Walter Bedell Smith

Walter Bedell Smith
United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union
In office 3 April 1946 – 25 December 1948
President	Harry S. Truman
Preceded by	W. Averell Harriman
Succeeded by	Alan G. Kirk
4th Director of Central Intelligence
In office 7 October 1950 – 9 February 1953
President	Harry S. Truman Dwight D. Eisenhower
Preceded by	Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter
Succeeded by	Allen W. Dulles
Under Secretary of State
In office 9 February 1953 – 1 October 1954
President	Dwight D. Eisenhower
Preceded by	David K. E. Bruce
Succeeded by	Herbert Hoover, Jr.
Personal details
Born	5 October 1895 Indianapolis, Indiana
Died	9 August 1961 (aged 65) Washington, D.C.
Spouse(s)	Mary Eleanor Smith (1893–1963)
Religion	Roman Catholic
Awards	Army Distinguished Service Medal (3) Navy Distinguished Service Medal Legion of Merit Bronze Star National Security Medal (more, see below)
Signature
Military service
Nickname(s)	Beetle
Service/branch	United States Army
Years of service	1911–1953
Rank	General
Commands	First Army
Battles/wars	World War I: Aisne-Marne Offensive World War II: Operation Torch Tunisia Campaign Allied invasion of Sicily Allied invasion of Italy Operation Overlord Siegfried Line Campaign Battle of the Bulge Western Allied invasion of Germany

Walter Bedell "Beetle" Smith (5 October 1895 – 9 August 1961) was a senior officer of the United States Army who served as General Dwight D. Eisenhower's chief of staff at Allied Forces Headquarters (AFHQ) during the Tunisia Campaign and the Allied invasion of Italy in 1943 during World War II. He was Eisenhower's chief-of-staff at the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) in Western Europe from 1944 through 1945.

Smith enlisted as a private in the Indiana National Guard in 1911. In 1917, during World War I, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant. He was wounded in the Aisne-Marne Offensive in 1918. After World War I, he was a staff officer and instructor at the U.S. Army Infantry School. In 1941, he became Secretary of the General Staff, and in 1942 he became the Secretary to the Combined Chiefs of Staff. His duties involved taking part in discussions of war plans at the highest level, and Smith often briefed President Franklin D. Roosevelt on strategic matters.

Smith became chief of staff to Eisenhower at AFHQ in September 1942. He acquired a reputation as Eisenhower's "hatchet man" for his brusque and demanding manner. However, he was also capable of representing Eisenhower in sensitive missions requiring diplomatic skill. Smith was involved in negotiating the armistice between Italy and the Allies, which he signed on behalf of Eisenhower. In 1944, he became the Chief of Staff of SHAEF, again under Eisenhower. In this position, Smith also negotiated successfully for food and fuel aid to be sent through German lines for the cold and starving Dutch civilian population, and opened discussions for the peaceful and complete German capitulation to the First Canadian Army in the Netherlands. In May 1945, Smith met representatives of the German High Command in Reims, France, to conduct the surrender of the German Armed Forces, and he signed the German Instrument of Surrender on behalf of General Eisenhower.

After World War II, he served as the U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union from 1946 to 1948. Then in 1950, Smith became the Director of Central Intelligence, the head of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and other intelligence agencies in the United States. Smith reorganized the CIA, redefined its structure and its mission, and he gave it a new sense of purpose. He made the CIA the arm of government primarily responsible for covert operations. He left the CIA in 1953 to become an Under Secretary of State. After retiring from the State Department in 1954, Smith continued to serve the Eisenhower Administration in various posts for several years, until his retirement and his death in 1961.

Early life

Walter Bedell Smith was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, on October 5, 1895,^[1] the eldest of two sons of William Long Smith, a silk buyer for the Pettis Dry Goods Company, and his wife, Ida Francis née Bedell, who worked for the same company.^[2]

Smith was called Bedell from his boyhood. From an early age he was nicknamed "Beetle", or occasionally "Beedle" or "Boodle".^[3] He was educated at St. Peter and Paul School, public schools #10 and #29, Oliver Perry Morton School,^[4] and Emmerich Manual High School, where he studied to be a machinist. While still there, he took a job at the National Motor Vehicle Company, and eventually left high school without graduating.^[5] Smith enrolled at Butler University, but his father developed serious health problems, and Smith left university to return to his job and support his family.^[2]

In 1911, at the age of 16, Smith enlisted as a private in Company D of the 2nd Indiana Infantry of the Indiana National Guard. The Indiana National Guard was called out twice in 1913, for the Ohio River flood and during the Indianapolis streetcar strike. Smith was promoted to corporal and then sergeant. During the Pancho Villa Expedition he served on the staff of the Indiana National Guard.^[6]

Personal life

In 1913, Smith met Mary Eleanor (Nory) Cline, and they were married in a traditional Roman Catholic wedding ceremony on July 1, 1917. Their marriage was of long duration but childless.^[7]

World War I

Smith's work during the Ohio River flood of 1913 led to his nomination for officer training in 1917, and he was sent to the Officer Candidate Training Camp at Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana. Upon his graduation on November 27, 1917, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant. He was then assigned to the newly formed Company A, 1st Battalion, 39th Infantry, part of the 4th Infantry Division at Camp Greene, North Carolina.^[8] The 4th Infantry Division embarked for Europe, then embroiled in World War I, from Hoboken, New Jersey, on 9 May 1918, reaching Brest, France, on the 23rd of May. After training with the British and French Armies, the 4th Division entered the front lines in June 1918, joining the Aisne-Marne Offensive on 18 July 1918. Smith was wounded by shell fragments during an attack two days later.^[9]

