EST and The Forum in popular culture

Leonard Maltin praised Burt Reynolds's charm in Semi-Tough, a film that parodied est.

Werner Erhard and his courses have been referenced in popular culture in various forms of fictional media including literature, film, television and theatre. The original course, known as est, was delivered by the company Erhard Seminars Training (EST, or est). Under the name The Forum, they were delivered by Werner Erhard and Associates. Also, the Landmark Forum, a program created by Erhard's former employees after purchasing his intellectual property, has had an influence on popular culture. Some of these works have taken a comedic tack, parodying Erhard and satirizing the methodology used in these courses.

Both est and The Forum have been depicted more often in film and television than in literary works. The 1977 film Semi-Tough satirized Erhard and the est Training, through the fictional "Bismark Earthwalk Action Training," in which Bert Convy portrayed a character said to have been a parody of Erhard. Diana Ross and Joel Schumacher, who had both taken the est training, incorporated Werner Erhard's teachings into the 1978 musical film, The Wiz. The 1990 film The Spirit of '76 also parodied est, with Rob Reiner portraying a trainer for the est-like "Be, Inc. Seminars." Movie critics have also drawn parallels to est and Werner Erhard, in reviews of the films Fight Club and Magnolia. Concepts from the Landmark Forum were utilized by The Wachowskis in their film The Matrix Revolutions. Werner Erhard's training programs have been parodied in television. The 1979 episode of Mork & Mindy, "Mork Goes Erk", and the 2002 episode of Six Feet Under, "The Plan", are the most notable. In the Mork & Mindy episode, the Erhard parody character was played by David Letterman.

The third season of the FX series "The Americans" contains a story line in which several recurring characters attend the EST training in or near Washington, DC.

Madison, Wisconsin's Broom Street Theater produced a play about Werner Erhard and The Forum in 1995, called Devil In Paradise, The Fall and Rise of Werner Erhard. This piece presented a fictionalized version of controversial issues surrounding Erhard.

Background

Werner Erhard (born John Paul Rosenberg), originally from Pennsylvania, migrated to California. A former salesman, training manager, and executive in the encyclopedia business,[1][2] he created the Erhard Seminars Training (est) course in 1971.[3] est was a form of Large Group Awareness Training,[4][5] and was part of the Human Potential Movement.[6] est was a four-day, 60-hour self-help program given to groups of 250 people at a time.[7] The program was very intensive: each day would contain 15–20 hours of instruction.[6] During the training, est personnel utilized jargon to convey key concepts, and participants had to agree to certain rules which remained in effect for the duration of the course.[8] Participants were taught that they were responsible for their life outcomes, and were promised a dramatic change in their self-perception.[6]

Est had its critics and proponents.[9] Proponents asserted that it had a profoundly positive impact on people's lives.[6] By 1977 over 100,000 people completed the est training, including public figures and mental health professionals.[6] In 1985, Werner Erhard and Associates repackaged the course as "The Forum", a seminar focused on "goal-oriented breakthroughs".[3] By 1988, approximately one million people had taken some form of the trainings.[3] In the early 1990s Erhard faced family problems, as well as tax problems that were eventually resolved in his favor.[3][10][11] A group of his associates formed the company Landmark Education in 1991, purchasing The Forum's course "technology" from Erhard.[3]

Fiction

est and successors in literature

Depictions of est and The Forum in literature have dealt with direct references to these trainings, through such books as 60 Hours that Transform Your Life, by Adelaide Bry; Getting It: The Psychology of est, by Sheridan Fenwick, est: Making Life Work, by Robert Hargrove; The est Experience by James Kettle; and The Book of est by Like Rhinehart.

est was parodied in the March 1980 issue of the Marvel Comics Howard the Duck series, titled: "The Dreadcliff Cuckoos".[12] In "The Dreadcliff Cuckoos", the character "Werner Blowhard" heads the organization "Bozoes Eagerly Serving Tyrants", abbreviated B.E.S.T.[12] In his first appearance in the comic, Blowhard states "I've got It, Have you got It?".[12] The "Werner Blowhard" character was later referenced in D. Keith Mano's 1982 novel, Take Five.[13]

