Limited-access road

For roads with an uninterrupted flow of traffic, commonly referred to as a motorway or freeway, see Controlled-access highway.
The Veterans Memorial Parkway in London, Ontario is a modern at-grade expressway

A limited-access road, known by various terms worldwide, including limited-access highway, dual-carriageway, expressway, and partial controlled access highway is a highway or arterial road for high-speed traffic which has many or most characteristics of a controlled-access highway (freeway or motorway), including limited or no access to adjacent property, some degree of separation of opposing traffic flow, use of grade separated interchanges to some extent, prohibition of some modes of transport such as bicycles or horses and very few or no intersecting cross-streets. The degree of isolation from local traffic allowed varies between countries and regions. The precise definition of these terms varies by jurisdiction.[1]

California State Route 1 is showing parallel service roads for local traffic in Aptos. Map source: OpenStreetMap

History

The first implementation of limited-access roadways in the United States was of the Bronx River Parkway in New York, in 1907.[2] The New York State Parkway System was constructed as a network of high speed roads in and around New York City. The first limited access highway built is thought to be the privately built Long Island Motor Parkway in Long Island, New York.[3] The Southern State Parkway opened in 1927, while the Long Island Motor Parkway was closed in 1937 and replaced by the Northern State Parkway (opened in 1931) and the contiguous Grand Central Parkway( opened in 1936).

The concept evolved into uninterrupted arterial roads that are commonly known as expressways in some parts of the world[1] and by other names including motorway and autobahn in others.

Regional implementations

In the United States, the national Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) uses "full control of access" only for freeways. Expressways are defined as having "partial control of access" (or semi-controlled access), meaning that major roads typically use interchanges and commercial development is accessed via cross roads or frontage roads, while minor roads can cross at grade and farms can have direct access. This definition is also used by some states, some of which also restrict freeways only to motor vehicles capable of maintaining a certain speed.[1][4] Some other states use "controlled access" to mean a higher standard than "limited access", while others[5] reverse the two terms.

Australia and Oceania

Australia

Main article: Highways in Australia

While Australia's larger capital cities feature controlled-access highway networks, the smaller metropolitan areas mostly rely on limited-access highways for high-speed local traffic.

In South Australia the terms "expressway" and "freeway" can be synonymous. The Southern and Northern Expressways are both controlled-access highways. However, perhaps confusingly, the Port River Expressway is a limited-access highway.

Dual carriageways that connect capital cities and regional centres, such as the A31/M31 Hume Highway between Sydney and Melbourne, are almost all limited access highways. In spite of this, 'freeway' terminology is used on signage for most regional limited access highways in the state of Victoria.

The Dunedin Northern Motorway, a typical non-freeway-type motorway in New Zealand

New Zealand: Expressway, Motorway

The terms Motorway and Expressway in New Zealand both encompass multi-lane divided freeways as well as narrower 2-4-lane undivided expressways with varying degrees of grade separation; the difference being that in New Zealand a Motorway has certain additional legal traffic restrictions.[6]

Asia

China

Main article: Expressways of China
G50 Huyu Expressway crossing over the Si Du River Bridge in Enshi Prefecture, Hubei, China.

The Expressway Network of the People's Republic of China is the longest highway system in the world. The network is also known as National Trunk Highway System (NTHS). As of 2011, the total length is 85,000 kilometres (53,000 mi).

Expressways in China are a fairly recent addition to a complex network of roads. China's first expressway was built in 1988. Until 1993, very few expressways existed. The network is expanding rapidly after 2000. In 2011, 11,000 kilometres (6,800 mi) of expressways were added to the network.