Because of his wounds, Smith was returned to the United States for service with the U.S. Department of War's General Staff, and he was assigned to the Military Intelligence Division. In September 1918, he was commissioned as a first lieutenant in the regular army of the United States.^[10]

Smith was next sent to the newly formed 379th Infantry Regiment as its intelligence officer. This regiment was part of the 95th Infantry Division, based at Camp Sherman, Ohio. The 95th Infantry Division was disbanded following the signing of the Armistice with Germany on November 11, 1918. In February 1919 Smith was assigned to Camp Dodge, Iowa, where he was involved with the disposal of surplus equipment and supplies. In March 1919 he was transferred to the 2nd Infantry Regiment, a regular unit based at Camp Dodge, remaining there until November 1919, when it moved to Camp Sherman.^[11]

Between the wars

The staff of the 2nd Infantry moved to Fort Sheridan, Illinois, in 1921. In 1922, Smith became aide de camp to Brigadier General George Van Horn Moseley, the commander of the 12th Infantry Brigade at Fort Sheridan. From 1925 to 1929 Smith worked as an assistant in the Bureau of the Budget. He then served a two-year tour of duty overseas on the staff of the 45th Infantry at Fort William McKinley in the Philippines. After nine years as a first lieutenant, he was promoted to captain in September 1929.^[12]

Returning to the United States, Smith reported to the U.S. Army Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia, in March 1931.^[13] Upon graduation in June 1932, he stayed on as an instructor in the Weapons Section, where he was responsible for demonstrating weapons like the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle. In 1933 he was sent to the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.^[14] Afterward, he returned to the Infantry School but was detached again to attend the U.S. Army War College, from which he graduated in 1937.^[15] He returned to the Infantry School once more, where he was promoted to major on 1 January 1939 after nine years as a captain.^[16] Such slow promotion was common in the Army in the 1920s and 1930s. Officers like Smith who were commissioned between November 1916 and November 1918 made up 55.6 percent of the Army's officer corps in 1926. Promotions were usually based on seniority, and the modest objective of promoting officers to major after seventeen years of service could not be met because of a shortage of posts for them to fill.^[17]

World War II

Washington

When General George C. Marshall became the Army's Chief of Staff in September 1939, he brought Smith to Washington, D.C., to be the Assistant to the Secretary of the General Staff.^[18] The Secretary of the General Staff was primarily concerned with records, paperwork, and the collection of statistics, but he also performed a great deal of analysis, liaison, and administration.^[19] One of Smith's duties was liaison with Major General Edwin "Pa" Watson, the Senior Military Aide to President Franklin D. Roosevelt.^[18] Smith was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 4 May 1941, and then to colonel on 30 August 1941.^[20] On 1 September, the Secretary of the General Staff, Colonel Orlando Ward, was given command of the 1st Armored Division, and Smith became Secretary of the General Staff.^[21]

The Arcadia Conference, which was held in Washington, D.C., December 1941 and January 1942, mandated the creation of the Joint Chiefs of Staff as a counterpart to the British Chiefs of Staff Committee, and Smith was named as its secretary on 23 January 1942. The same conference also brought about the creation of the Combined Chiefs of Staff, which consisted of the (American) Joint Chiefs of Staff and the (British) Chiefs of Staff Committee meeting as a single body. Brigadier Vivian Dykes of the British Joint Staff Mission provided the secretarial arrangements for the new organization at first, but General Marshall thought that an American secretariat was required. He appointed Smith as the secretary of the Combined Chiefs of Staff as well as of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Since Dykes was senior in service time to Smith, and Marshall wanted Smith to be in charge, Smith was promoted to brigadier general on 2 February 1942. He assumed the new post a week later, with Dykes as his deputy. The two men worked in partnership to create and organize the secretariat, and to build the organization of the Combined Chiefs-of-Staff into one that could coordinate the war efforts of the two allies, along with the Canadians, Australians, French and others. Smith's duties involved taking part in discussions of strategy at the highest level, and he often briefed President Roosevelt on strategic matters.^[22] However Smith became frustrated as he watched other officers receive operational commands that he desired.^[23] He later remarked: "That year I spent working as secretary of the general staff for George Marshall was one of the most rewarding of my entire career, and the unhappiest year of my life."^[24]

North African Theater

Allied leaders in the Sicilian campaign. General Eisenhower meets in North Africa with (foreground, left to right): Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder, General Sir Harold R.L.G. Alexander, Admiral Sir Andrew B. Cunningham, and (top row): Mr. Harold Macmillan, Major General W. Bedell Smith, and several unidentified British officers.

