Fifth force

Modern physics describes physical reality in terms of four known fundamental forces. However, since physics has no accepted universal framework, occasionally physicists have postulated the existence of an additional fundamental fifth force. Most postulate a force of roughly the strength of gravity (i.e. it is much weaker than electromagnetism or the nuclear forces) and to have a range of anywhere from less than a millimeter to cosmological scales.

Experimental approaches

The idea of an additional fundamental force is difficult to test, because gravity is such a weak force: the gravitational interaction between two objects is only significant when one has a great mass. Therefore, it takes very precise equipment to measure gravitational interactions between objects that are small compared to the Earth. Nonetheless, in the late 1980s a fifth force, operating on municipal scales (i.e. with a range of about 100 meters), was reported by researchers (Fischbach et al.)[1] who were reanalyzing results of Loránd Eötvös from earlier in the century. The force was believed to be linked with hypercharge. Over a number of years, other experiments have failed to duplicate this result.[2]

There are at least three kinds of searches that can be undertaken, which depend on the kind of force being considered, and its range.

Equivalence principle

One way is to search for a fifth force with tests of the strong equivalence principle: this is one of the most powerful tests of Einstein's theory of gravity; general relativity. Alternative theories of gravity, such as Brans–Dicke theory, have a fifth force—possibly with infinite range. This is because gravitational interactions, in theories other than general relativity, have degrees of freedom other than the "metric", which dictates the curvature of space, and different kinds of degrees of freedom produce different effects. For example, a scalar field cannot produce the bending of light rays. The fifth force would manifest itself in an effect on solar system orbits, called the Nordtvedt effect. This is tested with Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment[3] and very long baseline interferometry.

Extra dimensions

Another kind of fifth force, which arises in Kaluza–Klein theory, where the universe has extra dimensions, or in supergravity or string theory is the Yukawa force, which is transmitted by a light scalar field (i.e. a scalar field with a long Compton wavelength, which determines the range). This has prompted a lot of recent interest, as a theory of supersymmetric large extra dimensions—dimensions with size slightly less than a millimeter—has prompted an experimental effort to test gravity on these very small scales. This requires extremely sensitive experiments which search for a deviation from the inverse square law of gravity over a range of distances.[4] Essentially, they are looking for signs that the Yukawa interaction is kicking in at a certain length.

Australian researchers, attempting to measure the gravitational constant deep in a mine shaft, found a discrepancy between the predicted and measured value, with the measured value being two percent too small. They concluded that the results may be explained by a repulsive fifth force with a range from a few centimetres to a kilometre. Similar experiments have been carried out on board a submarine, USS Dolphin (AGSS-555), while deeply submerged. A further experiment measuring the gravitational constant in a deep borehole in the Greenland ice sheet found discrepancies of a few percent, but it was not possible to eliminate a geological source for the observed signal.[5][6]

Earth's mantle

Another experiment uses the earth's mantle as a giant particle detector, focusing on geoelectrons.[7]

Cepheid variables

In 2012 Bhuvnesh Jain and others examined existing data on the rate of pulsation of cepheid variable stars in 25 galaxies comprising over a thousand stars in all. Theory suggests that the rate of pulsation would follow a different pattern in galaxies screened from a hypothetical 5th force by neighbourhood clusters from those that are not screened. They were unable to find any variation from Einstein’s theory of gravity.[8][9]

Other approaches

Some experiments used a lake and a tower that is 320 m high.[10] A comprehensive review suggested there is no compelling evidence for the fifth force,[11] though scientists still search for it. Fishbach's article was written in 1992 and since then other evidence has come to light that may indicate a 5th force.[12]

The above experiments search for a fifth force that is, like gravity, independent of the composition of an object, so all objects experience the force in proportion to their masses. Forces that depend on the composition of an object can be very sensitively tested by torsion balance experiments of a type invented by Loránd Eötvös. Such forces may depend, for example, on the ratio of protons to neutrons in an atomic nucleus, nuclear spin,[13] or the relative amount of different kinds of binding energy in a nucleus (see the semi-empirical mass formula). Searches have been done from very short ranges, to municipal scales, to the scale of the Earth, the sun, and dark matter at the center of the galaxy.

Modified gravity

Also known as non-local gravity. A few physicists[14][15][16] think that Einstein's theory of gravity will have to be modified, not at small scales, but at large distances, or, equivalently, small accelerations. This would change the gravity force to a non-local force. They point out that dark matter and dark energy are unexplained by the Standard Model of particle physics and suggest that some modification of gravity, possibly arising from Modified Newtonian Dynamics or the holographic principle. This is fundamentally different from conventional ideas of a fifth force, as it grows stronger relative to gravity at longer distances. Most physicists, however, think that dark matter and dark energy are not ad hoc, but are supported by a large number of complementary observations and described by a very simple model.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Ephraim Fischbach, Daniel Sudarsky, Aaron Szafer, Carrick Talmadge, and S. H. Aronson, "Reanalysis of the Eötvös experiment", Physical Review Letters 56 3 (1986).
  2. ↑ University of Washington Eöt-Wash group, the leading group searching for a fifth force.
  3. ↑ Lunar Laser Ranging
  4. ↑ Satellite Energy Exchange (SEE) , which is set to test for a fifth force in space, where it is possible to achieve greater sensitivity.
  5. ↑ Ander, M. E., M. A. Zumberge, et al. (1989). "Test of Newton's inverse-square law in the Greenland ice cap." Physical Review Letters 62(9): 985–988
  6. ↑ Zumberge, M. A., M. E. Ander, et al. (1990). The Greenland gravitational constant experiment. Journal of Geophysical Research. 95: 15483–15501
  7. ↑ Aron, Jacob. (2013) Earth's mantle helps hunt for fifth force of nature
  8. ↑ Is There a 'Fifth Force' that Alters Gravity at Cosmos Scales?, Daily Galaxy, May 11, 2012
  9. ↑ Astrophysical Tests of Modified Gravity: Constraints from Distance Indicators in the Nearby Universe Bhuvnesh Jain, Vinu Vikram, Jeremy Sakstein, Cornell University Library, 7 May 2012
  10. ↑ Liu Y.C., Yang X.-S., Zhu H., Zhou W., Wang Q.-S., Zhao Z., Jiang W., Wu C.-Z.,"Testing non-Newtonian gravitation on a 320 m tower", Physics Letters A., vol. 169, 131–133 (1992).
  11. ↑ Fishbach E. and Talmadge C., "Six years of the fifth force", Nature, vol. 356, 207–215 (1992).
  12. ↑ Evidence for Correlations Between Nuclear Decay Rates and Earth–Sun Distance Jere H. Jenkins, Ephraim Fischbach, John B. Buncher, John T. Gruenwald, Dennis E. Krause, Joshua J. Mattes Astropart.Phys.32:42–46,2009
  13. ↑ A. M. Hall, H. Armbruster, E. Fischbach, C. Talmadge. Is the Eötvös experiment sensitive to spin? Progress in High Energy Phys. 325-339, W.-Y. Pauchy Hwang, et al., Eds., Elsevier Sci. Pub. Co., New York (1991)
  14. ↑ S. Dodelson, S. Park. "Nonlocal Gravity and Structure in the Universe". arXiv.org. arXiv.org. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
  15. ↑ Jaccard,Maggiore,mitsou. "A non-local theory of massive gravity". arXiv.org. arXiv.org. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
  16. ↑ Mashhoon, Bahram. "Nonlocal Gravity". arXiv.org. arXiv.org. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
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