Fauchon

Founded in 1886 in Paris, Fauchon is an international gourmet food company, often referred to as the "millionaire's supermarket."[1] Fauchon is considered a major reference in contemporary French gourmet foods.[2]

History

The origins from 1886 until 1952

The founder of the Fauchon brand, Auguste Fauchon, was born in Calvados in 1856. He moved to Paris in 1880, where he began to work as a street vendor, moving on to become a wine and spirits merchant. In 1886, at the age of 30, he opened a fine foods outlet on Place de la Madeleine in central Paris's 8th arrondissement. This first shop still exists, and was totally renovated over a century of expansion and transformation.

The quality of the products made by Fauchon and its numerous approved suppliers[3] quickly made it well-known internationally,[4] and it came to symbolise French-style luxury. In 1968, French radicals chose to raid Fauchon and distribute foie gras to the poor.[5] During the Second World War, restrictions and rationing made business difficult for the company. Auguste Fauchon died in 1945 and his children sold the company in 1952[6]

From 1952 to 1986: opening up to new markets

In 1952, Joseph Pilosoff, the former owner of Chocolat Poulain, "Ciseaux d'argent" in Saint-Cloud and "Aux 100000 chemises" in Paris, took over Fauchon and built up a partnership with Air France. He also expanded the name abroad, opening new Fauchon outlets including in Japan at Takashimaya department stores in 1972. When Joseph Pilosoff died in 1981, his daughter took over at the head of the company. However, she too died soon thereafter, in December 1985, in a fire on the company premises. This happened on a day of national strike in public transportation in France, so the fire department took a while to arrive. Meanwhile, it was established that the fire was arson: the gasoline of a moped was set on fire in the back of the building. A criminal investigation followed. According to several eyewitnesses, a suspect was seen in the back of the building and in the crowds when the fire department arrived. The police and the criminal investigation team watched all the videos but no suspect was arraigned to this day.

From 1986 to 1998: exploring new opportunities

In 1986, Joseph Pilosoff’s granddaughter, Martine, then 33, and her husband, Philippe Prémat, became the owners of Fauchon.[7][8] Martine Prémat's management proved difficult. Turnover had been flat since the beginning of the decade at around 250 million French francs (some €38 million), with losses of FF5 million in 1991, FF4.7 million in 1993 and FF11.9 million in 1996, and debt standing at FF73 million (€11 million) and a negative net equity of FF4.9 million.[9] The company strategy to sell its products in mass-market superstore chains such as Carrefour and Auchan,[9] was sharply criticised, and the management was reproached with running the risk of spoiling the company's image, making it commonplace.[10] Martine and Philippe Prémat were also criticised for making management errors, and building a yacht, “Le Fauchon”, on which they intended to promote French gastronomy6, and then making a FF12 million loss (€1.8 million).[9]

Despite attempts to expand the group in the 1990s by opening shops in Geneva and Saudi Arabia – only to close them a few years later – or by sponsoring the Paris Dakar rally, Martine Prémat finally sold the company to Laurent Adamowicz for FF240 million (€36.6 million)[9] in March 1998.[11][12] The sale price included the freehold of the buildings on Place de la Madeleine, sold the following year to the real estate group OGIC, headed by Jean Diaz.[13]

From 1998 to 2003: wide expansion of activities

Former investment banker, graduate of business school[14] and also experienced in the field of luxury products, Laurent Adamowicz positioned the brand on the gourmet foods market. He launched new products[15] and ad campaigns, renovated points of sale, withdrew the brand from mass-market outlets and renovated the historical stores on Place de la Madeleine. He started a new partnership with Air France and returned the company to profitability in 2000 and 2001. After the pastry chef Pierre Hermé and his pupil, Sébastien Godard, both left the company, Laurent Adamowicz trusted a very young pastry chef promoted from within, in 2000, to lead the pastry department at Fauchon: Christophe Adam.

Flickr – scalleja – Fauchon (Place de la Madeleine – Paris)

He created a marketing department whose team organised the full repositioning of the brand, its image, its graphic identity, its logos, and the entire range of packaging. He launched the creation of 700 new products under the Fauchon brand, introduced on the market from 1998 to 2003.[16] He completed the repositioning of the Fauchon brand in its food universe of good products made simply and exceptionally. Finally he launched the Fauchon commercial website for packaged goods and catering. The brand renewal was particularly noticed with the reopening of the historic Tea Salon in Paris,[17] followed by its replicas in Tokyo and New York.