In Pressure Points, a 2001 novel by Larry Brooks, one of the book's protagonists asserts that the programs developed by Werner Erhard, William Penn Patrick, and Alexander Everett all came from the same source.[14] The Program, a 2004 novel by Hurwitz, quotes Erhard prior to the opening of the prologue.[15]

Film

1970s

est advocate Valerie Harper contacted Bert Convy on behalf of Werner Erhard during the filming of Semi-Tough.[16]

Werner Erhard and his est Training programs and later The Forum have been parodied in films, both directly and through more subtle references. Still in other films that did not directly intend to parody the subject matter, other reviewers have found elements of the est movement as applied to the genre of fictional self-help films. The 1977 movie Semi-Tough, starring Burt Reynolds, parodied the est training.[17] Bert Convy played "Frederick Bismark," a caricature of Werner Erhard. Bismark's organization and its training went by the name "B.E.A.T.", which stands for: "Bismark Earthwalk Action Training." A form of Rolfing was also parodied in the film, and Lotte Lenya's character "Clara Pelf" was described as: "a Rolf like masseuse."[16] The press caught on to this satire of Erhard in the film, and gave these sections of the film positive reviews. The Wall Street Journal did not give an overall positive review, but did appreciate the portions where Werner Erhard was parodied: "The movie isn't much - an erratic ramble - But it has some pleasant moments, and a delicious send-up of The self-improvement guru Werner Erhard."[18] The Charlotte Observer praised Bert Convy's portrayal of the self-help guru Frederick Bismark, writing: "Bert Convy is a hilariously smug consciousness-raiser with a more than passing resemblance to EST's Werner Erhard."[19] After the film's release, Bert Convy appeared on The Tonight Show and discussed his experiences when he attended an est training seminar in preparation for his role as Frederick Bismark. During actual filming on Semi-Tough, Convy received a late-night phone call from actress Valerie Harper, known in Hollywood as a devoted student of Werner Erhard. She related to Convy that Erhard was "pleased" with the role, and she wished him success in the film. However, Convy suspected that her real reason for calling was to subtly pressure him to go easy on his parody of Erhard in the film.[16]

est student Diana Ross worked some of Werner Erhard's teachings into the film version of The Wiz.[16]

The Grove Book of Hollywood wrote that the 1978 film, The Wiz was influenced by Werner Erhard's teachings and est because actress Diana Ross and writer Joel Schumacher were "very enamored of Werner Erhard."[16] The film's producer Rob Cohen noted that: "before I knew it, the movie was becoming an est-ian fable full of est buzzwords about knowing who you are and sharing and all that. I hated the script a lot. But it was hard to argue with Diana because she was recognizing in this script all of this stuff that she had worked out in est seminars."[16] Schumacher spoke positively of the results of the est training, saying: "I will be eternally grateful for learning that I was responsible for my life."[16] Of est and Erhard references in the film itself, The Grove Book of Hollywood notes that the speech delivered by the Good Witch, played by actress Lena Horne, at the end of the film was "a litany of est-like platitudes," and the book also makes est comparisons to the song "Believe in Yourself."[16]

In the 1979 film Manhattan, Woody Allen's character Isaac Davis says of his first wife, "She was a kindergarten teacher, then she got into drugs and moved to San Francisco. She went to est, became a Moonie. She works for the William Morris Agency now.".

1990s

Rob Reiner portrayed "Dr. Cash", a parody of Werner Erhard, in the 1990 film The Spirit of '76.[20]

In the 1990 film The Spirit of '76, Rob Reiner plays "Dr. Hedley Cash" (only referred to as "Dr. Cash" in the film), an abusive trainer for the est-like "Be, Inc. Seminars" who traps time-traveler Heinz-57 (played by Geoff Hoyle) in one of his seminars and continually refers to him as "Heinz Asshole."[21] In the DVD commentary for the 2003 release of the film, director Lucas Reiner stated that the "Absentee, oblivious, self-involved parents who don't notice their kids have a spaceship" was a reference to the self-involved nature of adults during the 1970s and their propensity for self-improvement.[20] Lucas Reiner stated that these scenes were meant to symbolize the "'70s hunger for self-improvement," and the extreme ends that people would go to in order to improve themselves. Lucas Reiner had never personally attended one of Werner Erhard's seminars, but had heard that attendants were not allowed to leave, often peed in their pants, and were called "assholes" and insulted publicly. Reiner noted that once his brother Carl put on the "Dr. Cash" costume, he played his character perfectly.[20] Heavyweights is a 1995 comedy film about a fat camp for kids that is taken over by fitness guru Tony Perkis, played by Ben Stiller. In a review of the film in The Washington Post, Hal Hinson described Stiller's portrayal of the Perkis character to Erhard, and called him "the Werner Erhard of slide aerobics".[22]

