Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines

Northern Gateway
West Line
Location
Country Canada
Province Alberta
British Columbia
General direction West
From Bruderheim, Alberta
To Kitimat, British Columbia
General information
Type Diluted bitumen
Owner Enbridge
Expected 2019[1]
Technical information
Length 1,177 km (731 mi)
Maximum discharge 0.525 million barrels per day (~2.62×10^7 t/a)
Diameter 36 in (914 mm)
Northern Gateway
East Line
Location
Country Canada
Province British Columbia
Alberta
General direction East
From Kitimat, British Columbia
To Bruderheim, Alberta
General information
Type Natural Gas Condensate
Owner Enbridge
Expected 2019[1]
Technical information
Length 1,177 km (731 mi)
Maximum discharge 193,000 barrels (30,700 m3) of condensate per day
Diameter 20 in (508 mm)

The Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines was a project to build a twin pipeline from Bruderheim, Alberta to Kitimat, British Columbia. The eastbound pipeline would import natural gas condensate and the westbound pipeline would export diluted bitumen from the Athabasca oil sands to the marine terminal in Kitimat for transportation to the Asian markets by oil tankers. The project would also include terminal facilities with "integrated marine infrastructure at tidewater to accommodate loading and unloading of oil and condensate tankers, and marine transportation of oil and condensate."[2] The $CDN 7.9 billion[1] project was proposed in mid-2000s and has been postponed several times. The project would be developed by Enbridge, Inc., a Canadian crude oil and liquids pipeline and storage company.

Enbridge claims that the pipeline and terminal, if completed, would provide 104 permanent operating positions created within the company and 113 positions with the associated marine services.[3] First Nations groups, many municipalities, including the Union of BC Municipalities, environmentalists and oil sands opponents, among others, denounce the project because of the environmental, economic, social and cultural risks posed by the pipeline. Proponents argue the pipeline would instead provide aboriginal groups with equity ownership, training, employment, Community Trust and stewardship programs.

The proposal has been heavily criticized by native groups.[4] Groups like the Yinka Dene Alliance have been organized to campaign against the project. In December 2010, 66 First Nations bands in British Columbia, including many along the proposed pipeline route, signed the Save The Fraser Declaration in opposition to the project, and 40 more have signed up in support since that time.[5] The proposal is also opposed by numerous non-governmental organizations (NGOs), citing previous spills [6] and concerns over oil sands expansion and the associated risks in transportation. By 2015, 26 of 45 have signed up in support of the Northern Gateway.[1]

In June 2014 the Northern Gateway pipeline project was approved by the federal government, subject to 209 conditions.[1] The CBC questioned the silence concerning the Northern Gateway since then and suggested that Enbridge might have quietly shelved the project.[1] Upon taking office in 2015, new Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau imposed a ban on oil tanker traffic on the North Coast of British Columbia, effectively killing the project.[7]

History

The project was proposed in the mid-2000s and has been postponed several times. It was announced in 2006. Enbridge signed a cooperation agreement with PetroChina in 2005 to ensure the utilization of pipeline capacity.[8] PetroChina agreed to buy about 200 thousand barrels per day (32×10^3 m3/d) transported through the pipeline. In 2007, however, PetroChina withdrew from the projects because of delays in starting the project.[9]

On December 4, 2009, Canada's National Energy Board (NEB) and the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency (CEAA) issued the Joint Review Panel Agreement and the terms of reference for the environmental and regulatory review of the Northern Gateway Pipelines.[10]

Enbridge Northern Gateway submitted its project application to the National Energy Board on May 27, 2010. The eight-volume regulatory application will be assessed by a Joint Review Panel (JRP) established by the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency (CEAA) and the National Energy Board (NEB).[11] On January 19, 2011, the JRP requested that Enbridge provide additional information on the design and risk assessment of the pipelines due to the difficult access and unique geographic location of the proposed project.[12]

On June 17, 2014 the Canadian government accepted the project's proposal. It confirmed 209 issues, identified in 2013 by a Joint Review Panel, to be resolved during the next phase of the regulatory process. Among them are necessary consultations with First Nations.[13] Opponents say that the 'conditions' were essentially written by Enbridge through a flawed and biased process which ultimately gave little consideration to the concerns of the vast majority of people who appeared before the panel.