When Major General Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed as the commander of the European Theater of Operations in June 1942, he requested that Smith be sent from Washington as his chief-of-staff. Smith's record as a staff officer, and his proven ability to work harmoniously with the British, made him a natural choice for the post. Reluctantly, Marshall acceded to this request,^[25] and Smith took over as the chief-of-staff at Allied Forces Headquarters (AFHQ) on 15 September 1942. Reporting to him were two deputy chiefs of staff, Brigadier General Alfred Gruenther and Brigadier John Whiteley, and also the Chief Administrative Officer (CAO), Major General Humfrey Gale.^[26]

AFHQ was a balanced binational organization, in which the chief of each section was paired with a deputy of the other nationality. Its structure was generally American, but with some British aspects. For example, Gale as CAO controlled both personnel and supply functions, which under the American system would have reported directly to Smith.^[26] Initially AFHQ was located in London, but it moved to Algiers during November and December 1942, with Smith arriving on December 11.^[27] Although AFHQ had an authorized strength of only 700, Smith aggressively expanded it. By January 1943 its American component alone was 1,406 and its strength eventually topped 4,000 men and women.^[28] As the chief-of-staff, Smith zealously guarded access to Eisenhower. He acquired a reputation as a tough and brusque manager, and he was often referred to as Eisenhower's "hatchet man".^[29]

Pending the organization of the North African Theater of Operations, U.S. Army (NATOUSA), Smith also acted as its chief-of-staff until 15 February,^[30] when Brigadier General Everett S. Hughes became the Deputy Theater commander and the commanding general of the Communications Zone.^[31] The relationship between Smith and Hughes, an old friend of Eisenhower, was tense. Smith later accused Hughes of "empire building", and the two clashed over trivial issues.^[32] In Algiers, Smith and Eisenhower seldom socialized together. Smith conducted formal dinners at his villa, an estate surrounded by gardens and terraces, with two large drawing rooms decorated with mosaics, oriental rugs, and art treasures. Like Eisenhower, Smith had a female companion, a nurse, Captain Ethel Westerman.^[33]

Following the disastrous Battle of the Kasserine Pass, Eisenhower sent Smith forward to report on the state of affairs at the American II Corps. Smith recommended the relief of its commander, Major General Lloyd Fredendall, as did General Harold Alexander and Major Generals Omar Bradley and Lucian Truscott. On their advice, Eisenhower replaced Fredendall with Major General George S. Patton, Jr. Eisenhower also relieved his Assistant Chief of Staff Intelligence (G-2), Brigadier Eric Mockler-Ferryman, pinpointing faulty intelligence at AFHQ as a contributing factor in the defeat at Kasserine. Mockler-Ferryman was replaced by Brigadier Kenneth Strong.^[34]

The debacle at Kasserine Pass strained relations between the Allies, and another crisis developed when II Corps reported that enemy aviation was operating at will over its sector because of an absence of Allied air cover. This elicited a scathing response from British Air Marshal Arthur Coningham on the competence of American troops.^[35] Eisenhower drafted a letter to Marshall suggesting that Coningham should be relieved of his command since he could not control the acrimony between senior Allied commanders, but Smith persuaded him not to send it.^[36] Instead, Air Chief Marshal Arthur Tedder, Major General Carl Spaatz, and Brigadier General Laurence S. Kuter paid Patton a visit at his headquarters. Their meeting was interrupted by a German air raid that convinced the airmen that General Patton had a point. Coningham withdrew his written criticisms and he apologized.^[35]

Secret Emissaries to Lisbon (left to right) Brigadier Kenneth W. D. Strong, Generale di Brigata Giuseppe Castellano, Smith, and Consul Franco Montanari, an official from the Italian Foreign Office.

For the Allied invasion of Sicily, the Combined Chiefs of Staff designated Eisenhower as the overall commander but they ordered the three component commanders, Alexander, Tedder, and Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham of the Royal Navy, to "cooperate". To Eisenhower, this command arrangement meant a reversion to the old British "committee system". He drafted a cable to the Combined Chiefs of Staff demanding a unified command structure, but Smith persuaded him to tear it up.^[37]

Disagreements arose between Allied commanders over the operational plan, which called for a series of dispersed landings, based on the desire of the air, naval, and logistical planners concerning the early capture of ports and airfields. General Bernard Montgomery, the commander of the British Eighth Army, objected to this aspect of the plan, since it exposed the Allied forces to defeat in detail. Montgomery put forward an alternate plan that involved American and British forces landing side by side. He convinced Smith that his alternate plan was sound, and the two men then persuaded most of the other Allied commanders. Montgomery's plan provided for the early seizure of airfields, which satisfied Tedder and Cunningham. The fears of logisticians like Major General Thomas B. Larkin that supply would not be practical without a port were resolved by the use of amphibious trucks.^[38]

In August 1943, Smith and Strong flew to Lisbon via Gibraltar in civilian clothes, where they met with Generale di Brigata Giuseppe Castellano at the British embassy. While Castellano had hoped to arrange terms for Italy to join the United Nations against Nazi Germany, Smith was empowered to draw up an armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces, but he was unable to negotiate political matters.^[39] On September 3, Smith and Castellano signed the agreed-upon text on behalf of Eisenhower and Pietro Badoglio, respectively, in a simple ceremony beneath an olive tree at Cassibile, Sicily.^[40] In October, Smith traveled to Washington for two weeks to represent Eisenhower in a series of meetings, including one with President Roosevelt at Hyde Park, New York, on 10 October.^[41]

