Faraday cup

Faraday cup

Schematic of a Faraday cup
Uses Charged particle detector
Related items Electron multiplier
Microchannel plate detector
Daly detector

A Faraday cup is a metal (conductive) cup designed to catch charged particles in vacuum. The resulting current can be measured and used to determine the number of ions or electrons hitting the cup.[1] The Faraday cup is named after Michael Faraday who first theorized ions around 1830.

Principle of operation

When a beam or packet of ions hits the metal it gains a small net charge while the ions are neutralized. The metal can then be discharged to measure a small current equivalent to the number of impinging ions. Essentially the Faraday cup is part of a circuit where ions are the charge carriers in vacuum and the faraday cup is the interface to the solid metal where electrons act as the charge carriers (as in most circuits). By measuring the electric current (the number of electrons flowing through the circuit per second) in the metal part of the circuit the number of charges being carried by the ions in the vacuum part of the circuit can be determined. For a continuous beam of ions (each with a single charge)

Faraday cup with an electron-suppressor plate in front
 \frac {N}{t} = \frac {I}{e}

where N is the number of ions observed in a time t (in seconds), I is the measured current (in amperes) and e is the elementary charge (about 1.60 × 10−19 C). Thus, a measured current of one nanoamp (10−9 A) corresponds to about 6 billion ions striking the faraday cup each second.

Similarly, a Faraday cup can act as a collector for electrons in a vacuum (for instance from an electron beam). In this case electrons simply hit the metal plate/cup and a current is produced. Faraday cups are not as sensitive as electron multiplier detectors, but are highly regarded for accuracy because of the direct relation between the measured current and number of ions.This device is considered a universal charge detector because of its independence from the energy, mass, chemistry, etc. of the analyte.

Faraday cup in plasma diagnostics

Faraday cup utilizes a physical principle according which the electrical charges delivered to the inner surface of a hollow conductor are redistributed around its outer surface due to mutual self-repelling of charges of the same sign – phenomenon discovered by Faraday.[2]

Fig. 1. Faraday Cup for Plasma Diagnostics

The conventional Faraday cup is applied for measurements of ion (or electron) flows from plasma boundaries and comprises a metallic cylindrical receiver-cap – 1 (Fig. 1) closed with, and insulated from, a washer-type metallic electron-suppressor lid - 2 provided with the round axial through enter-hollow of an aperture with a surface area S_F=\pi D^2_F/4. Both the receiver cup and the electron-suppressor lid are enveloped in, and insulated from, a grounded cylindrical shield - 3 having an axial round hole coinciding with the hole in the electron-suppressor lid - 2. The electron-suppressor lid is connected by 50 Ω RF cable with the source B_{es} of variable DC voltage U_{es}. The receiver-cup is connected by 50 Ω RF cable through the load resistor R_F with a sweep generator producing saw-type pulses U_g(t). Electric capacity C_F is formed of the capacity of the receiver-cup - 1 to the grounded shield - 3 and the capacity of the RF cable. The signal from R_F enables an observer to acquire an I-V characteristic of the Faraday cup by oscilloscope. Proper operating conditions: h\geq D_F (due to possible potential sag) and h\ll \lambda_i, where \lambda_i is the ion free path. Signal from R_F is the Faraday cup I-V characteristic which can be observed and memorized by oscilloscope


i_\Sigma(U_g)=i_i(U_g)-C_F\frac{dU_g}{dt} . (1)

In Fig. 1: 1 – cup-receiver, metal (stainless steel). 2 – electron-suppressor lid, metal (stainless steel). 3 – grounded shield, metal (stainless steel). 4 - insulator (teflon, ceramic). C_F - capacity of Faraday cup. R_F - load resistor.

