Don River (Ontario)

Don River
River
The river as it runs beneath the Bloor Viaduct
Country Canada
Province Ontario
Tributaries
 - left Castle Frank Brook, Taylor-Massey Creek
 - right German Mills Creek
Cities Toronto, Markham, Vaughan, Richmond Hill
Source Oak Ridges Moraine
 - coordinates 43°59′20″N 79°23′57″W / 43.98889°N 79.39917°W / 43.98889; -79.39917
Mouth Keating Channel
 - elevation 75 m (246 ft)
 - coordinates 43°39′4″N 79°20′51″W / 43.65111°N 79.34750°W / 43.65111; -79.34750Coordinates: 43°39′4″N 79°20′51″W / 43.65111°N 79.34750°W / 43.65111; -79.34750
Length 38 km (24 mi)
Basin 360 km2 (139 sq mi)
Discharge for Keating Channel in the Toronto Harbour
 - average 4 m3/s (141 cu ft/s)
Location of the mouth of the river in Toronto

The Don River is a watercourse in southern Ontario, that empties into Lake Ontario, at Toronto Bay. Its mouth was just east of the street grid of the town of York, Upper Canada, the municipality that evolved into Toronto, Ontario. Of the various watercourses that drained Toronto, the Don, the Humber River, and the Rouge River have headwaters in the Oak Ridges Moraine.

The Don is formed from two rivers, the East and West Branches, that meet about 7 kilometres (4 mi) north of Lake Ontario while flowing southward into the lake. The area below the confluence is known as the lower Don, and the areas above as the upper Don. The Don is also joined at the confluence by a third major branch, Taylor-Massey Creek. The Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) is responsible for managing the river and its surrounding watershed.

History

Humans first arrived in the Don approximately 12,500 years BP, most likely as nomadic hunters.[1] While there is little archaeological evidence in the Don valley itself, regional finds in the Great Lakes St. Lawrence area have revealed that permanent settlements started to occur about 6000 BP.[2] The most significant recorded find is known as the Withrow Site. It was discovered in 1886 during road building just east of Riverdale Park. It contained human remains and other artifacts dating back to about 5000 years BP.[1]

It is unclear whether the Don River had a native Canadian name. In 1788, Alexander Aitkin, an English surveyor who worked in southern Ontario, referred to the Don River as Ne cheng qua kekonk.[3] Elizabeth Simcoe, wife of Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe, reported in her diary that another name used was Wonscotanach.[4] This is an Anishnaabe phrase meaning the river coming from the back burnt grounds which could refer to an earlier forest fire in the poplar plains to the north.[5] The name Don River was given by Lt. Gov. Simcoe because the wide valley reminded him of the River Don in Yorkshire, England.[6]

After the founding of York in 1793, several mills were constructed along the lower Don. One of the first was at Todmorden Mills. These mills initially turned out lumber, flour and paper products. By the 1850s, the Lower Don was becoming an industrial setting. Petroleum storage facilities, poultry and pork processing plants were constructed along the banks of the Don. In 1879, the Don Valley Brick Works opened.[7] Polluted effluent from these factories and the growing city nearby was turning the Don and its marshy mouth into a polluted hazard.

An 1836 watercolour depicting people curling on the Don River.
A map showing the proposed "improvement" to the Don River, 1890

In the 1880s, the lower part of the Don south of the former Winchester St. bridge was straightened (east of the original mouth) and placed in a channel to create additional harbour space and industrial dock space for boats. Known as The Don Improvement Project, the straightened river was also supposed to divert the polluted waters into the Ashbridges Bay marsh. This proved unsuccessful so the mouth was turned 90 degrees west where it empties into the inner harbour. This short extension of the harbour is known as the Keating Channel. The channel north of Lake Shore Blvd. East ceased being navigable when the Gardiner Expressway was constructed in the 1950s. Boats may still enter the Keating Channel by going underneath a lift bridge at Cherry St.