Philippines

The North Luzon Expressway, Philippines

The Philippines has many expressways and highways particularly concentrated on the island of Luzon. The country currently has 6 completed and available expressways and 8 major highways including the Pan-Philippine Highway also known as Asian Highway Highway 26. SLEX (South Luzon Expressway) is currently the longest toll expressway in the country covering about 97 km, after it was connected to Metro Manila Skyway, an elevated highway within Metro Manila, and STAR Tollway in Batangas. SCTEX (Subic- Clark- Tarlac Expressway) is the second longest expressway in the Philippines, connecting economic zones of Luisita, Tarlac; Clarkfield, Pampanga and Subic Bay, Zambales, it is as of now the fastest way to get to Manila from Northern Luzon. Still, many expressways are constructed for more convenient and faster way to drive to and from the capital, Manila, including TPLEX or Tarlac-Pangasinan-La Union Expressway, North Luzon West Expressway, Tarlac-Nueva Ecija-Aurora Expressway, CALABARZON Loop, North Luzon East Expressway and Infanta- Cabanatuan Scenic Superhighway.

Taiwan (R.O.C.)

Expressways in Taiwan may be controlled-access highways similar to National Freeways or limited-access roads. Most have Provincial (as opposed to National) Highway status, although some are built and maintained by cities. All provincial expressways run east–west except for Provincial Highway No. 61, which runs north–south along the west coast. Some provincial expressway routes are still under construction.

Malaysia: Lebuhraya

The North-South Expressway (Lebuhraya Utara Selantan) covers the length of Peninsular Malaysia. It connects Woodlands in Singapore to the Thailand border. Another expressway called the Karak Highway links Kuala Lumpur to Jabor. It covers almost the width of Peninsular Malaysia. There are many rest areas along both expressways. Both expressways has a speed limit from 90 km/h to 110 km/h.

Singapore

Singaporean expressways are used to get to one urban place to another. The longest is the Pan Island Expressway, which covers the width of Singapore. It is 42 kilometres long. Since 2009, even more expressways are being constructed. One of the newest is the Kallang-Paya Lebar Expressway which is 2 kilometres on ground level and 10 kilometres underground. That makes it the longest tunnel expressway in Southeast Asia. On ground level or on flyovers and viaducts, speed limits is 70 km/h to 90 km/h but in tunnels, the speed limit is 70 km/h or 80 km/h.

India

The Mumbai-Pune Expressway as seen from Khandala
Main article: Indian Expressways

Expressways in India make up more than 942 km (585 mi) of the Indian National Highway System[7] on which they are the highest class of road. The National Highways Development Project is underway to add an additional 18,637 km (11,580 mi) of expressways to the network by the year 2022.[8][9]

Iran

Main article: Expressways in Iran

Expressways in Iran are one class lower than freeways and are used in large urban areas such as Isfahan, Mashhad, or Tehran and between other important cities (Usually two province capitals) in rural and desert areas. The speed limit in Urban areas is between 50 and 70 km/h and in rural and desert areas between 90 and 110 km/h.

Japan

Main article: Expressways of Japan

The term Expressway as used in English in Japan refers to both freeway-style highways and narrower, more winding, often undivided Regional High-Standard Highways 地域高規格道路 (ちいきこうきかくどうろ). Both types of expressways have a combined length of 8,730 km as of March 2005.[10]

Sri Lanka

Colombo-Katunayake Expressway, as viewed from the Ja-Ela interchange

Sri Lanka has ensured to classify the expressways in reference to the connotation of E grades. As of 2014, three expressways namely the  E01  Southern Expressway,  E02  Outer Circular Expressway and the  E03  Colombo – Katunayake Expressway have been created. A tax levying structure is proposed for travelling via the expressways. Speed limits in the range of 80–100 km/h is attested for travelling through the expressways. Up to now two expressways namely the Northern Expressway and the Ruwanpura Expressway are in process to satisfy the needs of public transport.

South Korea

Motorways in South Korea (자동차전용도로 Jadongcha jeonyong doro, literally 'motor-car-only road') includes various grades of highways other than expressways. Contrary to the expressway in South Korea, motorway is a measure of traffic control, rather than a class of the road. For example, Jayu-ro is a segment of the national route 77 as well as a motorway. As of June 2011, 1,610 km of highways in total were designated as motorways. (1,052 km national highways, 351 km metropolitan highways, 185 km regional highways and 20 km municipal highways)

Like expressways, motorcycles are not permitted.

