Manchester

The Beetham Tower, Manchester (right), the tallest building in the UK outside London, the Great Northern Tower (left) and the Great Northern Warehouse (centre)
Aircraft at Manchester Airport, the busiest airport outside London
The City of Manchester at night

The economy of Manchester is amongst the largest in England. Manchester is a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, Europe's 22nd largest metropolitan area. Manchester's commercial centre is in Manchester city centre, focused on Spinningfields, Mosley Street, Deansgate, King Street and Piccadilly.

Historically, the world's first industrialised city,[1] the region was once in economic and population decline.[2] In 2012 Greater Manchester South, which includes the cities of Manchester and Salford and three other metropolitan boroughs, was the largest NUTS3 area outside London in economic terms, and growth was 3.8% vs the Core Cities average of 2%.[3] Between 2002 and 2012 Greater Manchester South grew 45% vs. national growth of 44%.[4] Meanwhile, the 2011 census also showed that Manchester was the fastest growing city in the UK in terms of population.[5][6] Manchester is also a city of contrast, where some of the UK's most deprived and most affluent neighbourhoods can be found.[7][8] According to the 2010 Indices of Multiple Deprivation Manchester is the 4th most deprived local authority in the England.[9] On the other hand, Greater Manchester is home to more multi-millionaires than anywhere outside London, with the City of Manchester taking up most of the tally.[10] In 2013 Manchester was ranked 6th in the UK for quality of life, according to a rating of the UK's 12 largest cities.[11]

Manchester is considered to be a 'beta' global city, rated as the second most globally influential city in the UK after London.[12] The region is now an economic knowledge-led centre, with research and enterprise clustered around the University of Manchester,[13]Template:Rp:136 where research ranked as the third most powerful in the UK behind Cambridge and Oxford.[14] Typical industry areas include: digital and creative, financial, legal and business services, biotechnology, advanced manufacturing, environmental technologies, tourism, global sports brands, media and real estate. The city is also a key location for many foreign owned companies and headquarters, and almost half of the Northwest's Top 500 businesses,.[15]Manchester City Council also plays a uniquely active role in business, where it owns key infrastructures such as a 35.5% stake in Manchester Airports Group, which owns other UK airports such as London Stansted Airport, and is the owner of the City of Manchester Stadium, home to one of the world's highest earning football clubs.[16]

Economic indices

Below is a collection of economic indices featuring Manchester. It is important to remember that while useful, surveys and indicators have limitations, and are at times subjective and incomplete. For example, no complete list of factors affecting quality of life can be created, and the way people weight these factors differs.

Quality of Life

Business

GVA

GVA for
Greater Manchester South
2002-2012[3]
Year GVA
(£ million) 		Growth (%)
2002 24,011 Increase3.8%
2003 25,063 Increase4.4%
2004 27,862 Increase11.2%
2005 28,579 Increase2.6%
2006 30,384 Increase6.3%
2007 32,011 Increase5.4%
2008 32,081 Increase0.2%
2009 33,186 Increase3.4%
2010 33,751 Increase1.7%
2011 33,468 Decrease0.8%
2012 34,755 Increase3.8%

The Office for National Statistics does not produce GVA data for the City of Manchester alone, instead the sub-region of Greater Manchester (GM) is divided into two groups of authorities to form NUTS 3 areas for statistical purposes:
Greater Manchester South (Manchester, Salford, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford)
Greater Manchester North (Bolton, Bury, Oldham, Rochdale, Wigan)

Manchester can only be analysed alongside neighbouring metropolitan boroughs within GM South, which tend to have high levels of economic coherence nevertheless; for example, Salford Central railway station is less than 150 meters (170 yards) away from the boundary of Manchester city centre whilst Salford itself has no identifiable city centre.[24]

In 2012, Greater Manchester South's GVA was £34.8bn ($61.5bn), accounting for 68.2% of the GVA of the Greater Manchester, 26.6% of the GVA of the North West and 2.5% of the GVA of the UK. Compared with other NUTS 3 areas in the UK, the economy of Greater Manchester South is exceeded only by London (comprising five NUTS 3 areas - £309.3bn), and annual GVA growth was 3.8% vs. the Core Cities average of 2%.1[3]