As soon as the year 2000, Fauchon became a growing and profitable company again, with 90 million Euros ($135 million) in sales and 5 million ($7.5 million) in EBIT for 2002,[18] and with a strong desire to conquer new markets. Fauchon opened new stores in Japan, in South Korea, Taiwan, the Middle East, Europe, and finally in the United States[19][20][21][22] where it never had a store before, investing FF60 million (€9.2 million) in five years in the US market, called "the largest opportunity for the development" of Fauchon by Laurent Adamowicz and his investor group (see the press conference they held in early February 1998[23][24]). With a diversified investor group that included Michel Deroy and Jean-Francois Toulouse, former owners and managers of Dock de France supermarkets that they sold in 1996 for 18.5 billion French Francs ($4.2 billion); the investment fund Matignon Investissements et Gestion; the publicly listed UK fund Intermediate Capital Group; and Barclays Capital Development France, the company had the means of its ambitions to finance the desired expansion of Fauchon in the US market.[25][26] Barclays Private Equity France, a subsidiary of the Barclays plc Group, backed Laurent Adamowicz in his takeover of Fauchon to participate in its development in France and abroad.[27]

In France, the acquisition of Flo Prestige for €39 million increased the number of outlets in Paris by 12 stores.[28] In 2003, the Fauchon network included 650 franchises, 16 of its own shops, of which three were in New York and 13 in Paris with the takeover of the Flo Group's delicatessens.[29][30]

Flickr – scalleja – Fauchon (Place de la Madeleine – Paris) 2

Came the crisis of Spring-Summer 2003: First there was the Iraq War with the invasion and the fall of the Saddam Hussein regime in April 2003; followed in May 2003 with a worldwide scare due to the epidemic of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) virus; then came the unprecedented heat wave in Europe that hit France particularly hard with over 15,000 dead in August 2003; finally, the economic turbulences due to the collapse of the tourism market that year . Fauchon was very dramatically affected by the combination of all these events, especially at the time it had just converted to the Fauchon brand all the new Parisian stores it had just acquired.

From 2004 to the present day

In January 2004, Laurent Adamowicz sold his interest in the company and left his CEO's office to Michel Ducros, (one of the sons of Gilbert Ducros (1928–2007), the founder of the Ducros spice business that he sold in 1992 to the Italian group Ferruzzi[31][32])[33]

Flickr – scalleja – Fauchon (Place de la Madeleine – Paris) 3

The acquisition of the Flo outlets in Paris in 2002 and the opening of three shops in New York led to a very sharp rise in income between 1998 and 2004, but a decline in Fauchon's net profits.[34]

From 2004 onward, the new shareholders adopted a strategy that aimed to boost profits by selling off those assets they deemed to be non-strategic, closing stores in Russia and the United States;[35][36][37] selling their ready-prepared meal tray business to the Fleury Michon group;[38] and finally selling the Fauchon Paris stores to the company's rival Lenôtre[39][40]

Within the space of 6 years, Fauchon cut back its workforce by 700 employees, from 900 to 200 people[41]

At the end of the 1990s Fauchon had embraced distribution at mass-market retailers and had multiplied its selling outlets. "The increase in volumes diluted the brand's value", recognised Michel Ducros in a 2008 article in L'Express magazine[42] To help in the development of the new Fauchon projects, Michel Ducros created a new company, Fauchon Trading S.A.[43] Michel Ducros revised Fauchon strategy with all its suppliers in all product categories, as the Paris-based purveyor of gourmet foods no longer wants to be a general store, but a multi-specialist. Fauchon has developed a product strategy, which entails setting up specific partnerships with its suppliers and sub-contractors[44][45] and developing and making Fauchon products to strict specifications and Fauchon recipes. Fauchon continues to produce most of its own breads, cakes, pastries and delicatessen products on its premises (in the Paris suburb of Courbevoie for cakes and pastries). In 2009, after its pastry chef, Christophe Adam, left Fauchon, Michel Ducros appointed to succeed him his assistant Patrick Pailler, seconded by Pierre-Jules Ginet.