Fight Club author Chuck Palahniuk's work was influenced by his experiences in the Landmark Forum.[23]

Fight Club author Chuck Palahniuk was a graduate of The Landmark Forum, or "The Forum", for short, and this later influenced his work.[23][24][25] In his review of the 1999 film adaptation of the book, Roger Ebert likened the character Tyler Durden to Werner Erhard.[26] Ebert wrote that Tyler Durden was: ".a bully--Werner Erhard plus S & M, a leather club operator without the decor."[26] Fight Club film producer Ross Grayson Bell believes that his "creative synchronicity" with writer Palahniuk was due to their shared experience of attending The Forum.[23] In the 1999 film Magnolia, Tom Cruise played a motivational guru named Frank T.J. Mackey, who was the author of a self-help book called Seduce and Destroy. This work was meant to teach men how to get women to sleep with them. The Frank T.J. Mackey character in the film has been likened to: "a sort of pop-TV blend of Werner Erhard and Bob Guccione, strutting around a stage with cocksure arrogance, indoctrinating his acolytes in the arts of machismo and seduction."[27] The Frank T.J. Mackey character has also been compared to another motivational trainer influenced by Erhard, in Details Magazine.[28]

2000–present

The Wachowskis drew on their experiences in the Landmark Forum seminar series when they wrote The Matrix Revolutions.[29][30]

In her 2004 book Life Long Learning: Transforming, Learning Discovering Through Living Life in Unlimitless Possibilities, Patti Diamond writes that filmmakers The Wachowskis got the inspiration for the screenplay to The Matrix Revolutions while participating in a Landmark Forum "seminar series."[29] Diamond also analyzes The Matrix Revolutions and the messages imparted in the film, in the context of her own personal experiences in the Landmark Forum. She describes a tautologous exchange between Agent Smith and Neo in the film, where Neo is asked by Smith: "Why do you continue to do this, Mr. Anderson?" and Neo responds: "Because I choose to." Diamond uses this example to explain the Landmark Forum's discussion of "choice and decision."[29] Diamond provides further analysis of other Landmark Forum concepts utilized in The Matrix Revolutions in her book Stepping Into Spiritual Oneness: Spiritual Rememberings of the Soul Through Life Experience, including the concept that: "we all choose to BE who we are being in each and every moment of our experience."[30]

Television

Mork & Mindy

David Letterman portrayed a parody of Werner Erhard in an episode of Mork & Mindy called "Mork Goes Erk."[31]

Parody and satire of est and The Forum in television has taken a more direct approach than in literature and film. Characters have been shown attending seminars, and having negative outcomes as a result. Mork & Mindy dealt with this in a lighter fashion, dealing with a small introduction of individuals to the training in a home environment, in season one, episode seventeen: "Mork Goes Erk."[32] In the episode, David Letterman portrayed an Erhard-like character by the name of "Ellsworth" offering ERK or Ellsworth Revitalization Konditioning.[31] In a 1982 article in the journal Theory & Society, Lewis & Clark College sociology professor Robert Goldman compared and contrasted Letterman's "Ellsworth" character and his training program to that of Werner Erhard. Goldman noted that the episode spent time: "lampooning Werner Erhard and est-like commercial pop psychologies." However, Goldman went on to note that the inherent problem with "Ellsworth Revitalization Konditioning" was not the training - but Ellsworth himself. Ellsworth is seen not just as a parody of Werner Erhard, but also of consumerism: "As the self-help entrepreneur, Ellsworth is portrayed as a walking collection of lifestyle-status points and sign-values ("I've got my Rolls-Royce!"). Conspicuous consumption and commodity fetishism define his personality." Goldman explained that the Mork and Mindy episode succeeded in distinguishing between criticism of the Ellsworth training, and criticism of Ellsworth, citing Ellsworth's character traits of: "tyranny, selfishness, open greed, and flaunting of the accoutrements of his vulgar money-making." In the end of the segment of the episode parodying est, Mork wins out over the Ellsworth philosophy by instead calling to mind universal humanistic moral values.[31] David Letterman received positive praise for his portrayal of "Ellsworth" in the episode.[33][34][35]