European theater

In December 1943, Eisenhower was appointed Supreme Allied Commander for Operation Overlord, the invasion of Normandy.^[42] Eisenhower wished to take Smith and other key members of his AFHQ staff with him to his new assignment, but Prime Minister Winston Churchill wanted to retain Smith at AFHQ as Deputy Supreme Commander in the Mediterranean. Churchill reluctantly gave way at Eisenhower's insistence.^[29] On New Year's Eve, Smith met with General (one day later Field Marshal) Sir Alan Brooke to discuss the transfer of key British staff members from AFHQ to Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF). Brooke released Gale only after a strong appeal from Smith,^[43] but refused to transfer Strong. A heated exchange resulted, and Brooke later complained to Eisenhower about Smith's behavior. This was the only time that a senior British officer ever complained openly about Smith.^[44] Whiteley became Chief of Intelligence (G-2) at SHAEF instead of Strong, but Eisenhower and Smith had their way in the long run, and Strong assumed the post on 25 May 1944, with Brigadier General Thomas J. Betts as his deputy.^[45]

Smith and his wartime secretary, Ruth Briggs, who was also Smith's executive assistant when he was Ambassador to the Soviet Union after the war

Smith was promoted to lieutenant general and also made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in January 1944.^[46] On 18 January, he set out for London with two and a half tons of personal baggage loaded onto a pair of B-17s.^[47] The staff of the Chief-of-Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander (COSSAC) was already active, and he had been planning the Overlord operation for some time.

This staff was absorbed into SHAEF, with COSSAC, with Major General Frederick Morgan, becoming Smith's Deputy Chief of Staff at SHAEF. Gale also held the title of Deputy Chief of Staff, as well as being Chief Administrative Officer, and there was also a Deputy Chief of Staff (Air), Air Vice Marshal James Robb.^[48] The heads of the other staff divisions were Major General Ray W. Barker (G-1), Major General Harold R. Bull (G-3), Major General Robert W. Crawford (G-4) and Major General Sir Roger Lumley (G-5).^[49]

Morgan had located his COSSAC headquarters in Norfolk House at 31 St. James's Square, London,^[50] but Smith moved it to Bushy Park on the outskirts of London. This was according to Eisenhower's expressed desire not to have his headquarters inside of a major city. A hutted camp was built with 130,000 square feet (12,000 m²) of floor space. By the time Overlord began, accommodations had been provided for 750 officers and 6,000 enlisted men and women.^[51]

Eisenhower and Smith's offices were in a subterranean complex. Smith's office was spartan, dominated by a large portrait of Marshall.^[52] An advanced command post codenamed Sharpener was established near Portsmouth, where Montgomery's 21st Army Group and Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay's Allied Naval Expeditionary Force headquarters were located.^[51]

Ground operations in Normandy were controlled by Montgomery at first, but SHAEF Forward headquarters moved to Jullouville in August, and on 1 September Eisenhower assumed control of Bradley's 12th Army Group and Montgomery's 21st Army Group.^[53] Smith soon realized that he had made a mistake. The forward headquarters was remote and inaccessible, and it lacked the necessary communications equipment.^[54]

On 6 September, Eisenhower ordered both SHAEF Forward and SHAEF Main to move to Versailles as soon as possible. SHAEF Forward began its move on 15 September and it opened in Versailles on 20 September. SHAEF Main followed, moving from Bushy Park by air. This move was completed by October, and SHAEF remained there until 17 February 1945, when SHAEF Forward moved to Reims.^[55] By this time, SHAEF had grown in size to 16,000 officers and enlisted men, of whom 10,000 were American and 6,000 British.^[56]

Meeting of the Allied Supreme Command in February 1944. Left to right:Lieutenant General Omar Bradley, Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay, Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder, General Dwight Eisenhower, General Sir Bernard Montgomery, Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory and Lieutenant General Bedell Smith.

By November 1944, Strong was reporting that there was a possibility of a German counteroffensive in the Ardennes or the Vosges. Smith sent Strong to personally warn Bradley, who was preparing an offensive of his own.^[57] The magnitude and ferocity of the German Ardennes Offensive came as a shock, and Smith had to defend Strong against criticism for failing to sound the alarm. He felt Strong had been given ample warning.^[58]

Once battle was joined, Eisenhower acted decisively, committing the two armored divisions in the 12th Army Group's reserve over Bradley's objection, along with his own meager reserves, two airborne divisions. Whiteley and Betts visited the U.S. First Army headquarters and they were unimpressed with the way its commanders were handling the situation. Strong, Whiteley, and Betts recommended that command of the armies north of the Ardennes be transferred from Bradley to Montgomery. Smith's immediate reaction was to dismiss the suggestion out of hand. He told Strong and Whiteley that they were fired and should pack their bags and return to the United Kingdom. On the next morning, Smith apologized. He had had second thoughts, and he informed them that he would present their recommendation to Eisenhower as his own. He realized the military and political implications of this, and knew that such a recommendation had to come from an American officer. On December 20, he recommended it to Eisenhower, who telephoned both General Bradley and Montgomery, and Eisenhower ordered it.^[59]

This decision was greatly resented by many Americans, particularly in 12th Army Group, who felt that the action discredited the U.S. Army's command structure.^[60] Heavy casualties since the start of Operation Overlord resulted in a critical shortage of infantry replacements even before the crisis situation created by the Ardennes Offensive. Steps were taken to divert men from Communications Zone units. The commander of the Communication Zone, Lieutenant General John C. H. Lee, persuaded Eisenhower to allow soldiers to volunteer for service "without regard to color or race to the units where assistance is most needed, and give you the opportunity of fighting shoulder to shoulder to bring about victory".^[61]