Technical description

The planned project consists of two parallel pipelines between an inland terminal at Bruderheim, Alberta, and a marine terminal near Kitimat, British Columbia, each with a length of 1,177 kilometers (731 mi). Crude oil produced from oil sands would be transported from Bruderheim to Kitimat, while natural gas condensate would move in the opposite direction.[10] Condensate would be used as a diluent in oil refining to decrease the viscosity of heavy crude oil from oil sands, and to make it easier to transport by pipelines.[14][15] About 520 kilometers (320 mi) of pipeline would run in Alberta and 657 kilometers (408 mi) in British Columbia.[10] The crude oil pipeline would have a diameter of 36 inches (910 mm) and a capacity of 525 thousand barrels per day (83.5×10^3 m3/d). The condensate pipeline would have a diameter of 20 inches (510 mm) with a capacity of 193 thousand barrels per day (30.7×10^3 m3/d). Enbridge expects these pipelines to be completed by 2015.[16] The project, including a marine terminal in Kitimat, is expected to cost C$7.9 billion.[17] The Kitimat terminal would comprise two tanker berth platforms, one serving Very Large Crude Carriers and another serving Suezmax-type condensate tankers. The terminal would include oil and condensate tanks and a pump station.[15]

Environmental assessment

As an inter-provincial pipeline, the project requires a public regulatory review process conducted by JRP. The JRP will provide a joint environmental assessment and regulatory process that will contribute to decision making.[10] The first session of JRP was held on January 10, 2012, in Kitamaat Village, British Columbia.[17]

Other types of studies, such as socioeconomic assessments, are also necessary prior to project approval. However, under the current regulations, the recommendations made in the assessments are non-binding and the project could be approved even if significant adverse environmental and socio-economic effects were found.[18] At the provincial level, it may also be regulated by the British Columbia Environmental Assessment Office (BC EAO).

Competing projects

Kinder Morgan Energy Partners is operating the 1,150-kilometre (710 mi) long Trans Mountain Pipeline System from Edmonton, Alberta to terminals and refineries in central British Columbia, the Vancouver area and the Puget Sound region in Washington.[19] The company would like to increase the pipeline's capacity by twelve times, up to 600,000 barrels per day (95,000 m3/d).[20] According to Kinder Morgan, expanding the existing pipeline is cheaper than Northern Gateway and it avoids opposition as experienced by the Enbridge's project.[21]

Another competing project is TransCanada's Keystone XL pipeline.[22]

Opposition

BC NDP

BC NDP leader Adrian Dix promised to pull B.C. out of the federal review process if he was elected in the spring of 2013, while also hiring prominent constitutional lawyer Murray Rankin to consider a legal challenge on who has jurisdiction over pipelines. Rankin argues that British Columbia should withdraw from the federal government’s Pipelines review process and set up a made-in-B.C. environmental assessment.[23][24] In an August 2012 NDP press conference Rankin argued that a made-in-B.C. review would ensure that B.C.’s economic, social and environmental interests are fully addressed, that B.C.'s powers and responsibilities are properly exercised and that First Nations’ interests are recognized within the new process.[25] In response Dix said "“Within a week of taking office, we will serve the federal government with 30 days’ notice to terminate the 2010 deal in which the Liberals signed away B.C.’s interests.”[25]

This policy has been blamed for the poor election result for the NDP in 2013. The NDP won nearly every coastal riding in the British Columbia general election, 2013 - so it could be argued that there is a division between those who live in the path of potential environmental harm, and those who live away from the area. The NDP had been seen as the heavy favourites, until shortly after they clarified their pipeline policy.[26]

First Nations/Aboriginal groups

Many Aboriginal groups oppose the Northern Gateway pipeline proposal, though some others have signed agreements supporting it. Enbridge and some Aboriginal groups disagree on the extent of this support and opposition.[27] Several coalitions and alliances have produced formal declarations unequivocally rejecting the intrusion of an oil pipeline on aboriginal lands. These include Yinka Dene Alliance,[28][29] Heiltsuk Nation,[30][31] Coastal First Nations,[32][33][34] and Save the Fraser.[28] The Wet'suwet'en First Nation has adamantly opposed the pipeline, as well as many Dakelh First Nations including the Saik'uz First Nation.[35][36] West Coast Environmental Law has compiled a list of over 130 First Nations opposed to the Northern Gateway Pipeline.(2011-12-31).