Total GVA and GVA per head, 2012[3]
Area GVA
(£ million) 		GVA growth (%)
2011-12 		GVA
(£ per head) 		GVA per head growth (%)
2011-12
GM South 34,755 Increase3.8% 23,476 Increase2.9%
Greater Manchester 50,991 Increase3.1% 18,870 Increase2.5%
Core Cities average1 13,752 Increase2.0% 22,452 Increase1.0%

1excluding Manchester, included Newcastle, Liverpool, Sheffield, Leeds, Nottingham, Bristol and Birmingham

Productivity

GVA per employee in Greater Manchester South is estimated to be £46,500 in 2012. Compared with other NUTS 3 city areas in the UK, Greater Manchester South ranks 4th, behind London (£75,100), Edinburgh (£54,100) and Leeds (£46,900).[25]

GVA per employee, 2012[25]
Area GVA
per worker (£) 		GVA per worker
% change 2007-12
GM South 46,500 Increase12%
Core Cities average2 40,100 Increase10.1%

2excluding Manchester, included Newcastle, Liverpool, Sheffield, Leeds, Nottingham, Bristol and Birmingham

GVA by sector

Industry breakdown, 2011[3]
Sector Value
(£ millions) 		Growth
2010-11 (%) 		% of total
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 25 Decrease8.0 <0.1
Production 3,441 Decrease1.8 10.3
of which manufacturing 2,711 Increase1.5 8.1
Construction 1,688 Decrease3.5 5.0
Distribution; transport; accommodation and food 6,613 Decrease3.1 19.8
Information and communication 1,828 Increase0.2 5.5
Financial and insurance services 3,217 Decrease15.9 9.6
Real estate activities 4,192 Increase13.1 12.5
Business service activities 4,652 Increase15.9 13.9
Public administration, education and health 6,563 Decrease0.9 19.6
Other services and household activities 1,248 Decrease5.0 3.7
Total 33,468 Decrease0.8

GDP

According to the 2012 Eurostat figures, GDP per capita (in euros) of Greater Manchester is = €27,500 just ahead the West-Midlands with €26,600 but only half the GDP per capita of Dublin €57,200 or London with €54,200.

Greater Manchester has a total GDP of €74.398 bn, West Midlands has a total GDP of €73.538 bn but less than the €85.700 bn in Greater Dublin and €450.379 bn in Greater London.

[26]

Employment, Welfare and Education

The mid-year estimate for the population of Manchester was 510,800 in 2012 and population growth on the previous year was 1.56%, the second highest of the Core Cities after Nottingham.[27] An estimated 6,402,684 people lived within 30 miles of Manchester, and 11,472,603 within 50 miles.[28] The 2011 Census also showed that between 2001 and 2011, the population of Manchester grew 19%, making it the fastest growing area in the UK outside London. Whilst the population of Manchester grew more than both Birmingham and Liverpool combined, there has also been a reversal of the traditional brain drain to the South, where some 1,600 people moved from London to Manchester in 2010.[29]

Employment

Employment Statistics (Jul 12-Jun 13)[30]
Age 16-64 Manchester
(%) 		North West
(%) 		Great Britain
(%)
Economically active 69.4 75.4 77.3
In employment 60.8 69.1 71.1
Unemployed 11.9 8.2 7.8
% of economically active who are self-employed 6.4 8.4 9.5

It would appear that Manchester has a high rate of economic inactivity, however Manchester has an above average student population size, where 39.5% of those economically inactive are students vs. the British average of 25.4%.[31]

Earnings

Earnings by workplace2 2013 [32]
Full-time workers Manchester
(£) 		North West
(£) 		Great Britain
(£)
Weekly pay (all workers) 524.9 480.5 517.8
Male 570.8 516.9 558.3
Female 485.8 432.2 459.6
Gender pay gap 14.9% 16.4% 17.7%
Hourly pay (All workers) 13.89 12.25 13.17
Male 14.48 12.73 13.80
Female 13.26 11.56 12.27
Gender pay gap 8.4% 9.2% 11.1%
Earnings by residence1 2013 [32]
Full-time workers Manchester
(£) 		North West
(£) 		Great Britain
(£)
Weekly pay (all workers) 461.6 483.2 518.1
Male 478.5 519.4 558.8
Female 432.8 432.2 459.8
Gender pay gap 9.6% 16.8% 17.7%
Hourly pay (all workers) 12.15 12.34 13.18
Male 12.23 12.84 13.80
Female 11.83 11.59 12.27
Gender pay gap 3.3% 9.7% 11.1%

1Median earnings in pounds for employees living in the area.

