Eternally collapsing object

An Eternally Collapsing Object (ECO) is a self-gravitating ball of ultra-hot plasma which is almost as compact as black holes, and yet qualitatively different from true mathematical black holes. In other words, an ECO is a sort of hypothesized quasi-black hole, and an alternative to true mathematical black holes. This term was first coined by the Indian astrophysicist Abhas Mitra in 1998.^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]} Though Mitra admitted that the general relativistic black hole solutions are correct, he argued that, the so-called black hole candidates discovered by astronomers cannot be true mathematical black holes. He based this assertion on the claimed mathematical proof that, the masses of the black holes obtained as integration constants of pertinent general relativistic differential equations are tacitly zero.^[16] Historically, Luis Bel was the first author to claim that the Schwarzschild Singularity is a `point singularity' contrary to the widely held view that the Event Horizon is a surface having a finite area. A new point of view is presented for which the Schwarzschild singularity becomes a real point singularity on which the sources of Schwarzschild's exterior solution are localized.^[17] Physically, Bel's contention implies that the gravitational mass of a Schwarzschild black hole is M=0. Following this; Janis, Newman & Winicour suggested that the "Schwarzschild Singularity" may be a point singularity. A spherically symmetric solution of the Einstein equations is presented that coincides with the exterior (r>2m) Schwarzschild solution, but where the Schwarzschild "sphere" becomes a point singularity.^[18] In other words, the gravitational masses of the exact black holes are zero, and hence the observed black hole candidates must be quasi black holes, an assertion originally made by Jayant Narlikar and Thanu Padmanabhan.^[19]

It is shown that inconsistencies arise when we look upon the Schwarzschild solution as the space-time arising from a localized point singularity. The notion of black holes is critically examined, and it is argued that, since black hole formation never takes place within the past light cone of a typical external observer, the discussion of physical behavior of black holes, classical or quantum, is only of academic interest. It is suggested that problems related to the source could be avoided if the event horizon did not form and that the universe only contained quasi-black holes.

References

1. "Black holes don't exist, says BARC scientist".
2. "Meet the Indian who took on Stephen Hawking".
3. "Indian Physicist Abhas Mitra claims he Resolved Black Hole Paradox Years before Stephen Hawking".
4. "Black Hole Paradox Resolved By Indian Physicist Much Before Stephen Hawking".
5. "Indian Physicist Abhas Mitra Says he Resolved Black Hole Paradox Before Stephen Hawking".
6. "Indian physicist vindicated in black hole controversy".
7. "No Black Hole According To General Relativity? Nature India".
8. "Hawking vs. Mitra : Are black holes really black holes?".
9. "Abhas Mitra,singurul savant care a indraznit sa-i demonstreze lui Hawking ca teoria lui este gresita".
10. "Te-ai inselat, domnule Stephen Hawking!".
11. "BARC SCIENTIST: INDIA'S PRIDE: Indian Scientist Who Challenged Hawking's Blackholes Theory Proved Right".
12. "Anti-black hole astrophysicist furnishes proof, Nature India Science News".
13. "Black holes or balls of Quark Gluon plasma? Nature India Science News".
14. "You're Wrong, Stephen Hawking! The Triumph of Abhas Mitra".
15. "Scientific Black Wash: The jury is still out there on whether blackholes exist".
16. A. Mitra, J. Math. Phys. 50, 042502 (2009) (American Institute of Physics)"Comments on The Euclidean gravitational action as black hole entropy, singularities, and space-time voids".
17. Luis Bel, Journal of Mathematical Physics,Volume 10, Issue 8, p.1501-1503 (1969) "Schwarzschild Sinularity".
18. Janis, Allen I.; Newman, Ezra T.; Winicour, Jeffrey, Physical Review Letters, vol. 20, Issue 16, pp. 878–880 (1968) "'Reality of the Schwarzschild Singularity'".
19. J.V. Narlikar and T. Padmanabhan, Foundations of Physics, Vol. 18, pp.659–668 (1988)"The Schwarschild Solution: Some Conceptual Difficulties".