Federal Art Project

Eagle and palette design regarded as the logo of the Federal Art Project

The Federal Art Project (1935–43) was a New Deal program to fund the visual arts in the United States. Under national director Holger Cahill, it was one of five Federal Project Number One projects sponsored by the Works Progress Administration, and the largest of the New Deal art projects. It was created not as a cultural activity but as a relief measure to employ artists and artisans to create murals, easel paintings, sculpture, graphic art, posters, photography, theatre scenic design, and arts and crafts. The WPA Federal Art Project established more than 100 community art centers throughout the country, researched and documented American design, commissioned a significant body of public art without restriction to content or subject matter, and sustained some 10,000 artists and craft workers during the Great Depression.

Background

Poster summarizing Federal Art Project employment and activities (November 1, 1936)
The Workers (c. 1935), a wall hanging created by Florence Kawa for the Milwaukee Handicraft Project, was presented to Eleanor Roosevelt[1]:164

The Federal Art Project was the visual arts arm of the Great Depression-era Works Progress Administration, a Federal One program. Funded under the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935, it operated from August 29, 1935, until June 30, 1943. It was created as a relief measure to employ artists and artisans to create murals, easel paintings, sculpture, graphic art, posters, photography, Index of American Design documentation, museum and theatre scenic design, and arts and crafts. The Federal Art Project operated community art centers throughout the country where craft workers and artists worked, exhibited and educated others.[2] The project created more than 200,000 separate works, some of them remaining among the most significant pieces of public art in the country.[3]

The Federal Art Project's primary goals were to employ out-of-work artists and to provide art for non-federal municipal buildings and public spaces. Artists were paid $23.60 a week; tax-supported institutions such as schools, hospitals and public buildings paid only for materials.[4] The work was divided into art production, art instruction and art research. The primary output of the art-research group was the Index of American Design, a mammoth and comprehensive study of American material culture.

As many as 10,000 artists were commissioned to produce work for the WPA Federal Art Project,[5] the largest of the New Deal art projects. Three comparable but distinctly separate New Deal art projects were administered by the United States Department of the Treasury: the Public Works of Art Project (1933–34), the Section of Painting and Sculpture (1934–43) and the Treasury Relief Art Project (1935–38).[6]

The WPA program made no distinction between representational and nonrepresentational art. Abstraction had not yet gained favor in the 1930s and 1940s and, thus, was virtually unsalable. As a result, the Federal Art Project supported such iconic artists as Jackson Pollock before their work could earn them income.[7]

One particular success was the Milwaukee Handicraft Project, which started in 1935 as an experiment that employed 900 people who were classified as unemployable due to their age or disability.[1]:164 The project came to employ approximately 5,000 unskilled workers, many of them women and the long-term unemployed. Historian John Gurda observed that the city's unemployment hovered at 40 percent in 1933. "In that year," he said, "53 percent of Milwaukee's property taxes went unpaid because people just could not afford to make the tax payments."[8] Workers were taught bookbinding, block printing and design, which they used to create handmade art books and children's books. They produced toys, dolls,[9] theatre costumes, quilts,[8] rugs, draperies, wall hangings and furniture that were purchased by schools, hospitals[1]:164 and municipal organizations[10] for the cost of materials only.[11] In 2014, when the Museum of Wisconsin Art mounted an exhibition of items created by the Milwaukee Handicraft Project, furniture was found that was still being used at the Milwaukee Public Library.[8]

Holger Cahill was national director of the Federal Art Project. Other administrators included Audrey McMahon, director of the New York Region (New York, New Jersey, and Philadelphia); Clement B. Haupers, director for Minnesota;[12] and Robert Bruce Inverarity, director for Washington state.