The Paris location of Fauchon dressed up for Christmas, 2004

Despite the lack of success in the United States and China in 2009,[46][47] Fauchon still aimed at international development on several big markets (Japan, Middle East, Asia and South America).[48] Fauchon had some 60 stores and restaurants around the world in 2013.[49] In 2013, Eric Vincent (CEO of Fauchon from 2013 to 2014, after Isabelle Capron left the company after a disagreement with Michel Ducros[50]) announced: “Fauchon is now aiming to have 100 outlets by 2017 (from 63 in 2013), most of which will be franchises, its chosen modus operandi. Only five stores carry the company name (and 58 are franchised stores)".[51] Fauchon reinforced its presence through Asia with its second boutique in Hong Kong in 2014,[52] and expanded in Thaïland with the implantation of several stores : the first one opened in Bangkok in February 2014[53] and a second boutique opened in August 2014 in Siam Paragon.[54]

Fauchon in Figures

From 1998 to 2003, the number of franchised Fauchon stores went from 450 to 650, the number of company-owned stores from 1 to 16 of which 3 in New York and 13 in Paris after the purchase by Fauchon of the Parisian stores of Groupe Flo[55][56] The number of licenses grew from 2 to 16 from 1998 to 2003, generating royalties that grew from 1.5 to 3 million Euros ($4.5 million) during the same period. In 2003, Fauchon had total sales of 90 million ($135 million) of which 30% export revenues for a profit of 5 million Euros ($7.5 million). (See the Article “Fauchon en Chiffres” – Fauchon in Figures – i.e. business newspaper La Tribune)[57]

On the verge of bankruptcy in 2004 (with losses of €30 million),[58] an ad hoc legal agent is appointed by the Court of Paris (2003/10/06 order)[59] to help the company's recovery. Fauchon made its way back to a smaller loss in 2009, and in 2013 posted an operating profit of €900,000 on sales of €50 million.[34] Fauchon employs 230 people (2013), operates 60 retail outlets and posts sales of €247 million (including sales by franchises), 80% of which on international markets.[60]

Financial data in million euros[61][62]
Years 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Total Sales 39.1 41.4 38.7 54.0 84.2 70.7 43.8 36.0 35.6 36.6 44.3 45.5 46.2
Operating profits 1.5 1.5 -3.1 -3.4 -10.2 -10.7 -5.8 -1.1 -1.1 -0.2 -0.1 -0.3 0.1
Net profitor loss 0.1 1.3 -1.4 -4.5 -33.5 -15.9 -5.8 -0.8 -5.4 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -0.5
CEO Laurent Adamowicz Laurent Adamowicz Laurent Adamowicz Laurent Adamowicz Michel Ducros Michel Ducros Michel Ducros Michel Ducros Michel Ducros Michel Ducros Michel Ducros Michel Ducros Michel Ducros

From 2005 onward, Michel Ducros bought out most of the other shareholders, private and institutional. In 2005, Michel Ducros acquired all of the shares held by the Barclays Group, in 2009 the 36% stake owned by La Compagnie du Bois sauvage, then the stake held by Matignon Investissement & Gestion,[63] and lastly the minority shareholdings.[51][64] "I am an entrepreneur, I invest in the long term," he explained.[65][66]

Competition

Main competitors of Fauchon on the worldwide gourmet and luxury food products scene include Harrods and Fortnum & Mason in London and Mariage Frères, Le Palais des Thés, Dammann Frères, Kusmi Tea, Lenôtre, Pavillon Ledoyen, and Hédiard in Paris. Many more competitors emerged in the last decade on the international scene. For instance, as of 2015, Maison Kayser had 20 outlets in Paris, 25 in Japan and approximately 140 internationally. Ladurée also boasted about 100 outlets in 2015: 25 in Paris and the rest in 20 countries. As for Lenôtre, the world-renowned company founded by Gaston Lenôtre, as of 2015, it had 37 stores in 8 countries.

Also, former Fauchon pastry chefs Pierre Hermé, Dominique Ansel, and Christophe Adam each opened their own company competing with Fauchon in the pastry department. Pierre Hermé alone had 37 stores in 7 countries as of 2015.

References in popular culture

In Thomas Harris's book Hannibal (1999), the infamous fictional serial killer Hannibal Lecter, while on a flight from Europe to America, waits until everyone is asleep before producing a Fauchon food parcel of aromatic truffled pate de foie gras and Anatolian figs, as well as a half bottle of St Estephe which Harris says he favours.

