Elbridge Durbrow

Elbridge Durbrow (September 21, 1903 – May 16, 1997) was an American Foreign Service officer and diplomat who served as the Counselor of Embassy and Deputy Chief of Mission in Moscow in the late 1940s and later the US ambassador to South Vietnam from March 1957 to April 1961.

Early life

Durbrow was born in San Francisco, California. Durbrow graduated from Yale University in 1926 with a degree in philosophy. He then continued his education at Stanford University, the University of Dijon in France, the Hague Academy of International Law in the Netherlands, the École Libre des Sciences Politiques in Paris and finally the University of Chicago, where he studied international economics and finance.^[1]

Foreign Service career

Durbrow began his career in the United States Foreign Service by serving as Vice Consul at the American embassy in Warsaw, Poland. He rose through the service's ranks over the next decade while serving in the embassies in Bucharest, Naples, Rome, Lisbon and Moscow.^[1] In 1941, Durbrow became the assistant chief of State Department's Eastern European affairs division.^[2]

In 1944, Durbrow was appointed as the chief of the Eastern European division of the US State Department in Washington, D.C.. That year, he was also one of the American delegates at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference,^[1] which set up the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Bretton Woods system of money management. After World War II, Durbrow was vocal in his opposition for the diplomatic recognition of newly formed governments in Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria because of their Communist origins.^[2] In 1946, he left this position to succeed George F. Kennan as the Counselor of Embassy and Deputy Chief of Mission in Moscow, under the US ambassador to the Soviet Union and future Central Intelligence Agency Director, Walter Bedell Smith. In this role, he warned Smith and others of Soviet expansionism and efforts to break up the Western world.^[1] From 1948 to 1950, he served as an adviser to the National War College in Washington, D.C., and then spent the next two years as director of the Foreign Service's personnel division.^[2] In 1952, he was sent to Italy where he served as deputy chief of mission to the US Ambassador to Italy, Clare Boothe Luce. Two years later, he was promoted to the diplomatic rank of Career Minister.^[2]

On March 14, 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower named Durbrow as the United States Ambassador to South Vietnam.^[3] At the time, the US had a minor military and political presence in Vietnam due to government's goal of preventing Communism from taking over the region. Durbrow had a difficult time in his ambassadorial role.^[1] He had to frequently work with the authoritarian regime of Ngo Dinh Diem and the corruption and ineffective policymaking that accompanied it. Vietnamese officers, disgruntled with Diem's government, tried to persuade Durbrow into joining anti-Diem groups. Durbrow, who began to feel uneasy about Diem's authority, had to refuse because the US government was still in support of Diem.^[1]

In 1960, Diem and his younger brother and chief political adviser Ngo Dinh Nhu accused Durbrow of supporting a failed coup attempt by paratroopers of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam.^[4] Durbrow later recalled receiving a phone call from one of Diem's aides, asking him to tell Diem to surrender or face a howitzer attack on the presidential palace. Durbrow refused and no attack occurred. He later learned that the aide had been forced to make the call.^[5]

In April 1961, the newly elected American President John F. Kennedy formed a committee to assess the political, military and socioeconomic situation in Vietnam, with the hope of determining what it would take to keep Communism out of South Vietnam.^[1] On April 16, Kennedy replaced Durbrow with Frederick Nolting, who pursued a policy of appeasement. Afterwards, Durbrow served as a delegate to the NATO council in Paris and later as a government adviser to the National War College and the Air University.^[1]

Retirement

Durbrow retired from his 38-year diplomatic career in 1968. He spent the next two decades writing and lecturing on foreign affairs. Through the 1970s, he served as the chairman of the American Foreign Policy Institute and as the director of the Center for International Strategic Studies and the Freedom Studies Center in South Boston, Virginia.^[1]

Durbrow died at his home in Walnut Creek, California on May 16, 1997 from complications of a stroke. He was survived by his second wife, Benice Balcom Durbrow, and two sons from his first marriage, Chandler and Bruce.^[2]

References

1. Saxon, Wolfgang (1997-05-23). "Elbridge Durbrow, U.S. Diplomat, Dies at 93". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
2. Pearson, Richard (1997-05-20). "Elbridge Durbrow, 93, Dies; Ambassador to S. Vietnam". The Washington Post. p. B06.
3. "Chiefs of Mission by Country, 1778-2005: Vietnam, South". United States State Department. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
4. Hammer, Ellen J. (1987). A Death in November. E. P. Dutton. p. 133. ISBN 0-525-24210-4.
5. “Interview with Eldridge Durbrow, 1979 (Part 1 of 3).” 02/01/1979. WGBH Media Library & Archives. Retrieved November 23, 2010.