Notable artists

Some 10,000 artists were commissioned to work for the Federal Art Project.[5] Notable artists include the following:

Community Art Center program

Jacksonville Negro Art Center, Jacksonville, Florida
Eleanor Roosevelt at the dedication of the South Side Community Art Center, Chicago, Illinois (May 7, 1941)
Poster for the opening of the Mason City Art Center, Mason City, Iowa (1941)
Children's art class at the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
American design exhibit at the Roswell Museum and Art Center, Roswell, New Mexico (1941)
Poster for the Harlem Community Art Center, New York City (1938)
Class at the Harlem Community Art Center (January 1, 1938)
Poster for the open house of the Greensboro Art Center, Greensboro, North Carolina (1937)
Oklahoma Art Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Curry County Art Center, Gold Beach, Oregon

The first federally sponsored community art center opened in December 1936 in Raleigh, North Carolina.[139]

State City Name Notes
Alabama Birmingham Extension art gallery[3]:441
Alabama Birmingham Healey School Art Gallery [3]:441
Alabama Mobile Mobile Art Center, Public Library Building [3]:441
Arizona Phoenix Phoenix Art Center [3]:441
District of Columbia Washington, D.C. Children's Art Gallery [3]:441
Florida Bradenton Bradenton Art Center [3]:441
Florida Coral Gables Coral Gables Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3]:441
Florida Daytona Beach Daytona Beach Art Center [3]:441
Florida Jacksonville Jacksonville Art Center [3]:441
Florida Jacksonville Jacksonville Beach Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3]:441
Florida Jacksonville Jacksonville Negro Art Center Extension art gallery[3]:441[140]
Florida Key West Key West Community Art Center [3]:441
Florida Miami Miami Art Center [3]:441
Florida Milton Milton Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3]:441
Florida New Smyrna Beach New Smyrna Beach Art Center [3]:441
Florida Ocala Ocala Art Center [3]:441
Florida Pensacola Pensacola Art Center [3]:441
Florida St. Petersburg Jordan Park Negro Exhibition Center [3]:441
Florida St. Petersburg St. Petersburg Art Center [3]:442
Florida St. Petersburg St. Petersburg Civic Exhibition Center [3]:442
Florida Tampa Tampa Art Center [3]:442
Florida Tampa West Tampa Negro Art Gallery [3]:442
Illinois Chicago South Side Community Art Center [3]:442
Iowa Mason City Mason City Art Center [3]:442
Iowa Ottumwa Ottumwa Art Center [3]:442
Iowa Sioux City Sioux City Art Center [3]:442
Kansas Topeka Topeka Art Center [3]:442
Minnesota Minneapolis Walker Art Center [3]:442[141]
Mississippi Greenville Delta Art Center [3]:442
Mississippi Oxford Oxford Art Center [3]:442[142]
Mississippi Sunflower Sunflower County Art Center [3]:442
Missouri St. Louis The People's Art Center [3]:442
Montana Butte Butte Art Center [3]:442
Montana Great Falls Great Falls Art Center [3]:442
New Mexico Gallup Gallup Art Center [3]:443[143]
New Mexico Melrose Melrose Art Center [3]:443
New Mexico Roswell Roswell Museum and Art Center [3]:443
New York City Brooklyn Brooklyn Community Art Center [3]:443
New York City Manhattan Contemporary Art Center [3]:443[144]
New York City Harlem Harlem Community Art Center [3]:443
New York City Flushing, Queens Queensboro Community Art Center [3]:443
North Carolina Cary Cary Gallery Extension art gallery[3]:443
North Carolina Greensboro Greensboro Art Center [139]
North Carolina Greenville Greenville Art Gallery [3]:443
North Carolina Raleigh Crosby-Garfield School Extension art gallery[3]:443
North Carolina Raleigh Needham B. Broughton High School Extension art gallery[3]:443
North Carolina Raleigh Raleigh Art Center [3]:444
North Carolina Wilmington Wilmington Art Center [3]:443
Oklahoma Bristow Bristow Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3]:443
Oklahoma Claremore Claremore Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3]:443
Oklahoma Claremore Will Rogers Public Library Extension art gallery[3]:443
Oklahoma Clinton Clinton Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3]:443
Oklahoma Cushing Cushing Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3]:443
Oklahoma Edmond Edmond Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3]:443
Oklahoma Marlow Marlow Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3]:443
Oklahoma Oklahoma City Oklahoma Art Center [3]:443
Oklahoma Okmulgee Okmulgee Art Center Extension art gallery[3]:443
Oklahoma Sapulpa Sapulpa Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3]:443
Oklahoma Shawnee Shawnee Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3]:443
Oklahoma Skiatook Skiatook Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3]:443
Oregon Gold Beach Curry County Art Center [3]:444
Oregon La Grande Grande Ronde Valley Art Center [3]:444
Oregon Salem Salem Art Center [3]:444
Pennsylvania Somerset Somerset Art Center [3]:444
Tennessee Chattanooga Hamilton County Art Center [3]:444
Tennessee Memphis LeMoyne Art Center [3]:444
Tennessee Nashville Peabody Art Center [3]:444
Tennessee Norris Anderson County Art Center [3]:444
Utah Cedar City Cedar City Art Exhibition Association Extension art gallery[3]:444
Utah Helper Helper Community Gallery Extension art gallery[3]:444
Utah Price Price Community Gallery Extension art gallery[3]:444
Utah Provo Provo Community Gallery Extension art gallery[3]:444
Utah Salt Lake City Utah State Art Center [3]:444
Virginia Altavista Altavista Extension Gallery Extension art gallery[3]:445
Virginia Big Stone Gap Big Stone Gap Art Gallery [3]:444
Virginia Lynchburg Lynchburg Art Gallery [3]:444
Virginia Richmond Children's Art Gallery [3]:444
Virginia Saluda Middlesex County Museum Extension art gallery[3]:444
Washington Chehalis Lewis County Exhibition Center Extension art gallery[3]:444
Washington Pullman Washington State College Extension art gallery[3]:444
Washington Spokane Spokane Art Center [3]:444[145]
West Virginia Morgantown Morgantown Art Center [3]:445
West Virginia Parkersburg Parkersburg Art Center [3]:445
West Virginia Scotts Run Scotts Run Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3]:445
Wyoming Casper Casper Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3]:445
Wyoming Lander Lander Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3]:445
Wyoming Laramie Laramie Art Center [3]:445
Wyoming Newcastle Lander Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3]:445
Wyoming Rawlins Rawlins Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3]:445
Wyoming Riverton Riverton Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3]:445
Wyoming Rock Springs Rock Springs Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3]:445
Wyoming Sheridan Sheridan Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3]:445
Wyoming Torrington Torrington Art Gallery Extension art gallery[3]:445