Europe

Austria: Schnellstraße

Arlberg Schnellstrasse (S16) near Schnann, Austria
For more details on this topic, see Autobahns of Austria § Schnellstraßen.

In Austria the speed limit on a Schnellstraße is 100 – 130 km/h. Schnellstraßen are very similar to Austrian Autobahnen (freeways/motorways); the chief difference is that they are more cheaply built with smaller curve radius, often undivided and have fewer bridges and tunnels.[11]

Croatia

Some expressways are tailored for local traffic, such as the D28 (Vrbovec Expressway), and some are built as bypasses or beltways, such as the D31 (East Velika Gorica Bypass). Croatia also has a large network of tolled highways for transit traffic with a higher speed limit than expressways. Both highways and expressways are grade-separated throughout their entire length.

Czech Republic: Rychlostní silnice

Expressways in the Czech Republic, Czech: Rychlostní silnice (abbreviation: R), are defined as dual carriageways with smaller emergency lane. The speed limit is 130 km/h (80 mph). Expressway road signs are white on blue. There are 391.2 km of rychlostní silnice.

Denmark: "Motortrafikvej"

In Denmark, a 'motortrafikvej' (Danish for "motor traffic road") is a high-speed highway with a speed limit between 80–90 km/h. The most common 'motortrafikvej' has two lanes (1+1) or 2+1. There is no grade intersections. The signs for 'motortrafikvej' have white text on blue background.

Finland: Moottoriliikennetie

In Finland, highways are separated into three categories: all-access valtatie ("main road"), limited-access moottoriliikennetie ("motor traffic road") and finally moottoritie ("motorway"); the latter two are marked with green signage, while valtatie signage is blue. While most of the network is all-access road, 779 km of it is motorway, and 124 km is limited-access road. The access is limited to motor vehicles faster than 50 km/h, thus excluding pedestrian, bicycle, moped or tractor traffic; furthermore, towing is not allowed. Limited-access roads are generally similar to motorways, but do not fulfill all the technical requirements, such as several lanes in one direction or separation of opposite directions. Limited-access roads are usually built because the local population density is too low to justify a motorway. Often space has been left during construction for an eventual upgrade to a motorway. Limited-access roads also function as feeder routes for motorways. The general speed limit on main roads and limited-access roads is 100 km/h (summertime) and 80 km/h (wintertime). On motorways the speed limits are 120 and 100 km/h respectively. Especially during winter the speed limits can be changed due to weather conditions.

Germany: Kraftfahrstraße

Kraftfahrstrasse passage of Bundesautobahn 60 near Prüm–Bleialf

A Kraftfahrstrasse (German for "motor-power road", also colloquially called Schnellstraße, literally "fast road") in Germany is any road with access limited to motor vehicles with a maximum design speed of more than 60 km/h (37 mph), excluding pedestrian, bicycle, moped or tractor traffic. Oversized vehicles are banned.[12]

The construction of transregional Kraftfahrstraßen highways (Autostraßen) rank below the standard of German autobahns. With regard to the general German speed limits, on roads with lanes separated by a median or with a minimum of two marked lanes per direction, an advisory speed limit (Richtgeschwindigkeit) of 130 km/h (81 mph) applies. At-grade intersections are admissible, regulation at junctions is usually provided by traffic lights or roundabouts. U-turns and any deliberate stopping are prohibited. Kraftfahrstraßen are out of bounds to pedestrians, except for special crosswalks.

Hungary: Autóút

Expressways in Hungary are called Autóút (Auto/car road). They are mostly dual carriegeways. The main difference between Hungarian motorways and expressways is, that they are more cheaply built with narrower width and often undivided. Maximum speed limit is reduced to 110 km/h for vehicles under 3.5 tons, and 70 km/h for vehicles over 3.5 tons.