During the early part of the 20th century the river and the valley continued to be neglected. 31 separate sewage treatment facilities were built along the river.[8] Over 20 places in the valley and adjacent ravines were used as landfills for garbage and industrial refuse.[9] In 1917, the Don Destructor was built beside the Don just north of Dundas Ave. East. It was used as a garbage incinerator for 52 years burning about 50,000 tonnes per year.[10]

After World War II, rapid urban expansion occurred in the northern reaches of the watershed. At the same time, interest in conservation of watersheds across Ontario led to the formation of conservation authorities for watershed management. Conservation authorities were established across Ontario to manage river valleys, and the Don Valley Conservation Authority was established in 1947. The authority had limited authority, funded by local municipalities. Land purchases had to be specifically paid for by local municipalities. For example, a 1950 plan to build a large conservation area on the East Don River at Lawrence Avenue never came to pass over the cost of developing it.

In 1946, a plan by the Shirriff company to demolish pioneer dwellings in the area of Todmorden Mills led outraged citizens to form the Don Valley Conservation Association volunteer organization. The Association's opposition was successful in causing Shirriff to abandon the project in 1947. The Association continued its activities, planting tree seedlings, stopped the picking of wild flowers, particularly trilliums and preventing the vandalism of trees. The Association held educational events to educate the public about the Don Valley, including special trains through the valley, and a recreation of Governor Simcoe's journey up the Don by canoe. The Association also advocated for the building of trunk sewers to stop the run-off of pollution into the Don.[11]

In 1954, Hurricane Hazel struck the Toronto area. Most of the damage occurred in the Humber River area. While there was some flooding, substantially less rain fell over the Don Watershed resulting in no loss of life.[12] However, the impact of the hurricane led to changes for the conservation authorities in the Toronto region. In 1957, the DVCA, along with other Toronto-area conservation authorities, was reformed into the Metro Toronto and Region Conservation Authority and given a mandate to construct flood control features as well as acquire property in the Don and other valleys to prevent a future re-occurrence of the disaster. Large tracts of industrial land adjacent to the river were added to the regulatory floodplain. This meant that the MTRCA had a veto on any developments that were not flood-proofed. The MTRCA became the TRCA in 1998.

Don River and Prince Edward Viaduct, 1918
DVP and the Don River.

In the 1950s and early 1960s, the Don Valley Parkway (DVP) was constructed through the Lower Don to serve the growing commuter traffic. The project was a large civil engineering project. Two hills within the valley were levelled and the soil used for grading the highway. The railways and the river were re-routed, Don Mills Road was expanded and the Eglinton Avenue and Lawrence Avenue arterial roads were built across the valley. At the intersection of Lawrence and the Parkway, the remains of the old village of Milneford Mills were removed.[13] Bayview Avenue was extended south into the valley along the west bank of the valley.

Increasing development reduced the natural areas of the watershed. This impacted the Don with increased pollution, heavy flooding, and turbid sediment laden waters. The combined result meant that by the 1960s the river was a neglected, polluted mess. In 1969, Pollution Probe held a much celebrated “Funeral for the Don” to highlight the plight of the river.[7]

Efforts to restore the Don gathered steam in 1989 with a public forum at the Ontario Science Centre which was attended by about 500 people.[14] The result was the formation of the Task Force to Bring Back the Don, a citizen’s advisory body to Toronto City Council. Their mandate and vision was to make the Don “clean, green, and accessible”. Since then they have hosted garbage cleanups, tree plantings, and help to create or restore eight wetlands in the lower reaches of the valley, including Chester Springs Marsh, a 3 ha site south of the Bloor Viaduct.[15] Other groups also became active including Friends of the Don East. The TRCA created the Don Watershed Regeneration Council to coordinate restoration efforts throughout the watershed.