In Cast Away, the 2000 movie directed by Robert Zemeckis, Chuck Noland, the FedEx executive (starring Tom Hanks) hands his colleagues before they board the plane, a Fauchon bag containing fresh baguette bread from Paris. The distinctive Fauchon logo of the bag stands out. Later in the movie, one wishes he had kept the bag.

References

  1. ↑ Limited, APA Publications (2016-04-18). Insight Guides: Pocket Paris. Apa Publications (UK) Limited. ISBN 9781786710277.
  2. ↑ Le Nouvel Économiste, 22 September 2011 "Fauchon, Hédiard : une histoire de goût”
  3. ↑ http://www.temps-libre.info/article675.html
  4. ↑ Le Journal du dimanche, 8 February 1998, “Fauchon veut retrouver son lustre d’antan” by Jean-Michel Salvator
  5. ↑ The Daily Deal, 21 May 2002, by Matt Miller “Pass the foie gras”
  6. ↑ Les Échos, 28 August 2006. "Fauchon célèbre 120 ans de gourmandise"
  7. ↑ Le Figaro, no. 16643, 16 February 1998, interview with Martine Prémat
  8. ↑ “Martine PRÉMAT a démocratisé le luxe”, page visited on 8 October 2009 Source: “Martine PRÉMAT a démocratisé le luxe”, page visited on 8 October 2009 http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http://www.annuaire-au-feminin.net/bioPREMATmartine.html&title=Page%20vue%20le%208%20octobre%202009
  9. 1 2 3 4 Capital, May 1997, pages 54–55, by Eddy Murano, “Succès et Dérapages – Fauchon, un épicier fauché
  10. ↑ Gault Millau, no. 327, February–March 1998, pages 31–34, “Enquête : La vérité sur Fauchon”
  11. ↑ Le Figaro, 31 December 2005, “Fauchon, la Griffe gourmande”
  12. ↑ Europe 1 radio, Le Journal de l’Économie, 4 February 1998, 6:30 am, by Jean-Michel Salvator
  13. ↑ OGIC, promotion immobilière, page visited 11 October 2009
  14. ↑ Les Echos newspaper, Issue #19002 of 3 October 2003, page 50, Distribution, Entreprise et Marchés, En Vue, Laurent Adamowicz
  15. ↑ Financial Times, 22–23 January 2000, by Holly Finn "Tea with Sympathy"
  16. ↑ Wharton Alumni Magazine, Spring 2003, Issue 347
  17. ↑ Financial Times, Holly Finn ( 22–23 January 2000) "Tea with Sympathy" “For those weary of coffee and couture and in real need of something soothing, the Salon de Thé recently opened at the legendary Fauchon food emporium in Paris, is worth a winter visit. There, on Place de la Madeleine, the emphasis is not on fast-forwarding, either one's heart rate or one's fashion status. It's about stopping – taking a deep breath and a long sip. No matter how rudely random Parisians have treated you that morning, you'll soon feel better about the whole Franco-thing. A slice of Tarte au thé Darjeeling (a specialty of the house) restores confidence not just in your ability to translate, but in the civility of left-seat drivers, all sorts of things…. A reminder of the bond between tea and sympathy."
  18. ↑ Management, December 2003, "Fauchon retrouve le goût des benefices; Laurent Adamowicz a réussi son pari. En cinq ans, cet ex-golden boy (Paribas et Rothschild), qui n'hésite pas à aller jouer les vendeurs dans ses magasins, a su transformer Fauchon. La vénérable épicerie de luxe qu'il a rachetée en 1998 – elle était alors fortement déficitaire – est enfin devenue une affaire rentable : 90 millions d'Euros de chiffre d'affaires pour un résultat d'exploitation de 5 millions en 2002. Et son dernier coup d'éclat a payé. Les douze magasins du traiteur Flo Prestige, repris il y a un an pour 40 millions d'Euros au groupe de restauration en difficulté, lui ont permis de rajeunir sa clientèle tout en conservant son public d'origine" "Fauchon finds the taste of profit" “Laurent Adamowicz has succeeded. In 5 years, this ex-golden boy (Paribas and Rothschild) who does not hesitate to play salesman in his stores, was able to transform Fauchon. The venerable epicerie of luxury products he purchased in 1998 – that was nearly bankrupt – finally became a profitable company with 90 million Euros ($135 million) in sales and 5 million ($7.5 million) in EBIT for 2002. His last venture paid off too. The 12 Flo Prestige stores he bought from the restaurant group for 40 million Euros ($60 million) allowed to drive younger clients to the Fauchon brand while keeping the old-time regulars."