Index of American Design

Federal Art Project Illinois poster for an exhibition of the Index of American Design
As we study the drawings of the Index of American Design we realize that the hands that made the first two hundred years of this country's material culture expressed something more than untutored creative instinct and the rude vigor of a frontier civilization. … The Index, in bringing together thousands of particulars from various sections of the country, tells the story of American hand skills and traces intelligible patterns within that story.
Holger Cahill, national director of the Federal Art Project[146]:xv

The Index of American Design program of the Federal Art Project produced a pictorial survey of the crafts and decorative arts of the United States from the early colonial period to 1900. Artists working for the Index produced nearly 18,000 meticulously faithful watercolor drawings,[1]:226 documenting material culture by largely anonymous artisans.[146]:ix Objects range from furniture, silver, glass, stoneware and textiles to tavern signs, ships's figureheads, cigar-store figures, carousel horses, toys, tools and weather vanes.[1]:224[147] Photography was used only to a limited degree since artists could more accurately and effectively present the form, character, color and texture of the objects. The best drawings approach the work of such 19th-century trompe-l'œil painters as William Harnett; lesser works represent the process of artists who were given employment and expert training.[146]:xiv

"It was not a nostalgic or antiquarian enterprise," wrote historian Roger G. Kennedy. "It was initiated by modernists dedicated to abstract design, hoping to influence industrial design — thus in many ways it parallelled the founding philosophy of the Museum of Modern Art in New York."[1]:224

Holger Cahill, national director of the Federal Art Project, speaking at the Harlem Community Art Center (October 24, 1938)

Like all WPA programs, the Index had the primary purpose of providing employment.[148] Its function was to identify and record material of historical significance that had not been studied and was in danger of being lost. Its aim was to gather together these pictorial records into a body of material that would form the basis for organic development of American design — a usable American past accessible to artists, designers, manufacturers, museums, libraries and schools. The United States had no single comprehensive collection of authenticated historical native design comparable to those available to scholars, artists and industrial designers in Europe.[149]