In Hungary there are multiple types of dual carriegeways. One part is almost identical with motorways, but the driving lanes are narrower.

Parameters of an 2+2 lane dual carriegeway off-habitat area:

Parameters of an 2+2 lane dual carriegeway in habitat (town/city) area:

There are also semi-motorways with only one side of the motorway built. After the missing lanes are built, they will become standard motorways.

Ireland: HQDC

The 6 lane Naas Road, the final stretch of the M7 nearing Dublin.

A High-quality dual carriageway (HQDC) in Ireland is normally completed to a motorway standard, including no right-turns, but with no motorway restrictions. These are common on the final stretches of motorways nearing a major city, generally in order to enable use of bus stops and city bus services on the particular stretch of road.

There are not yet any specific signs for this type of road, but the National Roads Authority have hinted that they are looking at implementing the German-style Autostrasse sign in Ireland.

Speed limits are normally 100 km/h compared to 120 km/h on motorways

Italy: Superstrada

Superstrada (SS131) Sassari - Porto Torres, in Sardinia.

In Italy there are:

Strada extraurbana principale

Type B highway (or strada extraurbana principale), commonly but unofficially known as superstrada, is a divided highway with at least two lanes for each direction, paved shoulder on the right, no cross-traffic and no at-grade intersections. Access restrictions on such highways are exactly the same of autostrade, as well as signage at the beginning and the end of the highway (with the only difference being the background color, blue instead of green). Speed limit on type-B road is 110 km/h.

Motorized vehicles only (this sign is not associated with any particular road type)


Type C highway (or strada extraurbana secondaria). Most Italian roads outside of town and cities belongs to this category. According to Italian Highway Code definition, a type-C road is a single carriageway with at least one lane for each direction and shoulders. It may have at-grade intersections, at-level crossings with railways, roundabouts and traffic lights.
Despite the definition made by the Highway Code, this category contains also dual carriageways (commonly but unofficially known as strada scorrimento veloce or seldom as superstrada) that can not be classified as type-B highways because of the lack of one or more required features.
In absence of specific regulation signs, a type-C road is accessible by all vehicles and pedestrians, even if it has separate carriageways and no cross-traffic. In order to deny access to pedestrians, bicycles and other slow vehicles, the road owner must place a specific prohibition sign for each category of transport to be banned. However, there is a sign that allows access to the road only to motorized vehicles (without power restrictions unless specified). This sign is very similar to those used in most European countries to indicate the beginning of a limited-access road, but its meaning in Italy is quite different as it does not indicate whether the road is or isn't a limited-access road. Speed limit on type-C roads is 90 km/h.

Netherlands: Autoweg

Single carriageway expressway that was economically upgraded to (mostly) meet the new Regional flow road standard. A physical traffic barrier, and a hard shoulder were added.

The Netherlands has much more kilometres of motorways (snelwegen), than expressways (autowegen). The latter only form a complementary part of the country's main highway network. They are typically shorter than motorways, offering connections of a more regional significance. The general speed limit is 100 km/h. Only faster motor vehicles, both capable and legally allowed to go at least 50 km/h, may use the road. Autowegen are always numbered and mostly signposted with an N (for Non motorway highway) and up to three digits, like N34. For the most part they fall under national or provincial management.

Dutch expressways are built to significantly varying standards. Designs range from dual carriageways with full shoulders and grade separation, to single carriageways with just one lane per direction, no center divider, and only intermittent shoulder patches called Vluchthavens. Intersections are frequently at grade with traffic lights, or they are roundabouts. Although there are never level railway crossings, there can be moveable bridges in these roads. In either case, the speed limit is frequently reduced to 70 km/h before reaching the junction or the bridge.

Since 1997 a national traffic safety program called Sustainable Safety has introduced a new road categorisation and new design standards. Although autowegen don't have to conform completely to the new Dutch design standard for regional flow roads (stroomwegen), many of these roads require at least some upgrades. The ideal is to make expressways divided and grade-separated, as much as possible. Otherwise these roads are downgraded to the safety category of distributor roads, thereby losing their expressway status.