The Joint Review Panel traveled to the Heiltsuk Nation in April 2012 for hearings into the Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipeline proposal. By some counts, a third of Bella Bella's 1,095 residents were on the street that day, one of the largest demonstrations in the community's history.[31] Facing non-violent protest as part of the greeting at the airport - the JRP members suspended the hearings for a day and a half.[31] While the hearings did resume - substantial time had been lost, meaning fewer people could present to the JRP than had planned.[31]

As the young people of the community explained when they finally got the chance, their health and identity were inextricably bound up in their ability to follow in the footsteps of their forebears - fishing and paddling in the same waters, collecting kelp in the same tidal zones in the outer coastal islands, hunting in the same forests, and collecting medicines in the same meadows. Which is why Northern Gateway was seen not simply as a threat to the local fishery but as the possible undoing of all this intergenerational healing work. And therefor as another wave of colonial violence.[37]

Environmental advocates

The Dogwood Initiative, ForestEthics, and Greenpeace Canada are some organizations actively campaigning against the Enbridge pipeline proposal.[38][39][40][41]

Issues

Impact on Aboriginal groups

The proposal has been opposed by Aboriginal groups. Groups like the Yinka Dene Alliance have been organized to campaign against the project. First Nations bands in British Columbia, including many along the proposed pipeline route, signed the Save The Fraser Declaration in opposition to the project.[5]

Save The Fraser Declaration was signed by numerous indigenous tribes, declaring opposition to oil pipelines through First Nation traditional territories. It was signed by more than 130 First Nations.[42]

Enbridge has offered a 10% equity stake in the $5.5 billion proposed project, over the next 30 years, to participating aboriginal groups. As well, Enbridge says it will put one per cent of Northern Gateway's pre-tax earnings into a trust, which is expected to generate $100 million over 30 years for non-Aboriginal as well as Aboriginal groups. The company says it expects roughly 15 per cent of the proposed project's construction labour force to be aboriginal.[43]

Economic costs and environmental risks of the pipeline — including disruption to existing employment, potential job losses due to oil spills, and the economic costs of carbon emissions — have been ignored by Enbridge.[44] Even in the absence of a spill, the pipeline and tanker traffic will be disruptive to the existing fishing and tourism economy.

Refusing to name individual bands, Enbridge claims that 70% of the affected First Nations have signed onto the deal. However, it has been revealed that not a single band whose land is being directly traversed by the pipeline has signed on.[45]

Enbridge offerings are expected to create more division amongst first nations, as was the case with Enbridge's premature announcement in 2011 of support by the Gitxan hereditary chiefs, in exchange for $7 million. However, this deal was quickly overturned following the closure of the Gitxsan Treaty Society Office by opponents of the deal. The Enbridge deal was subsequently rejected in writing by 45 Gitxsan chiefs, who claimed that the office had misrepresented the Gitxsan people. Only one chief in BC has publicly supported the proposed pipeline, Chief Elmer Derrick. Derrick was the chief negotiator for the Gitxsan Treaty Society before its closure in 2011. Derrick has since been stripped of his post as chief negotiator for the GTS.[46][47][48][49][50]

Several First Nations (including the Haisla, Gitga'at, Haida, Gitxaala, Wet'suwet’en, Nadleh Whut'en, Nak'azdli, and Takla Lake) have publicly stated (via the Joint Review Panel or in the media) that neither the Crown nor the established assessment process for Enbridge's project have adequately met their duty to consult and accommodate, or respect their Aboriginal Rights and Title.[51]

Impact on economy

Wright Mansell Research Ltd, in their analysis of the project, concluded that the project "would be a catalyst for the generation of substantial and widely distributed economic stimulus for Canada and a significant contributor to sustaining Canadian growth and prosperity for many years into the future. While the benefits of greater flexibility, adaptability and opportunity for the Canadian petroleum sector, through market expansion and diversification, have not been quantified, they are also real and important. Further, the cost benefit analysis indicates that, taking into account all benefits and costs, including cost expectations from oil spills, there is a large and robust net social benefit associated with the project from a national Canadian perspective."[52]

A report put forth by economist and former Insurance Corporation of BC CEO, Robyn Allan, in early 2012, takes assumptions of Wright Mansell Research Ltd's analysis into question - stating that this proposed pipeline could actually hurt non-oil based sectors of the Canadian economy. Allan stated in the report that the project's success depends on continual yearly oil price increases, by about $3/barrel. She also stated that an increase in oil prices will lead to "a decrease in family purchasing power, higher prices for industries who use oil as an input into their production process, higher rates of unemployment in non-oil industry related sectors, a decline in real GDP, a decline in government revenues, an increase in inflation, an increase in interest rates and further appreciation of the Canadian dollar."[53][54]