Smith immediately grasped the political implications of this. He put his position to Eisenhower in writing:

Although I am now somewhat out of touch with the War Department's Negro policy, I did, as you know, handle this during the time I was with General Marshall. Unless there has been a radical change, the sentence which I have marked in the attached circular letter will place the War Department in very grave difficulties. It is inevitable that this statement will get out, and equally inevitable that the result will be that every Negro organization, pressure group and newspaper will take the attitude that, while the War Department segregates colored troops into organizations of their own against the desires and pleas of all the Negro race, the Army is perfectly willing to put them in the front lines mixed in units with white soldiers, and have them do battle when an emergency arises. Two years ago I would have considered the marked statement the most dangerous thing that I had ever seen in regard to Negro relations. I have talked with Lee about it, and he can't see this at all. He believes that it is right that colored and white soldiers should be mixed in the same company. With this belief I do not argue, but the War Department policy is different. Since I am convinced that this circular letter will have the most serious repercussions in the United States, I believe that it is our duty to draw the War Department's attention to the fact that this statement has been made, to give them warning as to what may happen and any facts which they may use to counter the pressure which will undoubtedly be placed on them.^[62]

Senior Allied commanders at Rheims shortly after the German surrender. Present are (left to right): Major General Ivan Susloparov, Lieutenant General Frederick Morgan, Lieutenant General Bedell Smith, Captain Kay Summersby (obscured), Captain Harry C. Butcher, General of the Army Dwight Eisenhower, Air Chief Marshal Arthur Tedder

The policy was revised, with Negro soldiers serving in provisional platoons. In the 12th Army Group these were attached to regiments, while in the 6th Army Group the platoons were grouped into whole companies attached to the division. The former arrangement were generally better rated by the units they were attached to, because the Negro platoons had no company-level unit training.^[63]

On 15 April 1945, the Nazi governor (Reichskommissar) of the Netherlands, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, offered to open up Amsterdam to food and coal shipments to ease the suffering of the civilian population. Smith and Strong, representing SHAEF, along with Major General Ivan Susloparov representing the Soviet Union, Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld representing the Dutch government, and Major General Sir Francis de Guingand from 21st Army Group, met with Seyss-Inquart in the Dutch village of Achterveld on 30 April. After threatening Seyss-Inquart with prosecution for war crimes, Smith successfully negotiated for the provision of food to the suffering Dutch civilian population in the cities in the west of the country, and he opened discussions for the peaceful and complete German capitulation in the Netherlands, to the First Canadian Army, that did follow on the 5th of May.^[64]

Smith had to conduct another set of surrender negotiations, that of the German armed forces, in May 1945. Smith met with the representatives of the German High Command (the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht), Colonel General Alfred Jodl and General-Admiral Hans-Georg von Friedeburg. Once again, Strong acted as an interpreter. Smith took a hard line, threatening that unless terms were accepted, the Allies would seal the front, thus forcing the remaining Germans into the hands of the Red Army, but he made some concessions regarding a ceasefire before the surrender came into effect. On May 7, Smith signed the surrender document, along with the French representative, Major General François Sevez, and the Soviet Susloparov.^[65][66]

After the war

Ambassador to the Soviet Union

Smith as the U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union, 1946–48

Smith briefly returned to the United States in June 1945. In August, Eisenhower nominated Smith as his successor as commander of U.S. Forces, European Theater, as ETOUSA was redesignated on July 1, 1945. Smith was passed over in favor of General Joseph McNarney.^[67] When Eisenhower took over as Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army in November 1945, he summoned Smith to become his Assistant Chief of Staff for Operations and Planning.^[68] However, soon after his arrival back in Washington he was asked by President Harry S. Truman and U.S Secretary of State James F. Byrnes to become the United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union.^[68] In putting Smith's nomination for the post before the United States Senate, Truman asked for and received special legislation permitting Smith to retain his permanent military rank of major general.^[67]

Smith's service as the American ambassador was not a success. Although no fault of Smith's, during his tenure the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union deteriorated rapidly as the Cold War set in. Smith's tenacity of purpose came across as a lack of flexibility, and it did nothing to allay Soviet fears about American intentions. He became thoroughly disillusioned and turned into a hardened cold warrior who saw the Soviet Union as a secretive, totalitarian and antagonistic state.^[67] In My Three Years in Moscow (1950), Smith's account of his time as ambassador, he wrote:

... we are forced into a continuing struggle for a free way of life that may extend over a period of many years. We dare not allow ourselves any false sense of security. We must anticipate that the Soviet tactic will be to wear us down, to exasperate us, and to keep probing for weak spots, and we must cultivate firmness and patience to a degree we have never before required.^[69]

Smith returned to the United States in March 1949. Truman offered him the post of Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs but General Smith declined the appointment, preferring to return to military duty. He was appointed as the commander of the First Army at Fort Jay, New York, his first command since 1918. Throughout the war, Smith had been troubled by a recurring stomach ulcer. The problem became severe in 1949. He was no longer able eat a normal diet, and he was suffering from malnutrition.^[70] Smith was admitted to the Walter Reed Army Hospital, where the surgeons decided to remove most of his stomach. This did cure his ulcer, but Smith remained malnourished and thin.^[71]