"In one sense the Index is a kind of archaeology," wrote Holger Cahill. "It helps to correct a bias which has tended to relegate the work of the craftsman and the folk artist to the subconscious of our history where it can be recovered only by digging. In the past we have lost whole sequences out of their story, and have all but forgotten the unique contribution of hand skills in our culture."[146]:xv

The Index of American Design operated in 34 states and the District of Columbia from 1935 to 1942. It was founded by Romana Javitz, head of the Picture Collection of the New York Public Library, and textile designer Ruth Reeves.[1]:224 Reeves was appointed the first national coordinator; she was succeeded by C. Adolph Glassgold (1936) and Benjamin Knotts (1940). Constance Rourke was national editor.[146]:xii The work is in the collection of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.[150]

The Index employed an average of 300 artists during its six years in operation.[146]:xiv One artist was Magnus S. Fossum, a longtime farmer who was compelled by the Depression to move from the Midwest to Florida. After he lost his left hand in an accident in 1934, he produced watercolor renderings for the Index, using magnifiers and drafting instruments for accuracy and precision. Fossum eventually received an insurance settlement that made it possible for him to buy another farm and leave the Federal Art Project.[1]:228

WPA Art Recovery Project

External video
Returning America’s Art to America, General Services Administration[151]

Hundreds of thousands of artworks were commissioned under the Federal Art Project.[5] Many of the portable works have been lost, abandoned or given away as unauthorized gifts. As custodian of the work, which remains Federal property, the General Services Administration maintains an inventory[152] and works with the FBI and art community to identify and recover WPA art.[153] In 2010 it produced a 22-minute documentary about the WPA Art Recovery Project, "Returning America’s Art to America", narrated by Charles Osgood.[154]