Norway: Motortrafikkvei

E6 motortrafikkvei at Lillehammer, Norway

In Norway, a motortrafikkvei (Norwegian for "motor traffic road"), also called a motorvei klasse B ("class-B motorway") is a high-speed highway with a speed limit of up to 90 km/h. There is no at grade intersections. The signs for motortrafikkvei as well as for motorvei have white text on blue background, instead of black text on yellow background, as it is on all access roads..

Poland: droga ekspresowa

S1 Droga ekspresowa in Bielsko-Biała, Poland
Main article: Expressways of Poland

Droga ekspresowa (plural: drogi ekspresowe) in Poland refers to a network of roads fulfilling the role of bringing traffic to the motorways, and serving major international and inter-regional purposes. They are often built as ring roads since they take less space than motorway and allow more entrances and exits. All expressways start with the letter S, followed by a number. They can be dual or single carriageways and have reduced number of one level intersections. As of May 2004 the Polish government documents indicated that the country had plans of an expressway and motorway network totalling 7,200 km (4,470 mi) (including about 2,000 km (1,240 mi) of motorways).[13] The speed limit is 120 km/h (dual carriageway) and 100 km/h (single carriageway).

Portugal: via rápida

IC27 complementary route in Algarve, Portugal, a single carriageway type via rápida.
Main article: Roads in Portugal

In Portugal, a non-motorway limited access road is commonly referred as a via rápida (rapid way, plural: vias rápidas), although there is not a specific official technical designation for it.

The legal term via reservada a automóveis e motociclos (reserved way for automobiles and motorcycles) is used to designate a non-motorway road where motorway rules apply (except the speed limit which is lower). However, this term refers only to the road rules and not to the road technical characteristics.

There are two main types of roads commonly referred as vias rápidas in Portugal. The first type is a limited access road, with dual carriageway and with interchanges grade separation. Many of these roads have all or almost all the technical characteristics of full motorways. Examples are the several urban highways in cities like Lisbon, Oporto, Coimbra and Braga. In Madeira, the main regional highways, that connect the cities and other important places of the island, are of these type, as there are no roads classified as motorways in the region.

The second Portuguese type of via rápida is a highway with all the same characteristics of the above first type, except the number of carriageways that is only one. Examples of this type of roads are the ancient IP4 and IP5 (before being transformed in full motorways), the Portalegre-Beja section of the IP2, the Coimbra-Viseu section of the IP3 and several complementary routes (IC).

The dual carriageway vias rápidas can be classified and signalized as reserved ways for automobiles and motorcycles, cases in which general motorway rules apply, except speed limited which is never above 100 km/h. In dual carriageway vias rápidas not signalized as reserved ways, normal road rules apply, including speed limit which is never above 90 km/h. Single carriageway vias rápidas cannot be classified and signalized as reserved ways and so normal road rules always apply there.

Romania

Planned expressways according to CNADNR (Romanian National Company of Motorways and National Roads):[14][15]

Expressway Route Length (km) / in use (km) Remarks
DE4 Turda – Cluj-Napoca - Dej - Baia Mare - Satu Mare - Hungary 216 / 20 will connect A3 to Hungary
DE5 Dej - Bistrița - Vatra Dornei - Suceava - Pașcani 308 / 0
DE5B Brașov – Ploiești 106 / 48
DE8 Constanţa – Tulcea – Brăila 188 / 0 will connect A4 and DE7

Russia

Russia has a large federal highway network that totals approximately 30,000 km (18,640 mi).[16] Federal highways in the country are classified into two categories: "motorways" (Russian: магистральная автомобильная дорога, автомагистраль, not the same as the English term motorway) and "other".

Spain: Autovía

The A-5 autovía near Navalcarnero, Madrid

Unlike Spain's Autopistas, specifically reserved for vehicles able to sustain at least 60 km/h (37 mph), and usually tolled, Autovías are usually upgrades from older roads, and never toll roads. In general, slow vehicles like bicycles and agricultural machinery are allowed under certain restrictions.