2Median earnings in pounds for employees working in area.

Education

General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) 2012 [33]
Manchester
(%) 		England
(%)
Pupils achieving 5+ GCSEs, A*-C 81.3 81.8
Pupils achieving 5+ GCSEs, A*-C with English and Maths 53.2 59.4
Pupils achieving no GCSEs 1.6 0.5
Qualifications 2012 [34]
Level Manchester
(%) 		North West
(%) 		Great Britain
(%)
NVQ4 and above 37.4 30.3 34.4
NVQ3 and above 56.0 52.0 55.1
NVQ2 and above 69.1 69.9 71.8
NVQ1 and above 79.5 83.1 84.0
Other qualifications 7.3 5.8 6.3
No qualifications 13.3 11.1 9.7

Business activity

As the UK economy continues to recover from the downturn experienced in 2008-10, Manchester compares favourably to other geographies. It is shown the strongest annual growth in business stock (of 5%) of all the Core Cities.[35] The city experienced a relatively sharp increase in the number of business deaths, the largest increase of all the Core Cities, however this was offset by strong growth in new businesses which resulted in a strong net growth.

Business Demography, 2012
Area Business Stock % annual change Births % annual change Deaths % annual change 5 year Survival Rates
Manchester Increase5.0% Increase6.5% 18.2% 41.5%
Greater Manchester Increase1.2% Increase2.5% 9.5% 42.4%
Core Cities average Increase3.1% Increase6.2% 4.3% 40.4%

Headquarters

Manchester is a major headquarters location, with a growing number of global, European and national headquarter offices. International property experts Cushman & Wakefield have ranked Manchester as the best city to locate a new headquarters operation largely down to ease of access to a pool of knowledge and global connectivity. Companies with global headquarters in Manchester include Umbro, PZ Cussons, and The Co-Operative Group. Manchester is also the European headquarters for companies like Brother, UAE firm Etihad Airways and India's Aegis. Kellogg's, Adidas, Siemens and Totesport are amongst hundreds of firms with national headquarters in Manchester.[36]

Manchester's ability to host major headquarter offices has been recently proven by the action taken by the BBC to move significant parts of its operation to MediaCityUK on the banks of the Manchester Ship Canal in Salford and Trafford, by the growth of shared service centres for Sainsbury's, Marks & Spencer and The Royal Bank of Scotland, and by the presence foreign language back-office teams serving more than 20 different markets.[36]

Logistics

China Airlines Cargo Boeing 747-400F departs Manchester Airport

Manchester is the preferred distribution hub for global companies like Adidas, Argos, Kellogg's, L'Oreal, Office Depot, Procter and Gamble; and major logistics firms such as Kuehne & Nagel and Wincanton. Manchester is centrally located and has more motorways than any other UK city. Every major population centre from Edinburgh to London can be reached within a four-hour drive; and 60% of UK companies are within a two-hour drive.[37]

Manchester Airport is home to the World Freight Terminal, the fifth busiest in the UK behind Heathrow, East Midlands Airport, Gatwick and Stansted, where cargo Airlines such as Cathay Pacific Cargo, China Airlines Cargo, Lufthansa Cargo and FedEx Express serve global destinations from Manchester. Following the decision by Beijing Engineering Construction Group to invest in Manchester's Airport City, freight and distribution firm DHL has agreed to relocate major operations to the site.[38]

Trafford Park, is the world's first planned industrial estate,[39] and remains the largest in Europe.[40] The site is also home to Trafford Park EuroTerminal, a rail freight terminal and a large container depot. Future enhancements of the site are entailed in the proposed £50 billion Atlantic Gateway, which could be one of the most expensive and expansive development projects in UK history. It would involve the creation of Port Salford, an inland freight terminal accessible to the Irish Sea via the Manchester Ship Canal.