Director of Central Intelligence

Bedell Smith (center) with top Agency leaders, including outgoing D.C.I. Hillenkoetter (to Smith’s left, in light suit), 7 October 1950

In 1950, Truman selected Smith as Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), the head of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Since the post had been established in 1946, there had been three directors, none of whom had wanted the job.^[72]

The 1949 Intelligence Survey Group had produced the Dulles-Jackson-Correa Report, which found that the CIA had failed in its responsibilities in both the coordination and production of intelligence. In response, the U.S. National Security Council accepted the conclusions and recommendations of the report. It remained to implement them.^[73] In May 1950, President Truman decided that Smith was the man he needed for the CIA.^[74] Before Smith could assume the post on 7 October, there was a major intelligence failure. The North Korean invasion of South Korea in June 1950, which started the Korean War, took the administration entirely by surprise, and it raised fears of a third world war.^[75]

Since Smith knew little about the Agency, he asked for a deputy who did. Sidney Souers, the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council, recommended William Harding Jackson, one of the authors of the Dulles-Jackson-Correa Report, to Smith. Jackson accepted the post of Deputy Director on three conditions, one of which was "no bawlings out".^[76]

Smith and Jackson moved to reorganize the agency in line with the recommendations of the Dulles-Jackson-Correa Report. They streamlined procedures for gathering and disseminating intelligence.^[77] On 10 October, Smith was asked to prepare estimates for the Wake Island Conference between the President and General Douglas MacArthur. Smith insisted that the estimates be simple, readable, conclusive, and useful rather than mere background. They reflected the best information available, but unfortunately, one estimate concluded that the Chinese would not intervene in Korea, another major intelligence failure.^[78]

Four months after the outbreak of the Korean War, the Agency had produced no coordinated estimate of the situation in Korea. Smith created a new Office of National Estimates (ONE) under the direction of William L. Langer, the Harvard historian who had led the Research and Analysis branch of the wartime Office of Strategic Services (OSS). Langer's staff created procedures that were followed for the next two decades. Smith stepped up efforts to obtain economic, psychological, and photographic intelligence. By December 1, Smith had formed a Directorate for Administration. The Agency would ultimately be divided by function into three directorates: Administration, Plans, and Intelligence.^[75]

D.C.I. Smith briefing President Truman

Smith is remembered in the CIA as its first successful Director of Central Intelligence, and one of its most effective, who redefined its structure and mission. The CIA's expansive covert action program remained the responsibility of Frank Wisner's quasi-independent Office of Policy Coordination (OPC), but Smith began to bring OPC under the DCI's control. In early January 1951 he made Allen Dulles the first Deputy Director for Plans (DDP), to supervise both OPC and the CIA's separate espionage organization, the Office of Special Operations (OSO). Not until January 1952 were all intelligence functions consolidated under a Deputy Director for Intelligence (DDI). Wisner succeeded Dulles as DDP in August 1951, and it took until August 1952 to merge the OSO and the OPC, each of which had its own culture, methods, and pay scales, into an effective, single directorate.^[75]

By consolidating responsibility for covert operations, Smith made the CIA the arm of government primarily responsible for them.^[79] Smith wanted the CIA to become a career service.^[80] Before the war, the so-called "Manchu Law" limited the duration of an officer's temporary assignments, which effectively prevented anyone from making a career as a general staff officer. There were no schools for intelligence training, and the staffs had little to do in peacetime. Career officers therefore tended to avoid such work unless they aspired to be military attachés. Smith consolidated training under a Director of Training and developed a career service program.^[81]

When Eisenhower was appointed as the Supreme Allied Commander Europe in 1951, he asked for Smith to serve as his chief of staff again. Truman turned down the request, stating that the DCI was a more important post. Eisenhower therefore took Lieutenant General Alfred Gruenther with him as his chief of staff. When Eisenhower later recommended Gruenther's elevation to four-star rank, Truman decided that General Smith should be promoted also. However, Smith's name was omitted from the promotion list. Truman then announced that no one would be promoted until Smith was, which occurred on 1 August 1951.^[80] Smith retired from the Army upon leaving the CIA on 9 February 1953.^[82]

Under Secretary of State

On 11 January 1953, Eisenhower, now president-elect, announced that Smith would become an Under Secretary of State. Smith's appointment was confirmed by the United States Senate on 6 February and he resigned as the DCI three days later.^[83] In May 1954, Smith traveled to Europe in an attempt to convince the British to participate in an intervention to avert French defeat in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. When this failed, he reached an agreement with the Soviet Foreign Minister, Vyacheslav Molotov, to partition Vietnam into two separate states. In 1953, the President of Guatemala, Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán, threatened to nationalize land belonging to the United Fruit Company. Smith ordered the American ambassador in Guatemala to put a CIA plan for a Guatemalan coup into effect, which was accomplished by the following year. Smith left the State Department on 1 October 1954 and took up a position with the United Fruit Company. He also served as President and Chairman of the Board of the Associated Missile Products Company and AMF Atomics Incorporated, Vice Chairman of American Machine and Foundry (AMF) and a director of RCA and Corning Incorporated.^[84]