Six Feet Under

Alice Krige portrayed a seminar leader of "The Plan" (a parody on "The Forum") in the 2002 Six Feet Under episode, "The Plan".[36]

Six Feet Under Episode 16, of Season 2, "The Plan", featured a seminar-delivery organization called "The Plan", which the character Claire Fisher immediately compared to est. Actress Alice Krige portrays "Alma" the seminar leader of "The Plan" - who uses jargon related to the "blueprint" for building a house in order to convey concepts about self-improvement. She singles out the character Ruth and berates her for "tiptoeing around her own house like she's afraid of waking someone up." Ruth begins to use jargon from the course in her conversations with family, and complains to her daughter that she cannot yet go to sleep after coming home from her seminar because she must first do "homework" from the course. This homework includes writing a letter to her dead mother forgiving her for "all the terrible things she did to me", and writing a letter to herself, describing how she will "renovate" her life. During the following day of "The Plan", the seminar leader gives the group a new assignment: to go outside to ready banks of phones, and call their family members to inform them of specifically how they wish to "renovate their homes" together. In the seminar, the leader asks everyone to close their eyes and imagine that everyone else is laughing at them for being stupid, and then asks the participants if they get the joke. Everyone does, except Ruth, who rants at the course instructor. After her rant, the leader congratulates her for "knocking down her old house", and proceeds to tell her that now she can rebuild a new house.[37]

Analysis in secondary sources and books on Six Feet Under have compared the training in "The Plan" to the current incarnation of Erhard's trainings, Landmark Education.[38] Reading Six Feet Under: TV to Die For by Akass et al. have compared "The Plan" to est and The Forum.[36] Akass cites the episode while analyzing the phenomenon of self-improvement, and notes that: "Repairing her shingles often leaves Ruth in shackles."[36] She writes that: "the series performs the logic of self-help, both its silly and seductive sides."[36] However, she also points out that Ruth's rant at the end of her seminar is cathartic for Ruth, and she ends her analysis of the episode by asking: "So, what do we make of our times when all this supposed nonsense actually works?"[36]

Theatre

In 2008, Climate Theater in San Francisco, California showed a play called The Group, written by Robert Quillen Camp and performed by Ryan Eggensperger, and inspired, according to Climate "by the largely American tradition of packaging and selling self-empowerment, from EST and the Landmark Forum to Norman Vincent Peale and The Secret".[39] The play is an immersive performance piece[40] where audience members sit in a circle and wear audio headsets, through which they listen to the charismatic leader's voice and sound effects.[41] The production ran from May 29, 2008 to June 14, 2008.[39]

Robert Avila of the San Francisco Bay Guardian called The Group: "in-your-face comedy in a droll send-up of EST-like self-actualization programs," and a spoof of "recent incarnations" including The Secret and Landmark Forum.[42] Avila gave the play a positive review, noting its "inspired writing, sharp humor, and simple yet slick production".[42] In a review of the play for the San Jose Mercury News, Karen D'Souza wrote: From est to 'The Secret,' this is a playful lampoon of 'healing philosophies'".[43] D'Souza also reviewed the play positively, writing: " Writer-director Robert Quillen Camp slyly pokes fun at reducing the human experience to one-size-fits-all platitudes and besmirching belief systems with "cash-only" workshops."[43] Pat Craig wrote in Contra Costa Times: "After a lifetime of enduring various human potential programs, from the chanted mantras of transcendental meditation to the institutionalized loathing of est, 'The Group' seems a bit tame for satire to a veteran of the high-profit mind games."[44] In a review for the San Francisco Examiner, Leslie Katz said, "In the end, the show provides excellent therapy. As those who aren't swayed by expensive self-help seminars know, laughter is indeed the best medicine."[45]

Impact of est on Popular Culture

In the four decades since est was introduced to American Culture there have been critics, detractors and satirists. But, as new age expert, Eliezer Sobel in Psychology Today states, “However, from the million, plus people who have actually participated in it, the est Training has delivered on its promises.