Sweden

A Swedish 2+1 lane "motortrafikled" is part of Riksväg (national road) 34

The Swedish road type motortrafikled is a road with limited access (all grade-separated, no slow traffic) and two or three lanes. According to the EU's multilingual term base, motortrafikled should be translated to expressway, rapid road or road with limited access. The same rules apply to a motortrafikled as to a motorway - it is basically a half motorway. The speed limit is usually 90 – 100 km/h. Many motortrafikleder are built as 2+1 roads, alternating two lanes in one direction and one in the other, with a narrow fence in between.

Switzerland

The A8 Autostrasse in Switzerland. Notice the speed limit, which is repetitively indicated, and the lack of a central physical barrier

In Switzerland Autostrasse (German, "auto road") or Semi-autoroute (French, "semi-freeway") is a highway that is only allowed to high-speed traffic with no crossings, but it is not the highest class road, the Autobahn or Autoroute. The speed limit on these roads in Switzerland is 100 km/h (62 mph). Most of the Autostrasse\semi-autoroutes have no central barrier separating the lanes in different directions.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the second tier of high speed roads below Motorways are typically dual carriageways. Many roads such as the A1, the A14, the A19 and the A42 are built to a high quality, in many places they are only intersected by grade-separated junctions, have full barriers at both the road side and the central reservations and in some cases three lanes of traffic, however for at least one reason they fall short of motorway standard. They may lack some features that a motorway would have, such as hard shoulders, and may have tighter bends and steeper gradients than would be allowed on a motorway or have established rights of way that cannot be removed. The standard motorway speed limit for cars of 70 mph (113 km/h) also applies to many dual carriageways.[17]

In March 2015, it was announced that a new standard would be developed to formally designate certain high-quality routes in England as Expressways.[18]

North America

Canada

Main article: Roads in Canada

In some parts of Canada, expressway is synonymous with freeway and is used to mean limited-access divided-highways with no at-grade intersections, with both terms used interchangeably. An example of this is the Gardiner Expressway through downtown Toronto. Where the expressway turns into a 6-lane arterial road (Lake Shore Boulevard) east of the Don River, there is a sign warning of the end of the expressway. The Macdonald–Cartier Freeway would be an example of a route that uses the term freeway, however, that name is being phased out by the Ministry of Transportation. In general, expressways are municipally maintained, while freeways are provincially maintained.

The E. C. Row Expressway in Windsor, Ontario is a controlled-access divided highway with grade-separated interchanges. It continues until Ojibway Parkway at its western terminus and Banwell Road at its eastern terminus, where there are traffic intersections at both.[19]

The Veterans Memorial Parkway in London, Ontario, has intersections instead of interchanges, and thus is not considered a freeway. It was designed to be a limited access highway for the city, but a lack of funding forced it to be built with at-grade intersections. Other examples include the Hanlon Parkway in Guelph and Regional Road 420 in Niagara Falls.

In other locations, such as Alberta and most of Western Canada, an expressway is a high-speed arterial road along the lines of the California definition, while a freeway has no at-grade intersections.

The Yellowhead Trail as it passes through Edmonton, Alberta has both intersections and interchanges. It is the main east-west artery for the northern half of the city. There are plans to upgrade many of the most congested remaining intersections into interchanges in the near future.[20]

In Quebec, the term freeway is never used, with the terms expressway (in English) and autoroute (in English and French) being preferred. English terms are rare, and only found on bilingual signage of expressways (abbreviated "expy") found in Montreal around bridges and on the Bonaventure Expressway; these signs are controlled by the federal government.