After retiring as Under Secretary of State in 1954, Smith continued to serve the Eisenhower administration in various posts. He was a member of the National Security Training Commission from 1955 to 1957, the National War College board of consultants from 1956 to 1959, the Office of Defense Mobilization Special Stockpile Advisory Committee from 1957 to 1958, the President's Citizen Advisors on the Mutual Security Program from 1956 to 1957, and the President's Committee on Disarmament in 1958. Smith was a consultant at the Special Projects Office (Disarmament) in the Executive Office of the President from 1955 to 1956. He also served as Chairman of the Advisory Council of the President's Committee on Fund Raising, and as a member-at-large from 1958 to 1961. In recognition of his other former boss, he was a member of the George C. Marshall Foundation Advisory Committee from 1960 to 1961.^[85]

Death and legacy

In 1955, Smith was approached to perform the voice-over and opening scene for the movie To Hell And Back, which was based on the autobiography of Audie Murphy. He accepted, and had small parts in the movie, most notably in the beginning, where he was dressed in his old service uniform. He narrated several parts of the movie, referring constantly to "the foot soldier".^[86] Smith was portrayed on screen by Alexander Knox in The Longest Day (1962), Edward Binns in Patton (1970) and Timothy Bottoms in Ike: Countdown to D-Day (2004). On television he has been portrayed by John Guerrasio in Cambridge Spies (2003), Charles Napier in War and Remembrance (1989), Don Fellows in The Last Days of Patton (1986) and J.D. Cannon in Ike: The War Years (1979).^[87]

Smith suffered a heart attack on August 9, 1961, at his home in Washington, D.C., and he died in the ambulance on the way to Walter Reed Army Hospital. Although entitled to a Special Full Honor Funeral, at the request of his widow, a simple joint service funeral was held, patterned after the one given to General Marshall in 1959. She selected a grave site for her husband in Section 7 of Arlington National Cemetery close to Marshall's grave.^[88] Mrs. Smith was buried next to him after her death in 1963.^[89] Smith's papers are in the Eisenhower Presidential Center in Abilene, Kansas.^[85]

Awards and decorations

U.S. military decorations
	Army Distinguished Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters
	Navy Distinguished Service Medal
	Legion of Merit
	Bronze Star Medal
U.S. Military Service Medals
	World War I Victory Medal with three battle clasps
	American Defense Service Medal
	European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with seven service stars
	World War II Victory Medal
	Army of Occupation Medal with "Germany" clasp
	National Defense Service Medal
U.S. Civil Service Medals
	National Security Medal
International and Foreign Awards
	Grand Croix de l'Ordre de la Couronne (Belgium)
	Croix de guerre with palm (Belgium)
	Order of Military Merit, Grand Cross (Brazil)
	Medal of Military Merit of the Army, First Class, Grand Cross (Chile)
	Order of the White Lion, Star II Class (Czechoslovakia)
	War Cross 1939–1945 (Czechoslovakia)
	Legion of Honor, Grand Officer (France)
	Croix de guerre 1914–1918 with palm (France)
	Croix de guerre 1939–1945 with palm (France)
	Order of the Bath, Knight Commander (United Kingdom)
	Order of the British Empire, Knight Commander (United Kingdom)
	Order of the Oak Crown, Grand Cross (Luxembourg)
	Order of Ouissam Alaouite, Grand Cross (Morocco)
	Order of the Netherlands Lion, Knight Grand Cross (Netherlands)
	Order of Virtuti Militari, Silver Cross (Poland)
	Order of Polonia Restituta, II Class (Poland)
	Cross of Grunwald, Second Class (Poland)
	Order of Nichan Iftikhar (Tunisia)
	Order of Kutuzov, First Class (U.S.S.R.)

Source: "In Memoriam. General Walter Bedell Smith. 5 October 1895 – 9 August 1961.". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 31 August 2010.