In 1991 Bring Back the Don released a document called “Bringing Back the Don” which laid out plans for restoration, including a renaturalized mouth of the Don. In 1998 a plan to revive Toronto’s waterfront was initiated. One of the four projects mentioned was a natural mouth for the Don River. In 2001 an environmental assessment was started to look into a natural mouth of the Don. The project was also coupled with a plan to handle a major flood modelled on the expected output from a Hurricane Hazel size storm. In 2007, the Toronto Waterfront Development Corporation (now WaterfrontToronto) held a design competition that looked at four different configurations for the mouth of the Don. The winning bid was made by Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates.[16] The environmental assessment is expected to be complete in 2008 and construction is scheduled to begin in 2010.[17]

Geography

Geology

The Don Valley is notable because of its deep wide valley in the lower reaches. At the Bloor Street Viaduct, the valley is about 400 m wide while the river is only about 15 m wide.[18] This is due to its glacial origins. The Don River and its deep valley were formed about 12,000 years ago at the end of the Wisconsinan Glaciation. During that glaciation which lasted for 35,000 years, all of Ontario was covered in ice. As the climate warmed the glaciers began to melt. As the ice front retreated in southern Ontario, several rivers were formed that drained into Lake Iroquois, a glacier lake which was the precursor to Lake Ontario. The Don River is now small in comparison to the deep and wide valley that resulted from its glacial origin. The Don River is now classified as an underfit river.

The landscape at that time was loose glacial till so the large amounts of glacier melt water eroded deep valleys over thousands of years. As time progressed, isostatic uplift caused the earth's plate to rise and tilt. This caused Lake Iroquois to drain towards the south. A remnant of its shoreline can be seen on the north side of Davenport Road in Toronto. In the Don Valley, the old shoreline is evident just north of Eglinton Avenue.[19] Today the source of the Don River is the Oak Ridges Moraine, another legacy of the Wisconsin glaciation.

The location of the old shoreline is important when considering soils in the Don watershed. Soils north of the old shoreline are mostly luvisolic Halton Till while south of the shoreline they are still sandy glaciolacustrine deposits.

The Don Valley contains one of the most interesting locations for studying the regional geological history. The Don Valley Brick Works was an old brick making factory with a quarry where they extracted shale. At the rear wall, local geologists discovered a record of the past three glaciations. There are nine distinct layers visible dating back 120,000 years.[20]

Hydrology

Due to the urbanized nature of the watershed, the Don River experiences low base flows interspersed with high volume floods. The water level can rise very quickly following a moderate to heavy rainfall, up to 1–2 metres inside of three hours. The average base flow for the Don River is about 4 m3/s.[21] Peak flows occur in late February and late September which corresponds to seasonal variation in the Toronto region. Maximum flows, based on a Hurricane Hazel style flood have been estimated at nearly 1700 m3/s.[22] On August 19, 2005, an unusually strong summer storm caused short term flooding in the Don Valley. Peak flow rates for that event were measured at 55.3 m3/s. Since high flow rates occur during storm events, the resulting floods tend to scour the bottom of the river which reduces fish habitat. In addition, the flood waters carry a large amount of sediment washed into the river from surrounding tablelands. The sediment collects in the Keating Channel just past the mouth of the river. The TRCA which is responsible for the dredging estimates that the amount of sediment dredged is 35,000 m3/year weighing nearly 60,000 tonnes.[23]

Course and tributaries

Foot of the Don, just before it exits into the shipping channel. The overpass in the foreground is the foot of the Don Valley Parkway as it exits onto the elevated Gardiner Expressway seen in the background. Note the algae covering most of the river.

The east branch of the Don, also called the Little Don River, rises at the south edge of the Oak Ridges Moraine just to the west of Yonge Street, flowing south-eastward through ravine forests in Richmond Hill, Thornhill, east of Willowdale and Don Mills. A second branch of the eastern Don, known as German Mills Creek, parallels the main eastern branch and joins it at Steeles Avenue, the northern boundary of Toronto. South of Lawrence Avenue the river passes through the Charles Sauriol Conservation Reserve. This area is mostly undeveloped parkland. The reserve occupies the valley south to the forks of the Don. It was at one time home of a Maple sugar shack and tapline, which was visited yearly by students from across East York. Charles Sauriol was a historic protector of the Don.