Tanker moratorium in British Columbia

There has been an informal moratorium on large tanker traffic in Dixon Entrance, Hecate Strait, and the Queen Charlotte Sound since 1972.[55] Since then, the federal and provincial governments have commissioned periodic studies to reassess whether to lift the tanker moratorium. Each study has concluded that the risk of tanker spills is too high. In 2003–2004, the federal government initiated a three-part review process, including a scientific review by the Royal Society of Canada (the RSC report), a First Nations engagement process (the Brooks Report), and a public review process (the Priddle Panel). The RSC report concluded that "the present restriction on tanker traffic along the West Coast of British Columbia should be maintained for the time being[56]

In 2009, the Canadian government's position was that there is no moratorium on tanker traffic in the coast waters of British Columbia.[57] However, on December 7, 2010, Canada's environmental watchdog (Scott Vaughan, commissioner of the environment and sustainable development) in a damning report stated "Canada's government is not ready to handle a major oil spill from a tanker, in part because its emergency response plan is out of date".[58]

In December 2010, the federal House of Commons passed a non-binding motion to ban bulk oil tanker traffic in the Dixon Entrance, Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound.[59][60][61][62]

In November, 2015, Prime Minister Trudeau's mandate letter to the Minister of Transport directed that the moratorium be formalized.[63]

Enbridge's history of incidents

The proposed pipeline has been criticized by several entities, including government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the BC NDP and independent sources, citing Enbridge's spotty history with pipeline installation, non-conformance to government regulations [64] and numerous spills.

The Pembina Institute has published a report saying that the pipeline will have adverse impacts on land, air, and water.[70] Some of Enbridge's shareholders have asked the company to investigate the unique risks and liabilities associated with the project.[71][72]

Public opinion

Multiple public opinion surveys, sponsored by Enbridge, Ethical Oil and other oil interests, have been conducted on the Northern Gateway pipeline. An Abacus Data survey released in January for Sun Media found that 38% of Canadians were in support of building the pipeline, while 29% were opposed. Another 33% said they neither support nor oppose the pipeline.[81]

Another survey conducted by Forum Research in mid-January found that the share of Canadians who opposed the pipeline had fallen to 43%, from 51% in a December survey. Support for the project remained stable (at 37%, up within margin of error from 35%). 20% were undecided (up from 15% in December).[82]

In British Columbia, a March 2012 survey by Mustel Group reported increased opposition to the Enbridge proposal. In their B.C.-wide telephone survey sponsored by Kennedy Stewart (New Democrat MP), opposition had grown to 42%, from 32% in an Ipsos-Reid online survey sponsored by Enbridge in December 2011.[83][84] However, because their methodologies and context differed, the reported growth in opposition is difficult to substantiate. Ipsos-Reid conducted an online custom survey for Enbridge. Mustel Group included a single question on a shared-cost omnibus telephone survey, the same survey used in their political polling.[85]

Justason Market Intelligence released a poll in March 2012 that focused on the role of tankers in this pipeline proposal. The poll found 66% of B.C. residents opposed to Enbridge's proposal to transport oil through British Columbia's inside coastal waters, including 50% who registered strong disapproval.[86]

An April survey by Forum Research claimed an increase in opposition among B.C. residents to 52% from 46% reported by Forum Research in January.[87] In January, Forum polled 1,211 residents from across Canada; B.C. was a smaller subsample of that national poll.[88] In April, Forum polled 1,069 British Columbians.[89] The B.C. sample size for the January poll is not provided.

Political issues

The issue of the pipeline has been a subject of controversy between the governments of Alberta and British Columbia since 2011, when the Alberta government under Premier Alison Redford began pressuring BC to support the pipeline. In a March 8 speech to a "conservative family reunion" hosted by Preston Manning in Ottawa, BC Premier Christy Clark stated that "we support pipelines in British Columbia" (referring to liquid natural gas) but that she was not yet convinced of the benefits of the Northern Gateway scheme.[90]

Following the Kalamazoo River oil spill on Enbridge Pipeline 6B in Michigan, the BC government stated five requirements to be addressed prior to supporting any heavy oil pipeline proposal:[91]