Notes

1. Ancell & Miller 1996, p. 300
2. Crosswell 1991, pp. 3–7
3. Urseth 2010, pp. 19–20 Some British sources assumed that he had a hyphenated name, which are somewhat common in Britain, referring to Bedell Smith as "Bedell-Smith".
4. Urseth 2010, p. 22
5. Urseth 2010, p. 31 Smith had enough credits to graduate and was eventually awarded his high school diploma in 1945.
6. Crosswell 1991, pp. 6–7
7. Crosswell 1991, pp. 7–9
8. Crosswell 1991, pp. 9–10
9. Crosswell 1991, pp. 13–17
10. Crosswell 1991, pp. 22–23
11. Crosswell 1991, pp. 27–28
12. Crosswell 1991, pp. 39–42
13. Crosswell 1991, pp. 46–47
14. Crosswell 1991, pp. 51–52
15. Crosswell 1991, pp. 63–65
16. Crosswell 1991, p. 76
17. Schifferle 2010, pp. 22–24
18. Crosswell 1991, pp. 77–79
19. Watson 1950, p. 71
20. Crosswell 1991, p. 82
21. Snyder 1984, p. 7
22. Crosswell 1991, pp. 89–91
23. Crosswell 1991, p. 98
24. Montague 1992, p. 82
25. Snyder 1984, pp. 6–7
26. Howe 1957, p. 33
27. Crosswell 1991, pp. 136–138
28. Crosswell 1991, p. 140
29. Pogue 1954, p. 62
30. Crosswell 1991, p. 142
31. Howe 1957, pp. 495–496
32. Crosswell 1991, pp. 197–198
33. Crosswell 1991, p. 200
34. Howe 1957, pp. 487–489
35. Howe 1957, p. 573
36. Crosswell 1991, p. 163
37. Garland & Smyth 1965, p. 11
38. Crosswell 1991, pp. 164–165
39. Garland & Smyth 1965, pp. 455–461
40. Crosswell 1991, p. 188
41. Crosswell 1991, pp. 196–197
42. Pogue 1954, pp. 25–33
43. Pogue 1954, p. 64
44. Crosswell 1991, p. 213
45. Pogue 1954, p. 71
46. Crosswell 1991, p. 236
47. Crosswell 1991, p. 214
48. Pogue 1954, pp. 63–65
49. Pogue 1954, pp. 536–537
50. Pogue 1954, p. 58
51. Pogue 1954, pp. 96–97
52. Crosswell 1991, p. 235
53. Pogue 1954, pp. 264–265
54. Crosswell 1991, pp. 254–255
55. Pogue 1954, pp. 276–277
56. Pogue 1954, p. 534
57. Crosswell 1991, p. 281
58. Montague 1992, p. 59
59. Crosswell 1991, pp. 283–286
60. Pogue 1954, p. 378
61. Lee 1966, p. 689
62. Lee 1966, p. 690
63. Lee 1966, pp. 695–705
64. Crosswell 1991, pp. 320–322
65. Crosswell 1991, pp. 322–327
66. Ziemke 1974, pp. 257–258
67. Crosswell 1991, pp. 330–331
68. Montague 1992, p. 6
69. Smith 1950, p. 334
70. Crosswell 1991, pp. 331–332
71. Montague 1992, p. 55
72. Montague 1992, pp. 26–27,35
73. Montague 1992, pp. 41–45
74. Montague 1992, pp. 55–56
75. Fifteen DCIs' First 100 Days — Central Intelligence Agency, Central Intelligence Agency, retrieved 31 August 2010
76. Montague 1992, pp. 56–57
77. Montague 1992, pp. 111–112
78. Montague 1992, pp. 65–66
79. Montague 1992, pp. 207–210
80. Montague 1992, p. 232
81. Montague 1992, pp. 97–100
82. Walter Smith, Central Intelligence Agency, retrieved 31 August 2010
83. Montague 1992, p. 266
84. Crosswell 1991, pp. 336–338
85. Papers and World War II Documents of Walter Bedell Smith, Eisenhower Presidential Center, retrieved 31 August 2010
86. Matthew Sweet (3 December 2009), "To Hell and Back: Real life to reel life", The Guardian, retrieved 31 August 2010
87. Walter Bedell Smith at the Internet Movie Database, retrieved 31 August 2010
88. Mossman & Stark 1991, pp. 168–174
89. Walter Bedell Smith, General, U.S. Army, Arlington National Cemetery, retrieved 31 August 2010

References

• Ancell, R. Manning; Miller, Christine (1996). The Biographical Dictionary of World War II Generals and Flag Officers: The U.S. Armed Forces. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29546-8. OCLC 33862161.
• Crosswell, D. K. R. (1991). The Chief of Staff: The Military Career of General Walter Bedell Smith. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-27480-0. OCLC 22273487.
• Garland, Albert N.; Smyth, Howard McGaw (1965). Sicily and the Surrender of Italy. U.S. Army in World War II: The War in the Mediterranean (Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History, U.S. Department of the Army). OCLC 396186.
• Howe, George F. (1957). Northwest Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West. U.S. Army in World War II: The War in the Mediterranean (Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History, U.S. Department of the Army). OCLC 23304011.
• Lee, Ulysses (1966). The Employment of Negro Troops. U.S. Army in World War II: Special Studies (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, U.S. Department of the Army). OCLC 22126862.
• Montague, Ludwell Lee (1992). General Walter Bedell Smith as Director of Central Intelligence October 1950 – February 1953. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University. ISBN 0-271-00750-8. OCLC 22707456.
• Mossman, B.; Stark, M. W. (1991). "CHAPTER XX, General Walter Bedell Smith, Special Full Honor Funeral, 9–14 August 1961". The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funerals, 1921–1969. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, U.S. Department of the Army. OCLC 596887. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
• Pogue, Forrest C. (1954). The Supreme Command. U.S. Army in World War II: The European Theater of Operations (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, U.S. Department of the Army). OCLC 1247005.
• Schifferle, Peter J. (2010). America's School for War. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-1714-0. OCLC 461324087.
• Smith, Walter Bedell (1950). My Three Years in Moscow. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Lippincott. OCLC 421156.
• Smith, Walter Bedell (1956). Eisenhower's Six Great Decisions: Europe, 1944–1945. New York, New York: Longmans. OCLC 522963.
• Snyder, William P. (January 1984). Walter Bedell Smith: Eisenhower's Chief of Staff. Military Affairs. Vol. 48 (Society for Military History). pp. 6–14. doi:10.2307/1988341. ISSN 0026-3931. OCLC 477921470. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
• Urseth, Leif H. (2010). Bedell Smith and Functionalist Dilemmas. Manhattan, Kansas: Kansas State University. OCLC 642824859. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
• Watson, Mark Skinner (1950). Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Preparations. U.S. Army in World War II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, U.S. Department of the Army. OCLC 19679393. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
• Ziemke, Earl F. (1974). The U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany 1944–1946. Army Historical Series. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History, U.S. Department of the Army. OCLC 81869288. Retrieved 30 August 2010.

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