Banking, finance and insurance

Spinningfields with The Royal Bank of Scotland (right)

The Manchester city region accounts for 7% of all financial services output and 10% of all employment in the UK, and over 60 banks have operations in Manchester, 40 of which are overseas-owned, making it the largest regional corporate finance and stockbroking centre in England.[41] In 2011, Manchester's financial and insurance sector was worth £3.22 billion, the 3rd largest in the United Kingdom after London and Edinburgh.[42] The city also had the sixth-largest number of employees employed in the financial and insurance sector in the United Kingdom, with more than 96,300 people employed in banking, finance and insurance, translating to 31.4% of all employees, the 2nd highest rate of all the Core Cities after Bristol.[43] Of all the 10 largest financial centres in the UK, only Manchester and Cardiff have maintained financial sector employment levels, whilst other cities sustained heavy job losses in recent years.[44]

Some notable operations in the city include The Royal Bank of Scotland, who employ 7,000 people in Manchester following a rising trend in nearshoring from London.[44] The Co-operative Group, the world's largest consumer-owned business with large banking and insurance operations was founded in Manchester in 1844. The group's headquarters have been in Manchester ever since, and its new £100 million headquarters, with One Angel Square recently declared the greenest building on earth,[45] demonstrates its commitment to long-term investment in Manchester. The Bank of New York Mellon opened its Manchester headquarters in 2005, and since then has expanded to over 1,100 employees and added a second office in Spinningfields. The bank describes Manchester as one of its "three global growth centres",[44] with the office handling £15 billion worth of transactions across 80 global money markets everyday.[46]

Spinningfields is a large new business district west of Deansgate that will serve as home to several headquarters, squares, and cafes. The first building on the site was the Royal Bank of Scotland's new headquarters. Some have speculated that Spinningfields is fast becoming the Canary Wharf of the North,[47][48] with the Financial Times noting, "London has Canary Wharf and Paris has La Défense, Manchester has its own modern financial centre in the form of Spinningfields".[49] As well as Bank of New York Mellon and The Royal Bank of Scotland, Spinningfields is the location for other banks including Barclays and HSBC, and other professional services firms such as Deloitte.

Assets which contribute to the success of Manchester's Corporate services sector include a pool of 30,000 new graduates each year from the city's universities, and Manchester Business School, which has a strong international reputation with global 1st-place rankings in some categories.[50] The city also benefits with links to world leading financial centres, with direct flights to New York, Frankfurt, Geneva and Singapore. There are high-speed trains to London every 20 minutes, and multiple shuttle flights to London Heathrow Airport. The Lord Mayor of the City of London once said "Manchester is part of the Square Mile and the Square Mile is part of Manchester".[51]

Construction

The Co-Operative Group's NOMA development currently under construction

The city and Greater Manchester region have benefited from large-scale developments such as the ongoing Metrolink expansion, the £650m MediaCityUK development and the largest development in the UK, NOMA, at a cost of £800m.[52] Future developments include the £800m Manchester Airport City, which will be the largest UK development project since the London 2012 Olympics,[53] the Etihad Campus project[54] in conjunction with Manchester City F.C. and the £50 billion Atlantic Gateway project which aims to reinvigorate the Manchester Ship Canal. The University of Manchester is also investing £1 billion in developing its campus over the next decade.[55]

Retail

The Trafford Centre is the 2nd largest shopping centre in the UK
The Manchester Arndale is the 7th largest shopping centre in the UK

The pedestrianised Market Street forms the core of the city centre's retail area. It is dominated on the north side by the Manchester Arndale and a branch of Debenhams. The city centre also has smaller centres including The Triangle, which caters to youthful and upmarket clientele, and the Royal Exchange Centre. The Shambles includes Harvey Nichols, Marks and Spencer, and Selfridges stores, as well as a number of designer boutiques. Overall, Manchester has the highest number of "premium retailers" and in 2010 turnover in Manchester city centre was £921m.[56]

Deansgate also has many shops, including department store House of Fraser (formerly Kendals), along with pubs and bars. King Street is an affluent shopping area with exclusive fashion brand stores, as well as many notable buildings preserved in a conservation area. Other hubs in the centre include St Ann's Square, and Exchange Square.

Former stores include Lewis's, Henry's, and Affleck and Brown (now Affleck's Palace).

There are various markets[57] held regularly within the city. In the run up to Christmas, the Manchester Christmas Markets[58][59] take over Albert Square, St. Ann's Square and surrounding streets. It started as a traditional German/French Christmas market, hence the large number of Glühwein & sausage stalls. This has grown year on year and boasts an increasingly wide range of stalls from Western Europe (such as the Netherlands, Italy, Spain). The markets provide food and drink into the evening extending the use of the city centre and lending a friendly spirit to Christmas shopping.

Infrastructure

Manchester is regarded as the North's only major international gateway, with a multimodal integrated transport network. The Manchester city region was ranked in the top 10 in Europe for transport links by Cushman & Wakefield's European cities monitor 2011.

