Eikenella corrodens
| Eikenella | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Proteobacteria |
| Class: | Beta Proteobacteria |
| Order: | Neisseriales |
| Family: | Neisseriaceae |
| Genus: | Eikenella |
| Species: | corrodens |
Eikenella corrodens is a fastidious Gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacillus. It was first identified by M. Eiken in 1958, who called it Bacteroides corrodens.[1]
Microbiology
E. corrodens is a pleomorphic bacillus that sometimes appears coccobacillary and typically creates a depression (or "pit") in the agar on which it is growing. Only half produce the pitting of the agar considered characteristic.
It grows in aerobic and anaerobic conditions, but requires an atmosphere enhanced by 3–10% carbon dioxide.
The colonies are small and greyish, they produce a greenish discoloration of the underlying agar, and smell faintly of bleach (hypochlorite).
They are oxidase-positive, catalase-negative, urease-negative, and indole-negative, and reduce nitrate to nitrite.
In 2006, Azakami et al reported that the periodontal pathogen E. corrodens have ortholog of luxS, the gene required for quorum sensing (QS) signal molecule AI-2 synthesis and E. corrodens can produce AI-2 signal for cell-to-cell communication and AI-2 has a role on biofilm formation by E. corrodens.[2] Karim et al reported that this bacteria can produce AI-2 inactivation enzyme during its stationary phase.[3] Karim et al also reported that LuxS-mediated QS may facilitate the maturation and detachment of biofilm formation in E.corrodens, which can leads to progression of periodontal disease.[4]
Medical importance
E. corrodens is a commensal of the human mouth and upper respiratory tract. It is an unusual cause of infection and when it is cultured, it is most usually found mixed with other organisms. Infections most commonly occur in patients with cancers of the head and neck,[5] but it is also common in human bite infections, especially "reverse bite", "fight bite", or "clenched fist injuries".[6] It also causes infections in insulin-dependent diabetics and intravenous drug users who lick their needles ("needle-licker's osteomyelitis").[7] It is one of the HACEK group of infections which are a cause of culture-negative endocarditis.
E. corrodens infections are typically indolent (the infection does not become clinically evident until a week or more after the injury). They also mimic anaerobic infection in being extremely foul-smelling.
Treatment
E. corrodens can be treated with penicillins, cephalosporins, or tetracyclines. It is innately resistant to macrolides (e.g., erythromycin), clindamycin, and metronidazole). It is susceptible to fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin) in vitro, but no clinical evidence is available to advocate their use in these infections.
References
- ↑ Eiken, M (1958). "Studies on an anaerobic, rodshaped, gram-negative microorganism: Bacteroides corrodens n. sp". Acta Pathologica Et Microbiologica Scandinavica 43 (4): 404–16. doi:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1958.tb04677.x. PMID 13594456.
- ↑ Azakami, Hiroyuki; Teramura, Izumi; Matsunaga, Tetsuro; Akimichi, Hiromi; Noiri, Yuichiro; Ebisu, Shigeyuki; Kato, Akio (2006). "Characterization of autoinducer 2 signal in Eikenella corrodens and its role in biofilm formation". Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 102 (2): 110–7. doi:10.1263/jbb.102.110. PMID 17027872.
- ↑ Karim, Mohammad Minnatul; Nagao, Ayako; Mansur, Fariha Jasin; Matsunaga, Tetsuro; Akakabe, Yoshihiko; Noiri, Yuichiro; Ebisu, Shigeyuki; Kato, Akio; Azakami, Hiroyuki (2013). "The Periodontopathogenic BacteriumEikenella corrodensProduces an Autoinducer-2-Inactivating Enzyme". Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 77 (5): 1080–5. doi:10.1271/bbb.130047. PMID 23649272.
- ↑ Karim, Mohammad Minnatul; Hisamoto, Tatsunori; Matsunaga, Tetsuro; Asahi, Yoko; Noiri, Yuichiro; Ebisu, Shigeyuki; Kato, Akio; Azakami, Hiroyuki (2013). "LuxS affects biofilm maturation and detachment of the periodontopathogenic bacterium Eikenella corrodens". Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 116 (3): 313–8. doi:10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.03.013. PMID 23639420.
- ↑ Sheng, W.-S.; Hsueh, P.-R.; Hung, C.-C.; Teng, L.-J.; Chen, Y.-C.; Luh, K.-T. (2001). "Clinical Features of Patients with Invasive Eikenella corrodens Infections and Microbiological Characteristics of the Causative Isolates". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infections Diseases 20 (4): 231–6. doi:10.1007/s100960100477. PMID 11399011.
- ↑ Goldstein, E. J. C. (1992). "Bite Wounds and Infection". Clinical Infectious Diseases 14 (3): 633–8. doi:10.1093/clinids/14.3.633. PMID 1562653.
- ↑ Swisher, Loice A.; Roberts, James R.; Glynn, Martin J. (1994). "Needle licker's osteomyelitis". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 12 (3): 343–6. doi:10.1016/0735-6757(94)90156-2. PMID 8179747.
External links
- Eikenella corrodens at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- "Eikenella corrodens". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 539.