United States

Santa Clara County Route G4 (Montague Expressway), an American expressway under the MUTCD definition

In the United States, an expressway is defined by the federal government’s Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices as a divided highway with partial control of access.[21] In contrast, a freeway is defined as a divided highway with full control of access.[22] The difference between partial and full access control is that expressways may have a limited number of driveways and at-grade intersections (thus making them a form of high-speed arterial road), while access to freeways is allowed only at grade-separated interchanges. Expressways under this definition do not conform to interstate highway standards (which ban all driveways and at-grade intersections) and are therefore usually numbered as state highways or U.S. highways.

This distinction was first developed in 1949 by the Special Committee on Nomenclature of what is now the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO).[23] In turn, the definitions were incorporated into AASHTO's official standards book, the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, which would become the national standards book of the U.S. Department of Transportation under a 1966 federal statute. The same distinction has also been codified into the statutory law of eight states: California,[24] Minnesota,[25] Mississippi,[26] Missouri,[27] Nebraska,[28] North Dakota,[29] Ohio,[30] and Wisconsin.[31]

However, each state codified the federal distinction slightly differently. California expressways do not necessarily have to be divided, though they must have at least partial access control. For both terms to apply in Wisconsin, a divided highway must be at least four lanes wide. In Missouri, both terms apply only to divided highways at least 10 miles long that are not part of the Interstate Highway System. In North Dakota and Mississippi, an expressway may have "full or partial" access control and "generally" has grade separations at intersections; a freeway is then defined as an expressway with full access control. Ohio's statute is similar, but instead of the vague word "generally," it imposes a requirement that 50% of an expressway's intersections must be grade-separated for the term to apply. Only Minnesota enacted the exact MUTCD definitions, in May 2008.

However, many states around the Great Lakes region and along the Eastern Seaboard have refused to conform their terminology to the federal definition. The following states officially prefer the term expressway instead of freeway to describe what are technically freeways in federal parlance: Connecticut,[32] Florida,[33] Illinois,[34] Maryland,[35] and West Virginia.[36] In those states, it is common to find Interstate highways that bear the name expressway. Ultimately, it is the federal definition that defines a road's classification whether a it is an expressway or freeway no matter the preferred term. No state, for instance, could have what is technically an expressway given Interstate status just because semantically they use the term interchangeably with freeway.

Most expressways under the federal definition have speed limits of 45-55 mph (70–90 km/h) in urban areas and 55-70 mph (90–110 km/h) in rural areas. Urban expressways are usually free of private driveways, but occasional exceptions include direct driveways to gas stations and shopping malls at major intersections (which would never be allowed on a true freeway).

The vast majority of expressways are built by state governments, or by private companies, which then operate them as toll roads pursuant to a license from the state government.

A famous example of a local government getting into the expressway business is Santa Clara County in California, which deliberately built its own expressway system in the 1960s to supplement the freeway system then planned by Caltrans. Although the county originally planned to upgrade the expressways into full-fledged freeways, such a project became politically infeasible after the rise of the tax revolt movement in the mid-1970s, which began with California Proposition 13 in 1978.