BC premier Christy Clark recently boycotted a national energy strategy among the Canadian premiers [92] stating "until we see some progress in the discussions between British Columbia, Alberta and the federal government with respect to the Gateway pipeline through British Columbia, we will not be participating in the discussion of a national energy strategy." This is likely over concerns that BC will receive a $6.1 billion share of a project that is expected to earn $81 billion in government revenues over 30 years, while footing a majority of the risk.[93]

Clark was quoted in July 2012 as saying no to the proposed pipeline, unless Alberta entered negotiations with BC on revenue sharing. “If Alberta is not willing to even sit down and talk, then it stops here,” she said. This is in response to the disproportionate risk that BC would have to take on with this pipeline.[94]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Johnson, Tracy (20 February 2015), "Is Northern Gateway quietly being shelved? Enbridge reports 2014 earnings with little mention of the pipeline", CBC, retrieved 25 February 2015
  2. ↑ "Piping Up Against Enbridge: Nature Canada Signs Letter of Protest". Nature Canada. 30 March 2010.
  3. ↑ "Benefits for Canadians"
  4. ↑ Polczer, Shaun (2010-01-21). "Panel struck to review pipeline to West Coast. Enbridge plan to undergo scrutiny". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  5. 1 2 "B.C. natives protest Enbridge pipeline". The Canadian Press. 2010-12-02. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  6. ↑ Martin, Tim (2010-07-28). "Three million litres of oil spill from Enbridge pipeline into Michigan river". Associated Press (Toronto). Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  7. ↑ Hunter, Justine; Tait, Carrie (5 December 2015). "Why the Northern Gateway Pipeline is Probably Dead". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
  8. ↑ Jeffrey Jones (2008-02-21). "Enbridge rekindles oil sands pipeline plan". Reuters. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  9. ↑ "PetroChina Withdraws from Canadian Pipeline Project". AFX News Limited (Downstream Today). 2007-07-13. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Northern Gateway Pipeline Project Joint Review Panel Agreement Issued". Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency (Press release). Canada News Centre. 2009-12-04. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  11. ↑ "Enbridge files pipeline project for review". Kitimat Sentinel. 2010-05-28. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-05-28.
  12. ↑ O'Meara, Dina (2011-01-19). "Review Panel Demands More Details From Enbridge". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 2011-01-19.
  13. ↑ "Government of Canada Accepts Recommendation to Impose 209 Conditions on Northern Gateway Proposal" (Press release). Office of the Minister of Natural Resources. 2014-06-17. Archived from the original on 2014-07-01. Retrieved 2015-11-17.
  14. ↑ Dina O'Meara (2010-01-06). "Tens of billions to flow to pipelines in coming decades". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  15. 1 2 "Gateway Pipeline Project". Downstream Today. 2008-10-07. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  16. ↑ "Enbridge unfazed by oil sands chill". Upstream Online (NHST Media Group). 2008-11-21. (subscription required). Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  17. 1 2 Lewis, Matthew (September 4, 2012). "Enbridge says Northern Gateway line unlikely to start in 2018". Reuters. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  18. ↑ Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, R.S.C. 1999, c. 33, s. 37
  19. ↑ Clark, Aaron (2011-12-20). "Kinder Morgan Trans Mountain pipeline oversubscribed by 63%". The Vancouver Sun. Bloomberg. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
  20. ↑ Youds, Mike (2012-01-18). "Trans Mountain twinning decision pending; pipeline goes through Kamloops". Kamloops Daily News. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
  21. ↑ Anderson, Mitchell (2011-06-02). "Kinder Morgan's Grand Plan to Pipe Oil Sands Crude". The Tyee. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
  22. ↑ Olson, Bradley (2012-01-19). "TransCanada May Be ‘Dead Money’ After U.S. Spurns Keystone XL". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
  23. ↑ Murray Rankin, "B.C. pipeline review needed to restore legal powers", Times Colonist, August 31, 2012
  24. ↑ Sunny Dhillon, "B.C. NDP Leader vows to back out of Ottawa’s Enbridge review", Globe and Mail, August 22, 2012