Air

Main article: Manchester Airport
Manchester Airport

Manchester Airport is the third largest airport in the UK behind Heathrow and Gatwick, handling more than 20.5 million passengers between 2012–13, which is more than double the number of annual passengers of the next busiest non-London airport. It is also the fastest growing airport after Heathrow and Gatwick, with an annual growth of 9.1% between 2012-13.[60] Manchester airport serves over 200 destinations, more than any other airport in the UK, and only Amsterdam Schiphol Airport serves more foreign destinations in the global league table. Daily services fly to Europe, North America, Africa, the Middle-East and the Far-East, and the airport has been awarded the UK's best airport every year from 2008 to 2012.[61]

The airport is owned by a public sector controlled holding company, Manchester Airports Group. Manchester City Council has a majority 35.5% stake with 45% owned by the nine boroughs of Greater Manchester who all have a 5% stake and the rest by private investors. The airport employs approximately 19,000 people.[62]

Rail

Manchester Piccadilly

Manchester is served by four stations in the city centre; Manchester Piccadilly (18.5 million passengers), Manchester Victoria (9.8 million passengers), Manchester Oxford Road (8.3 million passengers) and Deansgate (0.35 million passengers), which form the Manchester station group with a combined passenger usage of 37 million passengers in 2011-12.[63] Manchester will be at the heart of the £560 million Northern Hub development, which will see all four Manchester stations connected, increased electrification of networks, increased frequencies and reduced journey times between Northern cities.[64][65]

Under government plans, Manchester Piccadilly will be connected to London via High Speed 2, a high-speed railway, by 2033. Trains will also stop at Manchester Airport. Journey times from Manchester to London are expected to reduce from 2h:08m to 1h:08m.[66]

Local Transport

The Manchester Metrolink will have the largest tram system in the UK once expansion is complete.[67]

The city is served by the UK's largest light rail network, the Metrolink, which stretches from Bury, Oldham and Rochdale in the north to Salford, Eccles to the west, Manchester Airport and Altrincham in the south and Ashton-under-Lyne to the east. There are works in place to extend the Metrolink service to Trafford Park and the Trafford Centre. The network serves key destinations including MediaCityUK, Chorlton, the Etihad Stadium, East Didsbury, Central Park and Kingsway Business Park.

The cities bus services, GM Buses were demerged in 1996 with Stagecoach Group gaining control of the GM South bus services and First Bus gaining GM Bus' gaining GM North bus services. Stagecoach Manchester is the Stagecoach Group's their largest subsidiary carrying over 87 million passengers a year and employing 1,700 staff.[68] First Greater Manchester also operate a thorough bus service in Manchester alongside Stagecoach.

Technology

Sir William Siemens House on Princess Road, West Didsbury. It is head office for Siemens Automation and Drives

Manchester is the only city on the UK to offer next generation fibre optic broadband speeds up to 100Mbit/s, and serves as a testbed for new technologies.[69] In MediaCityUK, download speeds reach 10 gigabits/second. Being at a central location in the UK, all primary telecom carriers and fibre optic networks converge through Manchester, making it a principal access point for the North of England. MaNAP - Manchester Network Access Point - is a major internet traffic hub mainly serving the Midlands and North of England, and is the only access point outside London, offering access to world networks at a much lower cost than through London.

Manchester is at the forefront of cloud computing, with companies such as Cisco, Oracle and EMC all located in the city, and IBM is currently developing virtualised environments for cloud computing in their Manchester research laboratory. Outsourcery, the UK's leading provider of cloud computing solutions and mobile-centric Unified Communications to SMEs, is headquartered in Manchester. Several hosting and colocation providers such as UKFast and Daisy Group have invested in new data centres in Manchester to support cloud computing.

Manchester is also home to a burgeoning community of digital companies, specialising in fields as diverse as SEO (search engine optimisation), web design and online PR.[70] The rise of Manchester's digital commerce scene is evidenced by the establishment of its own online hub Manchester Digital, along with websites aimed at bringing together companies and individuals involved in more specific fields, such as SEO.[71]

Tourism

Manchester is the second most visited city in England (after London) and the third most visited in the United Kingdom (behind Edinburgh).[72]

Sport

The City of Manchester Stadium which once hosted the 2002 Commonwealth Games

The city has links with Umbro and Reebok, both companies were founded nearby in Wilmslow and Bolton respectively. Another major sports apparel company, Adidas, has its UK head office in Stockport[73] and its national distribution warehouse in nearby Trafford Park[74] - both site total 60% of Adidas's UK workforce.[75]

Manchester is also popularly known for its major football clubs, Manchester City and Manchester United,[76] both have a combined revenue of €740m (Manchester City - €316.2m and Manchester United - €423.8m).[16] Both clubs popularity places Manchester as the second richest footballing city in the UK by revenue. Only London, with three clubs (€760m - total revenue of Chelsea F.C., Arsenal F.C. and Tottenham Hotspur) can boast better figures according to the 2010-11 Deloitte Money League table.