  19. ↑ Les Échos, no. 17579, 5 February 1998, page 18, “Waldo veut développer Fauchon aux États-Unis”
  20. ↑ The New York Times, Fabricant, Florence (16 August 2000), “Fauchon Opens A Market in Midtown” "FAUCHON, the legendary Parisian market, has made its debut in New York. Its first American shop opened Monday at 442 Park Avenue, at 56th Street. For now, the glass display cases, shelves and free-standing consoles in the 3,600-square-foot (330 m2) store are stocked with pink and gold packages of fancy jams, chocolates, crackers, mustards, oils, vinegars, pickles, sauces and 109 kinds of tea," writes Florence Fabricant She continues: “The candy counter is laden with chocolates, marrons glaces in four flavors, pates de fruit and marzipan creations. The jewel-like glace strawberries ($2 each) are not to be missed. Chocolate Eiffel Towers are $5 each. The pastry department is limited to delicious macaroons for the moment, and there are packaged cookies, and gradually other pastries, ice creams and sorbets will be added. It has taken Fauchon, which has 800 stores in 33 countries, this long to open in the United States because the company's emphasis was placed on establishing franchises in Europe, Asia and the Middle East. When Laurent Adamowicz bought the 114-year-old company in 1998, he set his sights on the American market. The $3 million New York store is company owned.”
  21. ↑ Les Échos, no. 17619, 2 April 1998, page 19 , “Le nouveau PDG de Fauchon veut implanter l'entreprise aux États-Unis”
  22. ↑ La Tribune, 2 April 1998, page 11, "L'épicerie fine Fauchon veut conquérir le marché américain"
  23. ↑ Les Echos, issue #17579, 5 February 1998, page 18, “Waldo veut développer Fauchon aux Etats-Unis” (Waldo wants to develop Fauchon in the United States)
  24. ↑ Le Monde, issue #16493, 5 February 1998, "La vente de Fauchon relance les grandes manœuvres sur le marché de l'épicerie de luxe. Le repreneur, la société Waldo, veut développer la marque aux États-Unis" ("The buyer of Fauchon, the company Waldo, wants to develop the brand in the United States")
  25. ↑ Les Echos, issue #17619, 2 April 1998, page 19, “Le nouveau PDG de Fauchon veut implanter l'entreprise aux Etats-Unis” (“The new Chairman and CEO of Fauchon wants to bring the company to the United States”)
  26. ↑ La Tribune newspaper, 2 April 1998, article page 11, "L'épicerie fine Fauchon veut conquérir le marché américain" ("The gourmet epicerie Fauchon wants to conquer the American market")
  27. ↑ As can be read in the annual report of Barclays Private Equity France: “Laurent Adamowicz took the Fauchon destiny in his own hands and started the restructuring right away. His first actions included closing all the restaurants in the Place de la Madeleine, Paris store and replacing them with a "Salon de thé" (Fauchon Tea Salon) and the largest wine cellars in Paris. He also increased international brand presence with the opening of similar Fauchon Tea Salons in Asia and in New York on Park Avenue, followed by a second store on Madison Avenue. Source: Web site Barclays Private Equity France, Page seen on October 8, 2009
  28. ↑ http://www.lhotellerie-restauration.fr/lhotellerie/articles/2841_02_octobre_2003/Les_enseignes_Flo_Prestige.html
  29. ↑ Le Figaro, 20 March 2003, “Laurent Adamowicz redéploie Fauchon
  30. ↑ Le Parisien, 1 October 2003, “Fauchon s’installe chez Flo et mise sur la proximité”
  31. ↑ Le Point, Issue #1665, 17 January 2007 "En 1992, le groupe Ducros et Fils est numéro un des épices en Europe, et la famille ne résiste pas à l'offre de rachat mirifique (1,6 milliard de francs – soit pratiquement le chiffre d'affaires) que lui fait l'italien Ferruzzi avant sa retentissante faillite.