  25. 1 2 Louise Dickson, "NDP would set up B.C.'s own pipeline review, Adrian Dix announces", Times Colonist, August 22, 2012
  26. ↑ Hunter, Justine. "B.C. NDP sticks with pipeline policy that may have cost election". Retrieved 25 April 2014.
  27. ↑ http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/b-c-first-nations-dispute-enbridge-pipeline-claims-1.1260277
  28. 1 2 Canoe.ca: Pipeline will not cross Dene Nations land, elders vow
  29. ↑ Yinka Dene website
  30. ↑ http://www.coastalfirstnations.ca/news-release/june-17-2014-308pm Nation responds to Federal Government decision on Enbridge’s Northern Gateway Pipeline Project
  31. 1 2 3 4 Klein, Naomi. This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs the Climate. Alfred A. Knopf Canada. 2014. p.p. 337-342. ISBN 978-0-307-40199-1
  32. ↑ MarketWire: Coastal First Nations Reaffirm Opposition to Enbridge Pipeline and Continued Ban on Oil Tankers on the Coast
  33. ↑ Dogwood: Coastal First Nations declare Ban on Tankers
  34. ↑ CBC video: Pipeline Opposition
  35. ↑ http://oilsandstruth.org/wet%E2%80%99suwet%E2%80%99en-layout-opposition-enbridge-gateway
  36. ↑ Mclean, Tanara. (2012-01-28). Pipeline will not cross Dene Nations land, elders vow, Canoe.ca, (Retrieved 2012-09-17)
  37. ↑ Klein, Naomi. This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs the Climate. Alfred A. Knopf Canada. 2014. p.p. 341. ISBN 978-0-307-40199-1
  38. ↑ UBCM: Ask your local reps to Support Resolution A8: Petition
  39. ↑ Help stop oil supertankers on BC's Coast: Petition
  40. ↑ We're winning against Enbridge - But it ain't over
  41. ↑ Greenpeace: Stop the Enbridge pipeline! Email Campaign
  42. ↑ "THE FACTS - ENBRIDGE NORTHERN GATEWAY". forestethics. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
  43. ↑ http://www.northerngateway.ca/aboriginal-engagement/benefits-for-aboriginals/
  44. ↑ "Enbridge Pipe Dreams and Nightmares" (PDF).
  45. ↑ "Some first nations want equity in Northern Gateway, but opposition remains". The Globe and Mail (Toronto). 2012-06-05.
  46. ↑ Uproar in Gitxsan First Nation after support for Enbridge's Northern Gateway pipeline announced by Mike Hager, Peter O’Neil and Gordon Hoekstra, Vancouver Sun, December 5, 2011.
  47. ↑ Enbridge pipeline deal with Gitxsan Treaty Society beginning to unravel by Scott Haggett And Jeffrey Jones, With A File From Vivian Luk; Reuters (reprinted in The Province), December 7, 2011.
  48. ↑ Gitxsan shut down treaty office, CBC Radio, Wednesday, December 7, 2011.
  49. ↑ Gitxsan Treaty Society doesn't have authority to sign deals with Enbridge by Neil J. Sterritt, Vancouver Sun, January 6, 2012.
  50. ↑ "Search". The Globe and Mail (Toronto). 2012-01-18.
  51. ↑ "Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines: Community Opposition and Investment Risk. Executive Summary" (PDF). ForestEthics. October 2010. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
  52. ↑ Public Interest Benefit Evaluation of the Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipeline Project: Update and Reply Evidence
  53. ↑ "Economist Calls Gateway Pipeline an Inflationary 'Threat'". 2012-02-02. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
  54. ↑ "Northern Gateway would hurt economy, study says". CBC News. 2012-02-02. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
  55. ↑ Lindell, Rebecca (2010-08-28). "Tanker Traffic in a Spill Sensitive World". Globe and Mail (Toronto). Retrieved 2010-12-09.
  56. ↑ "Report of the Expert Panel on Science Issues Related to Oil and Gas Activities, Offshore British Columbia" (PDF). The Royal Society of Canada, xix. Retrieved 2012-01-14.
  57. ↑ "Northern Gateway Pipeline Project Joint Review Panel Agreement and Terms of Reference". Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
  58. ↑ REUTERS: Canada couldn't handle big oil spill: watchdog
  59. ↑ "B.C. oil tanker ban motion passes in Commons". CBC News. 2010-12-07. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
  60. ↑ "Victory for BC: NDP tanker ban motion passes the house" (Press release). New Democratic Party. 2010-12-07. Archived from the original on 2010-12-29. Retrieved 2015-11-15.
  61. ↑ "EDITED HANSARD • NUMBER 109". Parliament of Canada. 2010-12-02. Retrieved 2012-01-14.
  62. ↑ "EDITED HANSARD • NUMBER 112". Parliament of Canada. 2010-12-07. Retrieved 2012-01-14.
  63. ↑ "Crude oil tanker ban for B.C.'s North Coast ordered by Trudeau". CBC News. 2015-11-13. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