In July 2014, the General Services Administration estimated that only 20,000 of the portable works have been located to date.[152][155] In 2015, GSA investigators found 122 Federal Art Project paintings in California libraries, where most had been stored and forgotten.[156]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Kennedy, Roger G.; Larkin, David (2009). When Art Worked: The New Deal, Art, and Democracy. New York: Rizzoli International Publications, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8478-3089-3.
  2. "Employment and Activities poster for the WPA's Federal Art Project, 1936". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 Kalfatovic, Martin R. (1994). The New Deal Fine Arts Projects: A Bibliography, 1933–1992. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-2749-2. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  4. 1 2 3 Brenner, Anita (April 10, 1938). "America Creates American Murals". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Naylor, Brian (April 16, 2014). "New Deal Treasure: Government Searches For Long-Lost Art". All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
  6. "New Deal Artwork: GSA's Inventory Project". General Services Administration. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  7. Atkins, Robert (1993). ArtSpoke: A Guide to Modern Ideas, Movements, and Buzzwords, 1848-1944. Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-1-55859-388-6.
  8. 1 2 3 Whaley, K. P. (April 30, 2014). "Depression-Era Milwaukee Handicraft Project Put Thousands of People to Work". The Kathleen Dunn Show. Wisconsin Public Radio. Retrieved 2015-11-29.
  9. "WPA – Milwaukee Handicraft Project". Museum of Wisconsin Art. Retrieved 2015-11-29.
  10. Roosevelt, Eleanor (November 13, 1936). "My Day". Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project. The George Washington University. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  11. "WPA Milwaukee Handicraft Project". School of Continuing Education, Employment and Training Institute. University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. Retrieved 2015-11-29.
  12. "WPA Art Project". Library. Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved 2015-11-29.
  13. "Oral history interview with William Abbenseth". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. November 23, 1964. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  14. "Background". Changing New York. New York Public Library. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  15. "Gertrude Abercrombie papers". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-11.
  16. "The Artist and His Life". The Artwork of Benjamin Abramowitz (1917–2011). S.A. Rosenbaum & Associates. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  17. "Abe Ajay, Industry". The Collection Online. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
  18. "Oral history interview with Maxine Albro and Parker Hall". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. July 27, 1964. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  19. "Oral history interview with Charles Henry Alston". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. September 28, 1965. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  20. 1 2 "The Artists of Buffalo's Willert Park Courts Sculptures". Western New York Heritage Press. Retrieved 2015-06-15.
  21. "Luis Arenal". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. August 7, 1936. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
  22. "Pacific Grove High School Mural – Pacific Grove CA". The Living New Deal. Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2015-06-15.
  23. "George Washington High School: Arnautoff Mural – San Francisco CA". The Living New Deal. Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2015-06-15.
  24. "Sheva Ausubel". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. March 30, 1937. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
  25. "Oral history interview with Jozef and Teresa Bakos, 1965". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
  26. "Henry W. Bannarn, ca. 1937". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  27. "Belle Baranceanu (1902-1988)". San Diego History Center. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
  28. "Oral history interview with Patrociño Barela". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. July 2, 1964. Retrieved 2015-06-15.
  29. "Will Barnet, Labor". The Collection Online. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
  30. "Richmond Barthe, 1941 Apr. 4". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  31. "William and Ethel Baziotes papers, 1916–1992". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 "WPA Art Collection – Gallup NM". The Living New Deal. Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Cahill, Holger (1936). Barr, Alfred H., Jr., ed. New Horizons in American Art. New York: Museum of Modern Art. OCLC 501632161.
  34. Abbott, Leala (December 2004). "Arts and Culture, Art Center records 1930–2004, Finding Aid". Milstein/Rosenthal Center for Media & Technology. 92nd Street Y. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
  35. "Leon Bibel: Art, Activism, and the WPA". Lora Robins Gallery of Design from Nature. University of Richmond. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
  36. "Lucile Blanch, 1940 Oct. 31". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  37. "1939 World’s Fair Mural Study – Chicago IL". The Living New Deal. Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2015-06-10.
  38. 1 2 3 4 "Williamsburg Housing Development Murals – Brooklyn NY". The Living New Deal. Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2015-06-10.
  39. "Oral history interview with Adele Brandeis". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. June 1, 1965. Retrieved 2015-06-18.
  40. "Louise Brann, ca. 1935". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  41. "Manuel Bromberg, 1939 Jan. 23". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  42. "Oral history interview with James Brooks". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. June 10–12, 1965. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  43. 1 2 "Bailey, Chief Librarian, Praises WPA Art Project". Long Island Sunday Press (Long Island, New York). April 5, 1936.
  44. "Selma Burke". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  45. "Letterio Calapai, ca. 1937". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  46. "Oral history interview with Giorgio Cavallon, 1974". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
  47. "Dane Chanase, 1942 Jan. 26". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  48. 1 2 3 4 Mahoney, Eleanor (2012). "The Federal Art Project in Washington State". The Great Depression in Washington State. Pacific Northwest Labor and Civil Rights Project, University of Washington. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