“Over the years there have been negative stories, rumors, accusations of cultish behavior, disaffected employees and so on. The usual stuff we have come to expect.

“But there are also far more people in the world, by a long shot, who are among the million or so participants that attended [est founder Werner] Erhard’s training who were thrilled by the results they received. People had enormous and powerful changes occur for them in a very short time—it was a two-weekend course—and no naysayer could talk them out of the very real value they experienced in their lives as a result of participating in est, whether it was dramatic transformations in their relationships with their families, with their work and personal vision, or most important, with the recognition of who they truly were in the core of their beings.”[46]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bartley, William Warren (1978). Werner Erhard The Transformation of a Man: The Founding of EST. Clarkson Potter. pp. 84, 90. ISBN 0-517-53502-5.
  2. ↑ Pressman, Steven (1993). Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from est to Exile. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 5–7. ISBN 0-312-09296-2. OCLC 27897209.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Hukill, Tracy (July 9, 1998). "The est of Friends: Werner Erhard's protégés and siblings carry the torch for a '90s incarnation of the '70s 'training' that some of us just didn't get". Metro Silicon Valley (Metro Newspapers). Archived from the original on 2009-10-21. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
  4. ↑ Fisher, Jeffrey D.; Cohen Silver, Roxane; Chinsky, Jack M.; Goff, Barry; Klar, Yechiel (1990). Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 142. ISBN 0-387-97320-6.
  5. ↑ Denison, Charles Wayne (June 1995). "The children of EST: A study of the experience and perceived effects of a large group awareness training". Dissertation Abstracts International (Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International) 55 (12–B): 5564.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 McGurk, William S. (June 1977). "Was Ist est?". Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books 22 (6): 459–460.
  7. ↑ Berzins, Zane (February 6, 1977). "Getting It". The New York Times Book Review 82 (The New York Times Company). p. 25.
  8. ↑ Bader, Barbara (Editor) (July 15, 1976). "Getting It". Kirkus Reviews. Vol. 44 no. Part II, Section No. 14. p. 821.
  9. ↑ name="mcgurk"
  10. ↑ Faltermayer, Charlotte (2001-06-24). "The Best Of Est?". Time. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
  11. ↑ "Leader of est movement wins $200,000 from IRS". Daily News of Los Angeles (Los Angeles, California). September 12, 1996.
  12. 1 2 3 Mantlo, Bill; John Buscema; Klaus Janson (March 1980). "The Dreadcliff Cuckoos: The best things in life are free, right? Especially if by "best" you mean skulduggery, kidnapping, mind-manipulation, torture and murder, all through the graces of B.E.S.T". Stan Lee presents: Howard the Duck (New York City, New York: Marvel Comics Group, Office of Publication) 1 (4): 38–63.
  13. ↑ Mano, D. Keith (1998). Take Five. Dalkey Archive Press. p. 180. ISBN 1-56478-193-3.
  14. ↑ Brooks, Larry (November 29, 2001). Pressure Points. Onyx. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-451-41001-6. ISBN 0-451-41001-7
  15. ↑ Hurwitz, Gregg Andrew (2004). The Program. HarperCollins. p. 176. ISBN 0-06-053040-5.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Silvester, Christopher; Steven Bach (2002). The Grove Book of Hollywood. Grove Press. pp. 555–560. ISBN 0-8021-3878-0.
  17. ↑ Mulligan, Pat (2006). The Life and Times of a Hollywood Bad Boy. AuthorHouse. p. 94. ISBN 1-4259-5008-6.
  18. ↑ Staff (2005-05-27). "Our Reynolds Rap -- Burt Is Inert;". The Wall Street Journal (Dow Jones & Company).
  19. ↑ Staff (1987-01-25). "Videos Bring Back Grit, Grime, Romance of Football Movies". The Charlotte Observer (The McClatchy Company).