  64. 1 2 CBC News http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/story/2013/05/05/pol-enbridge-breaks-neb-safety-rules.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  65. ↑ http://www.vancouversun.com/business/Enbridge+cleans+another+spill/7009914/story.html
  66. ↑ http://business.financialpost.com/2012/06/20/alberta-suffers-second-major-oil-spill-this-month-as-enbridge-pumping-station-leaks-230000-litres-of-heavy-crude-northeast-of-edmonton/
  67. ↑ Garth Woodworth (January 10, 2012). "Enbridge reports leak from U.S. pipeline as Northern Gateway hearings begin". Kitamaat Village, BC: Globe and Mail. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
  68. ↑ Adrangi, Maryam (2008-10-24). "Enbridge’s Dirty Oil Habit Put on Display for Investors". Toronto Media Co-op. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  69. ↑ Ebner, David; Iltan, Cigdem (2012-08-23). "Spill halted, Enbridge's reputation sullied". Globe and Mail (Vancouver and Battle Creek, Michigan). Retrieved 2012-12-13.
  70. ↑ Polczer, Shaun (2010-01-19). "Pembina report faults pipeline to West Coast". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  71. ↑ Enbridge Shareholders Meeting. Final Transcript (Report). Enbridge. 2011-05-11. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 13, 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-13.
  72. ↑ "Enbridge Shareholders Worried About Oil Spills" (Press release). Dogwood Initiative. 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2011-01-09.
  73. ↑ State records show many Minnesota pipeline ruptures | Duluth News Tribune | Duluth, Minnesota
  74. ↑ http://pstrust.org/library/docs/ops_doc2.pdf
  75. ↑ IncidentNews: Lakehead Pipeline Company
  76. ↑ http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Q1lYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_vkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3829,387617&dq=lakehead+pipeline+spill&hl=en
  77. ↑ http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K2pFAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UbwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5194,2089098&dq=lakehead+pipeline+spill&hl=en
  78. ↑ http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JTFPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jAIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6657,2195838&dq=lakehead+pipeline+spill&hl=en
  79. ↑ http://mn.water.usgs.gov/projects/bemidji/
  80. ↑ http://mn.water.usgs.gov/projects/bemidji/results/fact-sheet.pdf
  81. ↑ "Public Opinion on Northern Gateway". 2012-01-25. Retrieved 2012-01-29. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  82. ↑ "Harper Builds Oil Link With China After Obama Keystone ‘Slap’". 2012-01-25. Retrieved 2012-01-29. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  83. ↑ O'Neil, Peter (March 28, 2012). "Opposition to oil sands pipeline growing in B.C., poll finds". Calgary Herald. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
  84. ↑ O'Neil, Peter (5 January 2012). "B.C. residents support Northern Gateway pipeline: poll". National Post / Financial Post. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
  85. ↑ Bailey, Ian (27 March 2012). "Poll gives NDP 8 point lead over B.C. Liberals". The Globe and Mail (Toronto). Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  86. ↑ Hume, Peter (6 April 2012). "Hume: Pipeline opposition likely to grow as supertanker risk assessed". The Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
  87. ↑ Hoekstra, Gordon. "More than half of B.C. residents oppose Northern Gateway pipeline, poll suggests". The Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  88. ↑ "Harper Builds Oil Link With China After Obama Keystone 'Slap'". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  89. ↑ "Opposition to Northern Gateway pipeline, coastal oil tanker traffic up sharply" (PDF). Forum Research. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  90. ↑ http://www.vancouversun.com/business/Premier+Christy+Clark+courts+conservatives/6278629/story.html
  91. ↑ "Environment Minister sets out government's position on heavy oil pipelines". 2012-08-01. Retrieved 2012-08-26.>http://www2.news.gov.bc.ca/news_releases_2009-2013/2012ENV0049-001120.htm
  92. ↑ "B.C. premier boycotts national energy strategy". CBC News. 2012-07-27. Retrieved 2015-11-17.
  93. ↑ "Premier stays mum on how much B.C.'s pipeline approval will cost". The Globe and Mail (Toronto). 2012-08-03.
  94. ↑

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Wednesday, May 04, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.