  49. "Claude Clark Sr., In the Groove". The Collection Online. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
  50. 1 2 "Recovering America's Art for America". General Services Administration. 2010. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  51. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "Artists". WPA Art Inventory Project. Connecticut State Library. Retrieved 2015-07-03.
  52. "Francis Criss, 1940 Oct. 29". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  53. "History and Mission". About Us. Phoenix Art Museum. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
  54. Conn, Charis (February 15, 2013). "Art in Public: Stuart Davis on Abstract Art and the WPA, 1939". Annotations: The NEH Preservation Project. WNYC. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  55. "Adolf Dehn, 1940 Oct. 29". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  56. "Oral history interview with Burgoyne Diller". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. October 2, 1964. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  57. "Isami Doi, Near Coney Island". The Collection Online. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2015-06-19.
  58. "Ruth Egri, 1937 Apr. 12". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  59. "Fritz Eichenberg, April". The Collection Online. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
  60. "George Pearse Ennis, ca. 1936". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  61. "Angna Enters, 1940 Nov. 18". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  62. "Louis Ferstadt, 1939 Jan. 25". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-19.
  63. "Alexander Finta, 1939 June 14". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  64. "Federal Art Project, Photographic Division collection, circa 1920–1965, bulk 1935–1942". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-11-27.
  65. "Activist Arts". A New Deal for the Arts. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  66. "Eugenie Gershoy, 1938 Mar. 28". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  67. "Enrico Glicenstein, 1940 Sept. 29". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  68. "Vincent Glinsky, 1939 Mar. 8". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  69. "Bertram Goodman, ca. 1939". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  70. "Marion Greenwood, 1940 June 4". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  71. "Waylande Gregory". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. June 2, 1937. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  72. "Irving Guyer, Reading by Lamplight". The Collection Online. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
  73. "Abraham Harriton, 1938 Aug. 16". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  74. Megraw, Richard (January 10, 2011). "Federal Art Project". KnowLA Encyclopedia of Louisiana. Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities. Retrieved 2015-10-25.
  75. "August Henkel, ca. 1939". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  76. "Ralf C. Henricksen, 1938". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  77. "Donal Hord, 1937". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  78. "Axel Horr [sic], 1940 June 28". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  79. "Milton Horn, c. 1937". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  80. "Eitaro Ishigaki, ca. 1940". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  81. "Sargent Claude Johnson, Dorothy C.". The Collection Online. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
  82. "Tom Loftin Johnson, 1938". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  83. "William H. Johnson: A Guide for Teachers". American Art Museum and the Renwick Gallery. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-11.
  84. "Reuben Kadish, Conversation with a Quarry Master". The Collection Online. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
  85. "Sheffield Kagy, Symphony Conductor". The Collection Online. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
  86. "Jacob Kainen, Rooming House". The Collection Online. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
  87. "David Karfunkle, ca. 1938". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-19.
  88. "Oral history interview with Lee Krasner". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. November 2, 1964 – April 11, 1968. Retrieved 2015-06-15.
  89. "Kalman Kubinyi, Skaters". The Collection Online. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
  90. "Michael Lantz". Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved 2015-06-19.
  91. "New Mexico State University: Branson Library Art – Las Cruces NM". The Living New Deal. Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2015-06-10.
  92. "Joseph LeBoit, Tranquility". The Collection Online. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2015-06-19.
  93. "Monty Lewis, 1938 May 26". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  94. "Elba Lightfoot, 1938 Jan. 14". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-19.
  95. "Murals Approved of 5 WPA Artists". The New York Times. October 28, 1935. Retrieved 2015-06-24.
  96. "Thomas Gaetano Lo Medico, 1938 May 12". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  97. "Oral history interview with Guy and Genoi Pettit Maccoy". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. July 24, 1965. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
  98. "Federal Art Project Artists, 1937". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  99. "Moissaye Marans, ca. 1939". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  100. "David Margolis, 1940 May 29". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-19.
  101. "Jack Markow, Street in Manasquan". The Collection Online. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
  102. "Mercedes Matter Interview Excerpts". Hans Hofmann: Artist/Teacher, Teacher/Artist. PBS. 2003. Retrieved 2015-06-15.
  103. "Dina Melicov, 1939 Apr. 26". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  104. "King City High School Auditorium Bas Reliefs – King City CA". The Living New Deal. Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  105. "Louise Nevelson". Guggenheim Collection Online. Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. Retrieved 2015-06-15.
  106. "James Michael Newell, ca. 1937". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  107. "Elizabeth Olds, 1937". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-18.
  108. "William C. Palmer, 1936". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  109. "Irene Rice Pereira, 1938 Aug. 22". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  110. "Jackson Pollock". Guggenheim Collection Online. Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. Retrieved 2015-06-15.
