Ein HaShofet

Ein HaShofet
עֵין הַשּׁוֹפֵט
Ein HaShofet
Coordinates: 32°35′45.24″N 35°6′3.96″E / 32.5959000°N 35.1011000°E / 32.5959000; 35.1011000Coordinates: 32°35′45.24″N 35°6′3.96″E / 32.5959000°N 35.1011000°E / 32.5959000; 35.1011000
Grid position 160/222 PAL
District Northern
Council Megiddo
Region Ramat Menashe
Affiliation Kibbutz Movement
Founded 5 July 1937
Founded by Hashomer Hatzair
Population (2008) 759
Name meaning Spring of the Judge
Website www.keh.co.il

Ein HaShofet (Hebrew: עֵין הַשּׁוֹפֵט, lit. Spring of the Judge) is a kibbutz in northern Israel in the Hills of Ephraim. Located in the Ramat Menashe region around 30 km from the city of Haifa, close to Yokneam, it falls under the jurisdiction of Megiddo Regional Council. In 2008 it had a population of 759.

Etymology

"Ein HaShofet," literally, Judge's Spring, was named in honor of United States Supreme Court Justice Louis D. Brandeis (1856-1941), who played a leading role in the American Zionist movement.[1] There is a flowing spring nearby the kibbutz.

History

A grave has been excavated here, yielding coins from Arcadius ( 395 -408) and Theodosius II (408-450).[2]

Ottoman era

During the Ottoman era was here a Muslim village called Jarah.[3] In 1596 the village appeared under the name of Ja'ara in tax registers, being part of the nahiya (subdistrict) of Sahil Atlit in the Sanjak (district) of Lajjun. It had a population of 4 households, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 25% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; the taxes totalled 2,000 akçe.[4]

In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described Jarah as "a small village on the east side of the watershed, with four springs below it. There are rock-cut tombs, so that the place seems to be an ancient site."[5] They further noted that the tombs were blocked up.[6]

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Jaara had a population of 94, all Muslims,[7] decreasing in the 1931 census to 62, still all Muslims, in a total of 14 houses.[8]

January 1945, Kibbutz Ein Hashofet, the writer Arthur Koestler is 5th from the right

Ein HaShofet was first settled on 5 July 1937 with the settlers living on the nearby hill of Ja'ara for one year before moving to the final and current location of the kibbutz. Prior to the settling at Juara, the kibbutz's founders stayed for five years in Hadera, where the group was created by joining two Hashomer Hatzair groups, one from Poland (including Aharon Efrat, later a member of the Knesset) and one from North America, consisting the first Hashomer Hatzair group from North America. The kibbutz's foundation was a part of the Tower and stockade settlement drive.

The area was used by Arab "gangs" and the settlers had to defend themselves against armed attacks on a nightly basis. This was in the middle of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, known to the Jews of the time as the "disturbances." [9]

From 1938 onwards the hilltop site and stone house of Juara were used by the Haganah, the main Jewish underground militia, and later by the Israeli army and is now hosting a museum of the Haganah.[10][11]

In 1945, Ein HaShofet had a population of 320, all Jews. It was noted that it was the formerly named Ji'ara.[12][13] Despite a lack of water and hilly difficult reclamation, in 1948, with a population of 450, they "were a successful mixed hill farm with orchards, dry cereals, dairy products, sheep herding and chicken farming."[9]

1948, aftermath

During the 1948 Arab-Israeli war the settlers helped to defeat Kaukji's forces after their April 1948 attack on Mishmar HaEmek.[9]

Demographics

At the end of 2003, the kibbutz was home to 688 people: 455 kibbutz members and candidates for membership, 160 children under 18 years of age, 20 soldiers, and the remaining 53 ulpanists, volunteers and non-member residents.

In Oliver Sacks's autobiography, "On the Move", he writes that in 1955 (at age 22) he went to Ein HaShofet. He went because he needed a break from Oxford University.

Economy

Ein (=spring) HaShofet (=of the judge)

The main income source of Ein HaShofet today is its four factories, three of which are located in the kibbutz and one in the USA;

The kibbutz also retains some agriculture as a secondary industry as a source of income. Agriculture here encompasses both produce and livestock and is split into six branches

Ein HaShofet also has a long standing ulpan course, with over 100 ulpan groups since 1951. Benjamin Urrutia is amongst the alumni.

References

  1. ↑ About Ein HaShofet
  2. ↑ Dauphin, 1998, p. 702
  3. ↑ meaning hyena, according to Palmer, 1881, p. 146
  4. ↑ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 158
  5. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 42
  6. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 54
  7. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. 34
  8. ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 92
  9. 1 2 3 Jewish National Fund (1949). Jewish Villages in Israel. Jerusalem: Hamadpis Liphshitz Press. p. 37.
  10. ↑
  11. ↑
  12. ↑ Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 13
  13. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 47

Bibliography

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External links

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