South America

Brazil

In Brazil, an expressway is known as Via Expressa and its function is to connect the most important streets and avenues of certain cities with their adjacent highways. Because of this, some expressways are numbered (in the same way as highways). According to the Código Brasileiro de Trânsito (Brazilian Traffic Code), expressways are officially defined as Vias de Trânsito Rápido (Rapid Transit Routes) and are considered the most important urban roads, with standard speed limits of 80 km/h (unless specified). A few examples of expressways include Marginal Tietê and Marginal Pinheiros in São Paulo; Avenida Brasil, Red Line and Yellow Line in Rio de Janeiro; among others.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, Section 1A.13 Definitions of Words and Phrases in This Manual: "Expressway—a divided highway with partial control of access." and "Freeway—a divided highway with full control of access."
  2. ↑ "Bronx River Parkway - historical overview". Retrieved 2010-04-05.
  3. ↑ Patton, Phil (2008-10-09). "A 100-Year-Old Dream: A Road Just for Cars". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-05.
  4. ↑ Illinois Department of Transportation (2006). "Peoria to Macomb". Retrieved 2006-07-19. (enclosed within frames in http://www.peoriatomacomb.com). "Expressways are constructed as partial access controlled facilities. This means direct access is allowed for single family residence and field entrances and public roads may be at-grade intersections. Also, interchanges are constructed or planned at most marked routes or high-volume county highways. Commercial properties are not allowed direct access and are brought in off of public or frontage roads."; "Farm machinery is not allowed to be driven on a freeway. Farm machinery would need to be driven on side roads or frontage roads to access fields. With an expressway, farm machinery is allowed to be driven on the highway and field access is generally allowed along the main highway."
  5. ↑ Florida Department of Transportation, Florida's Planning Level of Service Standards PDF (94.2 KiB): "Limited access highways (freeways) are multilane divided highways having a minimum of two lanes for exclusive use of traffic in each direction and full control of ingress and egress; this includes freeways and all fully controlled access roadways."; "Controlled access highways are non-limited access arterial facilities where access connections, median openings and traffic signals are highly regulated."
  6. ↑ Manual of Traffic Signs and Markings (MOTSAM) Part 3: Motorways and Expressways, New Zealand Transport Agency, June 2009
  7. ↑ CIA World Factbook, India
  8. ↑ Dipak Kumar Dash (2009-11-23). "By 2022, govt to lay 18,637km of expressways". Times of India.
  9. ↑ Ashutosh Kumar. "Expressway cost pegged at Rs20 crore/km". Daily News and Analysis. DNA.
  10. ↑ Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. "Roads in Japan - Arterial High-standard Highways". Retrieved 2008-04-11.
  11. ↑ Austrian State Route Law
  12. ↑ Deutsche Straßenverkehrsordnung, § 18
  13. ↑ Dz.U. 2004 nr 128 poz. 1334(Polish)
  14. ↑ "Roads Masterplan 2014" (PDF). CNADNR. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  15. ↑ "Construcţie drumuri expres". CNADNR. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  16. ↑ "CIA - The World Factbook -- Russia". Central Intelligence Agency.
  17. ↑ "Rule 124: Speed Limits". The Official Highway Code. TSO. 2007. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-11-552814-9.
  18. ↑ "Driving forward: a new era for England’s major roads". Highways Agency. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  19. ↑ The end points can be viewed using Google Earth 42°16′27″N 83°04′43″W / 42.2741°N 83.0786°W, 42°18′05″N 82°53′56″W / 42.3014°N 82.8989°W
  20. ↑ http://www.edmonton.ca/transportation/road_projects/yellowhead-trail-strategic-plan.aspx
  21. ↑ Section 1A.13, Paragraph 27, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, 2003 ed., rev. 1.
  22. ↑ Section 1A.13, Paragraph 29, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, 2003 ed., rev. 1. See also 23 CFR 750.153(k).
  23. ↑ American Association of State Highway Officials, AASHO Highway Definitions (Washington D.C., American Association of State Highway Officials, 1962), 1-3.
  24. ↑ Cal. Sts. & High. Code § 257.
  25. ↑ Minn. Stat., § 160.02, subds. 18b & 19.
  26. ↑ Miss. Code Ann., § 65-5-3, subds. (b) and (c).
  27. ↑ Mo. Rev. Stat., § 304.010.
  28. ↑ Neb. Rev. Stat., §§ 60-618.01 and 60-621.
  29. ↑ N.D. Cent. Code, § 24-01-01.1 (2006).
  30. ↑ Ohio Rev. Code Ann., § 4511.01, subds. (YY) and (ZZ).
  31. ↑ Wis. Stat., §§ 59.84(1)(b) and 346.57(1)(am).
  32. ↑ Conn. Gen. Stat. § 13a-20(a).
  33. ↑ Fla. Stat. § 348.0002(8).
  34. ↑ 625 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/1-119.3.
  35. ↑ Md. Transp. Code Ann. § 8-620(c).
  36. ↑ W. Va. Code § 17-4-2(a).
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