Food and drink

McVitie's factory on Stockport Road
Kellogg's UK office is based in Trafford Park

Manchester has a range of restaurants, bars, and clubs, spanning the famous "Curry Mile" in Rusholme to traditional ‘grub’. The Chinatown area of the city features many oriental foods. Modern bars and bistros line Deansgate Locks in the city centre. In addition to these there are many independent fast food retailers throughout Manchester. There are now many top class restaurants.

The city is also home to some famous food manufacturing companies. Kellogg's have based their European headquarters in Trafford Park since 1937. It is currently the largest cereal factory in the world, with Corn Flakes the most widely produced product. McVitie's also has a key production site in Stockport Road where it has been based since 1917.

References

  1. ↑ Kidd, Alan (2006). Manchester: a History. Lancaster: Carnegie Publishing. ISBN 1-85936-128-5.
    • Frangopulo, Nicholas (1977). Tradition in Action: the historical evolution of the Greater Manchester County. Wakefield: EP Publishing. ISBN 0-7158-1203-3.
    • "Manchester United in Celebration of City". European Structural Funding. 2002. Retrieved 2006-12-18.
  2. ↑ "Manchester: a phoenix rises". KPMG.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "ONS Regional GVA - December 2013". Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  4. ↑ Leeds.gov.uk
  5. ↑ "Census 2011: Five lesser-spotted things in the data". BBC News. 17 July 2012.
  6. ↑ http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/mro/news-release/census-result-shows-increase-in-population-of-london-as-it-tops-8-million/censuslondonnr0712.html
  7. ↑ http://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/500230/joint_strategic_needs_assessment/5683/south_manchester_living_in_the_area
  8. ↑ "Wealth hotspots 'outside London'". BBC News. 7 July 2004.
  9. 1 2 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/6884/1871689.xls
  10. ↑ http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/boom-city-manchester-has-more-super-rich-695230
  11. 1 2 , Opinium Research LLP on behalf of MoneySupermarket
  12. ↑ , GaWC study
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
  14. ↑ http://www.manchester.ac.uk/postgraduate/taughtdegrees/whytaught/rankingsandreputation/
  15. ↑ , Manchester.gov.uk.
  16. 1 2 Balfe, Richard. "Deloitte Football Money League 2012" (PDF). Deloitte. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  17. ↑ Beckford, Martin (14 August 2012). "London slips down list of best cities despite glorious Olympics". The Daily Telegraph.
  18. ↑ , Jon Copestake
  19. ↑ http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-08-15/melbourne-remains-most-liveable-city-in-the-world
  20. ↑ Hough, Andrew (22 February 2011). "Manchester 'better' place to live than London, global study finds". The Daily Telegraph.
  21. ↑ 25634, BikeRadar (2010), 'Cycling Cities League Table Sparks Controversy'
  22. ↑ http://www.sportbusiness.com/sportbusiness-international/five-new-cities-2014-ultimate-sports-city-shortlist
  23. ↑ Emilia Istrate and Carey Anne Nadeau (2012). ‘Global MetroMonitor’. Brookings Institution. www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3.
  24. ↑ Google Maps
  25. 1 2
  26. ↑ http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do
  27. ↑ , Population change in core cities, Manchester.gov.uk.
  28. ↑ http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-231847
  29. ↑ Manchester Evening News, 2011
  30. ↑ ONS data - employment & unemployment
  31. ↑ ONS data - Economic inactivity
  32. 1 2 |title=Labour Market Profile Manchester|url=http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/1946157083/report.aspx?town=manchester
  33. ↑ |title=Education and skills in your area|url=http://www.education.gov.uk/inyourarea/results/lea_352_wards_3.shtml#03
  34. ↑ |title=Labour Market Profile Manchester|url=http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/1946157083/report.aspx?town=manchester#tabquals
  35. ↑ http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-329345
  36. 1 2 , Invest in Manchester.
  37. ↑ , Invest in Manchester.
  38. ↑ , BBC News - DHL sign up for site in Manchester's £800m Airport City.
  39. ↑ Nicholls (1996), p. xiii
  40. ↑ http://www.trafford.gov.uk/cme/live/dynamic/DocMan2Document.asp?document_id=DD1FBEE9-38F4-4024-B10C-C0515C48C2C4
  41. ↑ http://www.cisi.org/bookmark/genericform.aspx?form=29848780&url=CentresOutsideLondon