  20. 1 2 3 Reiner, Lucas (2003). DVD commentary for The Spirit of '76, 2003 edition (DVD). Castle Rock Entertainment, Warner Home Video.
  21. ↑ Staff. (2003). DVD Verdict Review. 2003 Bill Gibron. pp. The Spirit Of '76.
  22. ↑ Hinson, Hal (February 17, 1995). "‘Heavyweights’". The Washington Post (The Washington Post Company). Retrieved 2008-04-20.
  23. 1 2 3 Snider, Suzanne (May 2003). "EST, Werner Erhard, And The Corporatization of Self-Help". The Believer (2003-2007 The Believer).
  24. ↑ Grigoriadis, Vanessa (July 9, 2001). "Pay Money, Be Happy: For thousands of new yorkers, happiness is a $375, three-day self-help Seminar. Welcome to EST: The Next Generation". New York Magazine.
  25. ↑ Staff (2006-06-25). "Why you will find yourself at the Forum". Daily Telegraph (News Limited Australia).
  26. 1 2 Ebert, Roger (October 15, 1999). "Review, Fight Club". Chicago Sun-Times.
  27. ↑ Wilmington, Michael (2000-01-06). "Magnolia". Zap2it.com (Tribune Media Services, Inc.).
  28. ↑ Burleigh, Nina (October 2000). "Death of a Salesman". Details Magazine.
  29. 1 2 3 Diamond, Patti (2004). Life Long Learning - Transforming, Learning Discovering Through Living Life in Unlimitless Possibilities. Morrisville, North Carolina: Lulu. p. 33. ISBN 1-4116-2492-0.
  30. 1 2 Diamond, Patti (2006). Stepping Into Spiritual Oneness: Spiritual Rememberings of the Soul Through Life Experience. Morrisville, North Carolina: Lulu. p. 169. ISBN 1-4116-5156-1.
  31. 1 2 3 Goldman, Robert (May 1982). "Hegemony and Managed Critique in Prime-Time Television: A Critical Reading of "Mork and Mindy"". Theory & Society (Hosted, Lewis & Clark College) 11: 363–388, Part 4. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
  32. ↑ Staff (Original Air Date: 8 February 1979). ""Mork & Mindy" Mork Goes Erk (1979)". Internet Movie Database (Amazon.com). Retrieved 2007-10-29. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  33. ↑ Tobey, Matthew. "Mork & Mindy: Mork Goes Erk". Allmovie (All Media Guide, LLC.). Retrieved 2007-10-29.
  34. ↑ Liebenson, Donald (2004). "Mork & Mindy - The Complete First Season (1978): Amazon.com essential video". Amazon.com (Amazon.com, Inc.). pp. Editorial Reviews. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
  35. ↑ Staff (November 5, 2004). "Mork & Mindy". Dallas Morning News.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 Akass, Kim; Janet McCabe; Mark Lawson (2005). Reading Six Feet Under: TV to Die For. I.B.Tauris. pp. 96–97. ISBN 1-85043-809-9.
  37. ↑ Staff; Television Without Pity (March 24, 2002). "Six Feet Under, The Plan, Recap". Yahoo! TV (Yahoo! Inc.). pp. 1–11. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  38. ↑ Venkatasubban, Sharmila (January 1, 2003). "Article of Faith". Pittsburgh City Paper.
  39. 1 2 "The Group". Climate Theater. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
  40. ↑ Buzzin' Lee Hartgrave (May 30, 2008). "Have a Little est - Have a Little Norman Vincent Peale or Learn The Secret". BeyondChron. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
  41. ↑ Dodds, Richard (May 29, 2008). "Summer stage attractions". Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
  42. 1 2 Avila, Robert (June 4, 2008). "Stage listings". San Francisco Bay Guardian. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
  43. 1 2 D'Souza, Karen (May 30, 2008). "'The Group,' a witty parody of self-help therapy Ryan Eggensperger is cheesily charismatic as leader in memorable world premiere from Robert Quillen Camp". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
  44. ↑ Craig, Pat (June 3, 2008). "Sly 'Group' creeps up on you". Contra Costa Times. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
  45. ↑ Katz, Leslie (May 30, 2008). "Review: When positive thinking goes awry". San Francisco Examiner.
  46. ↑ Asghar, Rob (29 October 2014). "The 'Mindfulness Craze: Headaches to Come". Forbes / Leadership. The Little Book of Billionaire Secrets.

External links

Parodies

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Monday, March 21, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.