  111. "Mac Raboy, Hitchhiker". The Collection Online. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
  112. "Oral history interview with Ad Reinhardt". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. 1964. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  113. "City College of San Francisco: Rivera Mural – San Francisco CA". The Living New Deal. Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2015-06-15.
  114. "Oral history interview with José de Rivera". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. February 24, 1968. Retrieved 2015-06-12.
  115. "Emanuel Glicen Romano, 1936 Nov. 23". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-18.
  116. "Augusta Savage". Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved 2015-06-10.
  117. "The Harp by Augusta Savage". 1939 NY World's Fair. Retrieved 2015-06-10.
  118. "Oral history interview with Louis Schanker". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. 1963. Retrieved 2015-06-11.
  119. 1 2 "Edwin & Mary Scheier". New Hampshire State Council on the Arts. February 12, 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
  120. Pogrebin, Robin (September 16, 2012). "At Harlem Hospital, Murals Get a New Life". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
  121. "Oral history interview with Ben Shahn". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. October 3, 1965. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
  122. "Rikers Island WPA Murals – East Elmhurst NY". The Living New Deal. Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2015-06-10.
  123. "Oral history interview with Will Shuster, 1964". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
  124. "Lane Tech College Prep High School Auditorium Mural – Chicago IL". The Living New Deal. Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2015-06-15.
  125. "Isaac Soyer, A Nickel a Shine". The Collection Online. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
  126. "George Washington High School: Stackpole Mural – San Francisco CA". The Living New Deal. Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
  127. "Cesare Stea, 1939 Mar. 2". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  128. "Sakari Suzuki, 1936 Dec. 2". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-14.
  129. Dunlap, David W. (November 5, 2014). "At Future Cornell Campus, the First Step in Restoring Murals Is Finding Them". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
  130. "Jacques Van Aalten, 1938 May 26". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  131. "Stuyvesant Van Veen papers, circa 1926-1988". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  132. "Herman Roderick Volz, Lockout". The Collection Online. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
  133. "Murals by John Augustus Walker on permanent display in the Museum of Mobile lobby, Mobile, Alabama". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  134. "Paul Weller, Breakdown". The Collection Online. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
  135. "Jean Xceron, 1942 Jan. 13". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-18.
  136. "Edgar L. Yaeger papers, 1923-1989". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-17.
  137. "California Federal Art Project papers, 1935-1964". Archives of American Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
  138. Nolte, Carl (February 27, 2015). "UCSF to let public see trove of medical history murals". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
  139. 1 2 Parker, Thomas C. (October 15, 1938). "Federally Sponsored Community Art Centers". Bulletin of the American Library Association (American Library Association) 32 (11): 807. Retrieved 2015-10-25.
  140. "Children drawing at the Jacksonville Negro Art Center of the WPA Federal Art Project- Jacksonville, Florida". Florida Memory. State Library and Archives of Florida. Retrieved 2015-10-27.
  141. Rash, John (January 30, 2015). "The Walker's WPA roots are still relevant today". Star Tribune (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Retrieved 2015-06-21.
  142. Grieve, Victoria (2009). The Federal Art Project and the Creation of Middlebrow Culture. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 145. ISBN 9780252034213.
  143. "WPA Art Collection – Gallup NM". The Living New Deal. Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
  144. Abbott, Leala (December 2004). "Arts and Culture, Art Center records 1930–2004, Finding Aid". Milstein/Rosenthal Center for Media & Technology. 92nd Street Y. Retrieved 2015-06-21. In 1935 and 1936, 92Y, in cooperation with the federal Works Progress Administration (W.P.A.) and the New York City Board of Education, began offering free courses … The Contemporary Art Center, part of the W.P.A.'s Federal Art Project, offered daytime courses for serious art students and was led by Nathaniel Dirk.
  145. Mahoney, Eleanor (2012). "The Spokane Arts Center: Bringing Art to the People". The Great Depression in Washington State. Pacific Northwest Labor and Civil Rights Project, University of Washington. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
  146. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cahill, Holger (1950). "Introduction". In Christensen, Erwin O. The Index of American Design. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. ix–xvii. OCLC 217678.
  147. Herzberg, Max (October 15, 1950). "American Craftsmanship Offers Beauty and Utility". Newark Evening News.
  148. Jones, Louis C. (October 22, 1950). "Only Yesterday It Was Wooden Indians and Whittled Toys". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
  149. Jewell, Edward Alden (March 19, 1939). "Saving Our Usable Past". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-10-29.
  150. "History". Index of American Design. National Gallery of Art. Retrieved 2015-10-28.
  151. "Works Progress Administration (WPA) Art Recovery Project". General Services Administrtion. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
  152. 1 2 "New Deal Artwork: GSA's Inventory Project". General Services Administration. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
  153. "New Deal Artwork: Ownership and Responsibility". General Services Administration. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
  154. "Works Progress Administration (WPA) Art Recovery Project". Office of the Inspector General, General Services Administration. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
  155. MacFarlane, Scott (September 17, 2014). "Lost History: Hunting for WPA Paintings". NBC 4 (Washington, D.C.). Retrieved 2015-06-13.
  156. MacFarlane, Scott (April 20, 2015). "Dozens of Pieces of Lost WPA Art Found in California". NBC 4 (Washington, D.C.). Retrieved 2015-06-13.

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Federal Art Project.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Thursday, April 21, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.