  42. ↑ "Table 3.4, ONS Regional GVA - December 2013". Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  43. ↑ "Manchester - Employee Jobs - Area Comparison". Nomis - Official Labour Market Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
  44. 1 2 3 http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fbc83046-40a0-11e2-8f90-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2toI9PQkX
  45. ↑ http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/business/property/co-ops-headquarters-declared-greenest-building-6301000
  46. ↑ http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/business/business-news/bny-mellon---the-banking-giant-689816
  47. ↑ Harris, Joanne (30 January 2006). "The North West". The Lawyer. Retrieved 2009-04-18.
  48. ↑ Barry, Chris (8 November 2007). "New tenants in Spinningfields". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 2009-04-18.
  49. ↑ http://www.spinningfieldsonline.com/Homepage
  50. ↑ http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-ranking-2013
  51. ↑ http://www.investinmanchester.com/why-manchester/industry-strengths/finance-professional-services/
  52. ↑ http://www.co-operative.coop/estates/Developments/1AngelSquare/New-Head-Office-news/Boost-for-NOMA--the-UKs-biggest-regional-redevelopment-project/
  53. ↑ "Joint British-Chinese partners to construct new £800 million Manchester ‘Airport City’". HM Treasury. 13 October 2013.
  54. ↑ "Manchester City's 'world capital of sport' scores with Manchester city council chiefs". Manchester Evening News. 14 July 2011.
  55. ↑ http://www.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/news/display/?id=8848
  56. ↑ Williams, Zoe (30 September 2011). "We all love Manchester. But it's nothing to do with politicians". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2011-10-11.
  57. ↑ Manchester City Council. Manchester City Council - Manchester Markets. Retrieved November 8, from http://www.manchester.gov.uk/site/scripts/documents.php?categoryID=200066
  58. ↑ Manchester City Council. (8 November 2007). Manchester City Council - Christmas Markets - Feeling Festive?. Retrieved 8 November 2007, from http://www.manchester.gov.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=1654
  59. ↑ Manchester Evening News. (8 November 2007). Christmas Markets: The lowdown Retrieved 8 November 2007, from http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/entertainment/days_out/s/1023615_christmas_markets_the_lowdown
  60. ↑ http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/201310/Table_01_Size_of_UK_Airports.pdf
  61. ↑
  62. ↑ "About Our Airport and Our Group". www.manchesterairport.co.uk. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  63. ↑ , Office of Rail Regulation
  64. ↑ "Northern Hub Technical Study" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-04-13.
  65. ↑ "Rail investment proposed for North England cities". Network Rail. 16 February 2010.
  66. ↑ http://assets.dft.gov.uk/publications/hs2-decisions-and-next-steps/hs2-decisions-and-next-steps.pdf
  67. ↑ "Future extensions". Transport for Greater Manchester. Retrieved 19 May 2013. By 2016 the expansion programme will mean Greater Manchester will have the largest tram network in the UK.
  68. ↑ "Stagecoach welcomes government funding for Greater Manchester transport strategy". www.stagecoachplc.co.uk. 9 June 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  69. ↑ Wakefield, Jane (14 January 2010). "Manchester to gain fibre network". BBC News.
  70. ↑ "Manchester's Digital Swagger". Insider Media Ltd. 2 February 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
  71. ↑ "www.ManchesterSEO.org". 2 February 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
  72. ↑ "Tourists go mad for Manchester". menmedia.co.uk. 7 July 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  73. ↑ "adidas Group Careers". www.adidas-group.com. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
  74. ↑ "Adidas development boosts Trafford Park". www.dwf.co.uk. 16 January 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
  75. ↑ "99: Adidas UK". www.timesonline.co.uk. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
  76. ↑ Note: Manchester United's ground is in Greater Manchester but outside Manchester city limits; it is in the borough of Trafford
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Wednesday, May 04, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.