Thus we measure the sum i_\Sigma of the electric currents through the load resistor R_F: i_i (Faraday cup current) plus the current i_c(U_g)=-C_F(dU_g/ dt) induced through the capacitor C_F by the saw-type voltage U_gof the sweep-generator: The current component i_c(U_g) can be measured at the absence of the ion flow and can be subtracted further from the total current i_\Sigma(U_g) measured with plasma to obtain the actual Faraday cup I-V characteristic i_i(U_g) for processing. All of the Faraday cup elements and their assembly that interact with plasma are fabricated usually of temperature-resistant materials (often these are stainless steel and teflon or ceramic for insulators). For processing of the Faraday cup I-V characteristic, we are going to assume that the Faraday cup is installed far enough away from an investigated plasma source where the flow of ions could be considered as the flow of particles with parallel velocities directed exactly along the Faraday cup axis. In this case, the elementary particle current di_i corresponding to the ion density differential dn(v) in the range of velocities between v and v+dv of ions flowing in through operating aperture S_F of the electron-suppressor can be written in the form

di_i=eZ_i S_F vdn(v), (2)

where

dn(v)=nf(v)dv, (3)

e is elementary electric charge, Z_i is the ion charge state, and f(v) is the one-dimensional distribution function of ions over velocity v. Therefore the ion current at the ion-decelerating voltage U_g of the Faraday cup can be calculated by integrating Eq. (2) after substituting in it Eq. (3)

i_i(U_g)=eZ_i n_i S_F\int\limits_{\sqrt{2eZ_i U_g /M_i}}^{\infty} f(v)vdv, (4)

where the lower integration limit is defined from the obvious equation M_iv^2 _{i,s}/2=eZ_i U_g where v_{i,s} is the velocity of the ion stopped by the decelerating potential U_g, and M_i is the ion mass. Thus the expression (4) represents the I-V characteristic of the Faraday cup. Differentiating Eq. (4) with respect to U_g, one can obtain the relation

\frac{di_i(U_g)}{dU_g} = -en_i S_F \frac{eZ_i}{M_i}f\left(\sqrt{2eZ_i U_g /M_i}\right), (5)

where the value  -n_i S_F (eZ_i/M_i ) = C_i is an invariable constant for each measurement. Therefore the average velocity \langle v_i \rangle of ions arriving into the Faraday cup and their average energy \langle \mathcal{E}_i \rangle can be calculated (under the assumption that we operate with a single type of ion) by the expressions

\langle v_i \rangle = 1.389\times10^6 \sqrt{\frac{Z_i}{M_A}}\int\limits_0^\infty i^\prime _i (U_g)dU_g \left ( \int\limits_0^\infty \frac{i^\prime _i}{\sqrt{U_g}}dU_g \right )^{-1} [cm/s], (6)

\langle \mathcal{E}_i \rangle = \int\limits_0^\infty i^\prime _i (U_g) \sqrt{U_g}dU_g \left ( \int\limits_0^\infty \frac{i^\prime _i}{\sqrt{U_g}}dU_g \right )^{-1} [eV], (7)

where M_A is the ion mass in atomic units. The ion concentration n_i in the ion flow at the Faraday cup vicinity can be calculated by the formula

n_i = \frac{i_i (0)}{eZ_i \langle v_i \rangle S_F} (8)

which follows from Eq. (4) at U_g = 0,

\int\limits_0^\infty f(v)vdv = \langle v \rangle, (9)

Fig, 2. Faraday cup I-V characteristic

and from the conventional condition for distribution function normalizing

\int\limits_0^\infty f(v)dv = 1 . (10)

Fig. 2 illustrates the I-V characteristic i_i (V) and its first derivative i^\prime _i (V) of the Faraday cup with S_F = 0.5  cm^2 installed at output of the Inductively coupled plasma source powered with RF 13.56 MHz and operating at 6 mTorr of H2. The value of the electron-suppressor voltage (accelerating the ions) was set experimentally at U_{es} = - 170 V, near the point of suppression of the secondary electron emission from the inner surface of the Faraday cup.[3]

Error sources

The counting of charges collected per unit time is impacted by two error sources: 1) the emission of low-energy secondary electrons from the surface struck by the incident charge and 2) backscattering (~180 degree scattering) of the incident particle, which causes it to leave the collecting surface, at least temporarily. Especially with electrons, it is fundamentally impossible to distinguish between a fresh new incident electron and one that has been backscattered or even a fast secondary electron.

See also

References

  1. Brown, K. L.; G. W. Tautfest (September 1956). "Faraday-Cup Monitors for High-Energy Electron Beams" (PDF). Review of Scientific Instruments 27 (9): 696–702. Bibcode:1956RScI...27..696B. doi:10.1063/1.1715674. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
  2. Frank A. J. L. James. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. E. V. Shun'ko. Universal Publishers, Boca Raton, Fl. 2008: 249. ISBN 978-1-59942-935-9. Missing or empty |title= (help)

External links

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