  32. ↑ “Quand Ducros se jette à l’eau” (When Ducros takes a dive). L'Express, August 9, 2007, page 44-46
  33. ↑ Le Point, no. 1665, 17 January 2007, "Les nouvelles recettes de Michel Ducros"
  34. 1 2 "France-Luxe-Fauchon veut doubler de taille en cinq ans". Reuters. 18 September 2013.
  35. ↑ New York Times, 20 May 2005, by Elaine Sciolino, "Fauchon's Food Empire Cedes Territory to a Rival"
  36. ↑ Source: New York Times
  37. ↑ The New York Times, 11 June 2004 “New York: Manhattan: Fauchon Closing 2 Of 3 Stores”,
  38. ↑ Les Échos, no. 19268, 19 October 2004, “Fleury-Michon acquiert les plateaux-repas de Fauchon”
  39. ↑ Le Figaro, 19 May 2005, “L’épicerie de luxe vend neuf boutiques à Lenôtre. Fauchon a perdu la bataille de Paris”; official Lenôtre website
  40. ↑ L'Express, 9 August 2007, page 44-46, "Quand Ducros se jette à l'eau " , page visited on 9 October 2009
  41. ↑ L'Express, 17 January 2008, page 75 "Fauchon, L'épicier chic et choc", by Corinne Scemama
  42. ↑ L'Express, Corinne Scemama on 17 January 2008, page 75 "Fauchon, L'épicier chic et choc"; "L'augmentation des volumes a dilué la valeur de la marque, reconnaît Michel Ducros"
  43. ↑ Mémorial, Journal Officiel du Grand-Duché du Luxembourg, C — N° 1620 of August 21, 2009, Page seen on 11 October 2009, and C — N° 2537 of November 8, 2007, Page seen on 8 October 2009
  44. ↑ http://www.lequotidienlesmarches.fr/comment-fauchon-s-est-redress-malgr-la-crise-art368266-81.html?Itemid=292
  45. ↑ L'Est-Éclair, 23 March 2010 page visited on 12 April 2010
  46. ↑ Le Figaro, 14 October 2007, "Fauchon veut ouvrir treize magasins en Chine"
  47. ↑ Les Echos, issue #20541 of 29 October 2009, page 19, "Fauchon must reassess its plans after its failures to balance its books due to its local losses", Isabelle Capron, chief operating officer of Fauchon from 2004 to 2012: "China may be the future Japan, but not for right now"“la Chine est sûrement le futur Japon, mais ce n'est pas pour tout de suite"
  48. ↑ Les Echos, 2013/09/13, "Fauchon pousse les feux à l'international"
  49. ↑ http://www.lsa-conso.fr/fauchon-accelere-son-developpement-a-l-international,147551
  50. ↑ Le Figaro, 15 March 2014, “Divergences a la tete de Fauchon” (Conflicts at the head of Fauchon)
  51. 1 2 Christophe Palierse (19 September 2013). "Fauchon pousse les feux à l'international". Les Echos.
  52. ↑ http://www.retailinasia.com/article/2014/01/culinary-boutique-fauchon-opens-second-store-hong-kong
  53. ↑ http://www.bangkokpost.com/lifestyle/food-features/407716/french-style-luxury
  54. ↑ http://www.nationmultimedia.com/sunday/Legends-of-France-30248354.html
  55. ↑ Le Figaro newspaper, Article of 20 March 2003, “Laurent Adamowicz redéploie Fauchon”
  56. ↑ Le Parisien newspaper, Article of 1 October 2003, ‘Fauchon s’installe chez Flo et mise sur la proximité”
  57. ↑ La Tribune newspaper, Article of 1 October 2003, "Fauchon devient une enseigne de proximité ; Fauchon en chiffres"
  58. ↑ http://m.lesechos.fr/redirect_article.php?id=0203123626811
  59. ↑ ordonnance du 06 octobre 2003
  60. ↑ "Fauchon veut doubler de taille en cinq ans" , Capital, 18 September 2013
  61. ↑ Source : Rapports annuels de 2000 à 2008 inclus, de La Compagnie du Bois sauvage ; page vue le 10 octobre 2009.
  62. ↑ Source : Rapport annuel 2005 de La Compagnie du Bois Sauvage, pp. 31–34 ; vue le 10 octobre 2009.
  63. ↑ Le Point, no. 1933, 8 October 2009, "Michel Ducros est propriétaire de plus de 90% de son affaire"
  64. ↑ Le Point, no. 1933, 8 October 2009, "Fauchon version fashion"
  65. ↑ Le Point magazine, Issue #1933, Article of 8 October 2009, "Michel Ducros est propriétaire de plus de 90% de son affaire"
  66. ↑ Le Point magazine, Issue #1933, Article of 8 October 2009, "Fauchon version fashion"

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