Maltose

Maltose

α-Maltose

β-Maltose
Names
IUPAC name
2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyox ane-3,4,5-triol
Other names
4-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-glucose
Identifiers
69-79-4 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:17306 YesY
ChEMBL ChEMBL1234209 N
ChemSpider 388329 α-maltose YesY
6019 β-maltose YesY
EC Number 200-716-5
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
PubChem 6255
UNII 66Y63L379N YesY
Properties[1]
C12H22O11
Molar mass 342.30 g·mol−1
Appearance White powder or crystals
Density 1.54 g/cm3
Melting point 160 to 165 °C (320 to 329 °F; 433 to 438 K) (anhydrous)
102–103 °C (monohydrate)
1.080 g/mL (20 °C)
+140.7° (H2O, c = 10)
Hazards
Safety data sheet External MSDS
Related compounds
Related
 Sucrose
Lactose
Trehalose
Cellobiose
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YesYN ?)
Infobox references
Amylase reaction consisting of hydrolyzing amylose, producing maltose

Maltose (/ˈmɔːltoʊs/[2] or /ˈmɔːltoʊz/[3]), also known as maltobiose or malt sugar, is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond, formed from a condensation reaction. The isomer isomaltose has two glucose molecules linked through an α(1→6) bond. Maltose is the second member of an important biochemical series of glucose chains. Maltose is the disaccharide produced when amylase breaks down starch. It is found in germinating seeds as they break down their starch stores to use for food, which is why it was named after malt. It is also produced when glucose is caramelized.[4]

History

Maltose was discovered by Irish chemist and brewer Cornelius O'Sullivan in 1872.[5] Its name comes from malt, from Old English mealt, of Germanic origin, and the suffix '–ose', a suffix denoting names of sugars and other carbohydrates.[6]

Structure and nomenclature

Maltose is a biomolecule that belongs to the group of carbohydrates within the division of biomolecules into the three main groups: carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen C, O, H and are either polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones.

As a group, they are generally divided into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides depending on the number of sugar subunits. Maltose is an oligosaccharide, specifically a disaccharide, formed by the union of two glucose units (monosaccharide). Glucose is classified as a hexose because it is composed of six carbons. The two glucoses which compose maltose are cyclized in pyran form and are joined by an O-glycosidic bond through the first carbon (C1) of the first glucose and fourth carbon (C4) of the second glucose, indicated as (1 → 4). The link is characterized as α due to the O-glycosidic bond to the anomeric carbon (C1) being in the opposite plane from the CH
2OH substituent in the same ring (C6 of the first glucose). If the O-glycosidic bond to the anomeric carbon (C1) was in the same plane as the CH
2OH substituent, it would be classified as a β(1 → 4) bond, and the resulting molecule would be cellobiose. The anomeric carbon (C1) of the second glucose molecule, the (C1) that is not involved in a O-glycosidic bond, could be either an α- or β-anomer depending on the bond direction of the attached hydroxyl group relative to the CH
2OH substituent of the same ring, resulting in either α-maltose or β-maltose.

Due to O-glycosidic link, maltose is a disaccharide that can reduce Fehling's reagent. Furthermore, maltose can be obtained by hydrolysis of glycogen or starch, polymers of linked maltoses in position α(1 → 4) and branching in position α(1 → 6). These are very abundant and form a large number of branches. Amylase enzymes produce maltose and limit dextrin. These can be further degraded by maltase enzyme to hydrolyze maltoses as glucoses and they are ready to be degrade and obtain energy in form of ATP.

An isomer of maltose is isomaltose. This is similar to maltose but instead of bonds in position α(1 → 4), the linkage is formed in position α(1 → 6), therefore, glycogen branching is defined by isomaltose. Like maltose, isomaltose is also a reducing sugar.

Properties

Intolerance

Homopolysaccharides of glucose are broken down by maltase and isomaltase to produce glucose. The lack of the Sucrase-Isomaltase enzyme, one of the four integral glycoproteins, causes sucrose and maltose intolerance and is called Congenital Sucrase-Isomaltase Deficiency. This congenital disorder is most prominent in infancy but can develop later in life. It is caused by a recessive autosomal mutation (mostly SI and SII). Nonetheless, depending on the type of mutation there are certain degrees of intolerance. According to this degree, physicians may decide the amount of starch the patient may have to remain healthy. This intolerance begins when infants begin to eat nutrients that contain starch, mainly containing maltose. One can notice that a patient suffers from this pathology when they have “stomach cramps, bloating, excess gas production, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Upper respiratory tract and viral infections are common. These digestive problems can lead to lower than normal weight gain and growth. Possible associations are kidney stones and copper malabsorption.”[7] Further studies have shown that certain patients with different degrees of mutation can actually improve throughout the years, reaching a maximum improvement at ages 3 years and 6 months.

Sources and absorption

Maltose syrup

Maltose is a component of malt, a substance which is obtained in the process of allowing grain to soften in water and germinate. It is found in beverages, beer, cereal, pasta, potatoes and in many processed products which have been sweetened.

The production of maltose is based on the hydrolysis of starch, compound by glucose units α(1→4) and α(1→6) linked, meaning that the carbon number 1 is linked by a glycosidic bond to the carbon number 4 or 6 of the other glucose. The 1→4 linked starch part is called amylose and it is a linear polymer while the 1→4 and 1→6 linked part is the amylopectin, a branched chain polymer, being 1→6 the branching point linkages.

This kind of hydrolysis is catalyzed by enzymes called amylases,[8] classified into α-amylases and β-amylases. In the human pancreas the digestion of starch is catalyzed by an α-amylase, as the salivary enzyme. This enzyme can work with amylose and/or amylopectin, but only the interior α(1→4) glucose linkages of the amylopectin molecules as the α-amylase cannot hydrolyze the α(1→6) branching points. The futility of hydrolyzing these linkages affects the amylase action: it is weaker near them.[9]

The β-amylases are found in plants, sweet potatoes, soybeans, barley and wheat and are also in bacteria. Theses amylases produce β-maltose and β-limit dextrins, as a result of the enzyme’s futility of hydrolyzing α(1→6) branch linkages.[10]

In humans, maltose is broken down by the enzyme maltase so that there are two glucose molecules from which the glucose metabolism obtains energy.

References

  1. ↑ Weast, Robert C., ed. (1981). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (62nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. C-367. ISBN 0-8493-0462-8..
  2. ↑ Dictionary Reference: maltose
  3. ↑ Cambridge dictionary: maltose
  4. ↑ Sugisawa, Hirqshi; Edo, Hiroshi (1966). "The Thermal Degradation of Sugars I. Thermal Polymerization of Glucose". Journal of Food Science 31 (4): 561. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1966.tb01905.x.
  5. ↑ O'Sullivan, Cornelius (1872). "XXI.?On the transformation-products of starch". Journal of the Chemical Society 25: 579–588. doi:10.1039/JS8722500579. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  6. ↑ Oxford dictionaries: http://oxforddictionaries.com
  7. ↑ Food intolerances: http://www.foodintolerances.com.au/food-intolerances-sucrose-maltose.aspx
  8. ↑ Biochemistry. Regiland Garrett, Charles M. Grisham.
  9. ↑ Textbook of Biochemistry and Human Biology. G. P. Talwar, L. M. Srivastava.
  10. ↑ Starch: Chemistry and Technology. James N. BeMiller, Roy L. Whistler.

External links

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