The western branch starts near Maple, Ontario, flowing south-east through the suburban industrial belt of Concord (Vaughan), and the G. Ross Lord Reservoir. It crosses Yonge Street as it flows through Hoggs Hollow, past York University's Glendon ("valley of the Don") campus, and then flows on to Leaside before joining the eastern half.

Downstream from the forks, the river flows through a wooded area known as Crothers' Woods which is designated as an Environmentally Sensitive Area due to the high quality beech-maple forest that grows on the ravine slopes. South of Pottery Road it enters a more degraded section and ends up in a straightened section that includes cement and steel dock wall, a remnant from an earlier industrial era. The river flows from there into the Keating Channel at Lake Shore Boulevard East which is at the north east corner of the Toronto Harbour.

The western section of Taylor-Massey Creek and the southern portion of the western branch are surrounded by parkland (see also: Toronto ravine system). In more recent years the retreat of the industrial plants and rail infrastructure has freed up room which is now being turned into bicycling trails, which now extend from the shore of Lake Ontario northward in several directions to provide some 30 km of off-road paved trails. While Toronto is fairly flat in general, local cyclists have developed a number of technically challenging singletrack trails throughout the area, following the main trails.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Don River, Ontario.

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 Task Force to Bring Back the Don. August 1991. Bringing Back the Don. City of Toronto.
  2. ↑ Civilization.ca. Early Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Culture
  3. ↑ City of Toronto Toronto Golf History. Accessed March 24, 2007
  4. ↑ Robertson, J.R. 2001. The Diary of Mrs. John Graves Simcoe. Toronto, Ont. Prospero Books.
  5. ↑ Scadding 1873, p. 233.
  6. ↑ ODPD 1950, p. Part IV, 1.
  7. 1 2 Story of the Don. 1998. Task Force to Bring Back the Don
  8. ↑ How polluted is the Don. Don Watershed Regeneration. Note: only one treatment plant remains.
  9. ↑ K.W.F. Howard, N. Eyles, S. Livingstone. 1996. Municipal Landfilling Practice And Its Impact On Groundwater Resources In And Around Urban Toronto, Canada. Hydrogeology Journal. Vol 4, No. 1, 64-79.
  10. ↑ The Don Destructor. Lost Rivers
  11. ↑ Sauriol 1992, pp. 268–281.
  12. ↑ Peter Bowyer (2004). "Impacts — Don River". Canadian Hurricane Centre. Retrieved 2009-06-17.
  13. ↑ Brown 1997, p. 167.
  14. ↑ How did the Task Force to Bring Back the Don get started? Mark J. Wilson. Frequently Asked Questions. BBTD. 2001.
  15. ↑ Chester Springs Marsh. Lost Rivers
  16. ↑ Portlands Estuary. 2007. Waterfront Toronto
  17. ↑ Don Mouth Environmental Assessment, Terms of Reference. 2006. Toronto Region Conservation Authority.
  18. ↑ Google Maps Canada. 2008
  19. ↑ Chapman, L.J., Putnam, D.F. 1972. Map 2226:Physiography of the South Central Portion of Southern Ontario. Ontario Department of Mines and Northern Affairs. Ontario Research Foundation.
  20. ↑ Nick Eyles. 1997. Toronto Rocks. Fitzhenry and Whiteside.
  21. ↑ Archived Hydrometric Data for Station 02HC024 (Todmorden Mills). 1962-2005. Environment Canada.
  22. ↑ Lower Don River West Remedial Flood Protection Project, Class Environmental Assessment Environmental Study Report. 2006. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. Section 4.1.
  23. ↑ Terms of Reference – Don Mouth Naturalization and PortLands Flood Protection Project. 2006. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. Section 8.1.

Bibliography

External links

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